资源描述
Phonics 基础知识:
元音字母: a e i/y o u
元音字组: ar er ir or ur;are ere ire ore ure;ai/ay air al au/aw ;ea ear ee eer ei/ey eu/ew;ie oa oar/oor oi/oy oo ou/ow our ui
前元音
i:
[i]
[e]
[æ]
中
[ʌ]
ə:
[ə]
后
u:
[u]
ɔ:
[ɔ]
a:
开合双元音
ei
ai
ɔi
əu
au
集中双元音
iə
εə
uə
辅音字母: b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w- x y- z
辅音字组: ch -ck -dge dr- -ds gh gu- kn- -mn -ng ph qu- sh -tch th tr- -ts wh- wr-
清
[p]
p
[t]
t
[k]
k/c
[f]
f/ph
[s]
s
θ
th
[ʃ]
sh
tʃ
ch
tr
tr
ts
ts
[h]
h
m/n/ŋ 鼻音
m/n/ng
浊
[b]
b
[d]
d
[g]
g
[v]
v
[z]
s
[ð]
th
[ʒ]
sh
dʒ
dge
dr
dr
dz
ds
[l][r] 舌则音
l/r
分类
爆破音
摩擦音
破擦音
[w][j] 半元音
w/j
a:/ [ei]\[ æ /ə]\\[ ə/i] o:/ [əu]\[ ɔ]\\[ ə/ əu] u:/ [ju:/ u:]\[ ʌ/ə /u]\\[ ə/ ju(:)]
name\ bag\china, orange close\not\second, zero
duty, june\ cup, pull \suppose, January
e:/ [i:/ɪə]\\[ e]\\[ ə/i] i:/ [ai]\\[ i]\\[ i\ai]
these,zero\egg\eleven bike\fish\holiday, exercise
字母/字母组合发音:
[i:] 字母组合 e ea ee ie—--------beef tea he piece
[i] 字母组合 e i y ey ay—--------eleven pig happy monkey Sunday
[] 字母组合er ir or ur ear ------ certainly girl word turn learn
[ ] 字母组合 a e o ar er or ur ear ure ou—--- dollar,teacher,doctor,murmur,Saturday ,bear,delicious, figure
[ʌ] 发音字母 o u ou oo-------------up lunch come trouble blood
[a:] 字母组合 a ar au ear------------------car farm laugh heart
[ ] 字母组合 a al ar au aw or our --------- water small warm caught draw short four
[ ] 发音字母 o a-------------hot lost wash watch
[u:] 字母组合 o u oo ew ------------food goose shoe do true blew
[ju:]/ [ju:i]字母组合 ui ------------suit suicide
[u ] 字母组合 oo ou u o--------look foot should put woman
[ei] 发音字母 a ay ea ai ey------name play say break rain they grey
[e ] 发音字母 e ea ------egg bell bread head
[ai] 发音字母 i y--------bike fine my fly eye
[au] 字母组合 ou ow-----------house account flower how town
[]发音字母 o ow oa--------home go know low boat goal
[i]字母组合 ea eer ear ere--------beer near here idea here mere
[eə]字母组合ear air ere eir--------pear chair there care their
[u]字母组合our ower ure--------hour tour sure
[juə] 字母组合ure ----- pure cure
重读区分
重音里的主重音和次重音
所谓主重音,就是我们平常所说的重读音节,可在其左上方标上重音符号"`"来表示。而次重音呢,发音时呼出的气流比主重音稍弱一点,但比非重读音节强得多,我们常在此音节的左下方标"."来表示。一般来说,从重读音节算起的倒数的第三个音节处就是次重音。 如:.appli`cation, .infor`mation, .under`stand等。
太多了,不知你有兴趣看完吗?
①单音节词几乎都按重读音节对待。 ②双音节重读规则:双音节名词60%以上是第一个音节重读;双音节动词有90%以上是第二个音节重读; ③多音节重读规则:三个或三个以上音节的单词中有比较大的一部分是倒数第三个音节重读; ④能辨清词头、词干和词尾的,一般都是词干重读; ⑤含有—tion—sion,—ssion等字母组合的,肯定是该字母组合前紧挨着那个的音节重读。
(1)开,闭音节
开音节:辅音+元音+辅音+e eg. Name 或者 辅音+元音 he (绝对开音);
闭音节:辅音+元音+辅音 bad,元音+辅音 it 【以辅音结尾】
(2) 音节划分
音节:元音/元音组,辅音/辅音组
A)元音+辅音A+辅音B+元音 ==元音+辅音A;辅音B+元音
(1)A same B :let-ter,mem-ber,chil-dren daugh-ter 重音在前
(2)A no same B:sis-ter, sil-ver,mar-ket
下列字母组合不允许分:
(1) th, sh, ch, ck, tch:fa-ther,cash-ier,ma-chine,pock-et
(2) 各种辅音连缀:cr, pr, bl, fl等。A-pril,se-cret,a-pron,sa-cred,
B)元音a+辅音+元音b ==元音a(短音)+辅音;辅音+元音b(短音)
长音 pa-per stu-dent fa-ther ze-ro mo-tor far-ther
短音 sev-en stud-y moth-er ver-y mod-le weath-er
C)多音节划分
(1)多音节词通常重读倒数第三个音节;`accident,`Africa,bi`ology
(2)(前缀)+双音节词+(后缀),重音在原字根:ex`change,un`friendly,`dangerous。
(3)多音节复合名词通常重读第一个音节:`basketball,`interview
(4)词尾有-tion, -sion或-ian的多音节词,其重音一般在-tion, -sion或-ian前面的一个音节上。appli`cation,de`cision
双元音单词
一般一个单词里有两个元音时,前边一个元音发字母音,后边一个元音不发音。Eg:make,fee,sea,road,toe,cute等等
以下情况元音发长音:
1) 一个单词以字母e结尾,元音+辅音+e;note,athlete,nine
2) 以两个元音形成复合元音组合时,第一个发音,第二个不发音,eg:ai,ay,ea,ee;ie,oa,oe,ue,ui。==sail,day;meal,need;tie,lie;load,coat,toe;glue,suit,fruit等等
3) 元音在单词或重读音节的结尾:he,paper,fiber,human;Y在单词的结尾时被当作元音来使用,why,cry
4) 单词只有一个音节时,y==i的长音发音相同:by,cry,my,try;单词有两个音节时,y==E的长音发音相同:baby,puppy,city;
两三个辅音在一起
1) Beginning consonant blends (bl, br, cl, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, fr, pl, pr, sc, sk, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, sw, tr, tw, scr, spl, str)
2) Ending consonant blends (ft, lf, lm, lp, lt, mp, nd, nk, nt, pt, sk, st)
3) Words ending in ll, ss, ff
4) Consonant digraphs (ch, tch, sh, th, wh, shr, squ, thr)
5) 三字母组合:shr,spl,spr,squ,str,thr
shr --shrink [ʃrɪŋk], shred[ʃred] ;spl --splash [splæʃ] , split;spr --spread [spred], spring;squ --square [skweə], squad;str --string [strɪŋ] , strip;thr --throw [θrəʊ], three, throne。
一、元音字母在重读音节中的读音
元音字母
读 音
例 词
a
在开音节中
[ei]
name plane Jane baby cake have:hæv
在闭音节中
æ /ə
bag dad hat map black back
e
在开音节中
[i:]或[ɪə]
he these me Chinese zero serious
在闭音节中
[e]
bed let pen desk yes egg set
i
在开音节中
[ai]
bike fly drive time nice kite private
在闭音节中
[i]
fish big drink sit milk swim
o
在开音节中
[əu/O]
those close go hoe home no close
在闭音节中
[ɔ][ɑ]
clock not box shop sock
u
在开音节中
[ju:],[U:]
student excuse duty Tuesday
在闭音节中
[ʌ/ə],[U]
bus cup jump much lunch, pull
在开音节中,元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音,例如:June blue ruler super
二、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音
元音字母
读 音
例 词
a
[ə]
China another woman breakfast
[i]
orange comrade village cabbage
e
[ə]
hundred student open weekend
[i]
chicken pocket begin children enemy eleven
i
[i]
holiday beautiful family animal
[ai]
exercise satellite
o
[ə]
second tonight somebody welcome
[əu]
also zero photo
u
[ə]
autumn difficult upon suppose
[ju(:)]
popular congratulation January 在词尾的-ute,-ude中u读[ju:],例如:institute attitude
动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,a读[ei]音,例如:operate
u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母j l r s后面时,读[u(:)]音,例如:July influence February issue instrument
在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a e i o u即可以读作[ə ]音,也可以读作[i]音。
三、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音
元音字母
读 音
例 词
Wh+a+ ;W+a
[ɔ]/ ɔ:
what watch wash quality want
a在-f -lf -lm -n -sk -ph -sp -ss -st –th
a +m/n+辅音+e
[α:][ æ]
after calm plant graph ask grasp glass fast father half
Advance,france
o在-st -ld前
[əu/o]
most postcard old cold
o在m n v th前
[]
come monkey love mother
1) i+辅音字母+le 双音节
2) i+nd/ ld/ gh/gn
3) -ile/-ite/-ise/-ize/-wise
[ai]
1) title,bible,rifle
2) find, child, light, high 特殊:wind,children
3) crocodile, appetite, advertise, realize, otherwise
-ique
[i:k]
Antique [æn'tiːk] , technique [tek'ni:k]
1) o+辅音(只有1个,r除外)+ -ia,-ial,-ian,-iate,-io,ion,-ious,-ium 等
2) 双音节词:结尾-a,-al,-an,-ar,-en,-ive,-o,-on,-or,-our,-um,--us,-y时
3) -old,-oll,-ost
4) 词末的o 或o+辅+e
[əu/o]
1) associate,devotion,Mongolia,
2) broken,local,open,stolen,lotus
3) almost cold soldier post
4) also piano tobacco telephone envelope
在move、prove及其派生词
[U:]
move approve improvement
四、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音+r
元音字组
读 音
例 词
ar
ar在[w]音后面
[α:]
car farm dark sharpener
[:]
warm quarter towards
or
or在[w]音后面
[:]
forty morning short
[:]
word worker worse
er ir ur
[ə:]/ [ə]
certainly bird Thursday teacher murmur['məːmə]
辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如: carry berry mirror sorry hurry
-r音节元音字组在非重读音节中通常读[]音,例如:dollar teacher martyr comfort Saturday
五、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组
读 音
例 词
are
[eə]
care dare hare
ere
[iə]/ [eə]
here mere where there
ire
[aiə]
fire hire wire
ore
[ɔː]
more score before
ure
[juə]/ [uə]/ [ə]
pure cure /sure /figure,injure
完整的-re音节are ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读[ə]音,例如:picture pleasure
非重读音节中-re音节的变体通常发[ər]音,例如:salary ['sæləri]
重读音节中元音字母加r,再加非重读元字组时,元音字母和r构成-re音节的变体,按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母r读[r]音。
例如:parent zero inspiring story during
某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。
例如:orange very American paragraph forest spirit
六、元音字组在重读音节中的读音
元音字组
读 音
例 词
ai/ay
[ei]
afraid rain wait day play
air eir
[eə]
air hair chair pair their
al
al在f m前
[ɔ: ]
small ball talk wall all
[:l]
always also salt almost
[α:]
half calm
au/aw
[:]
autumn daughter draw
-ange
[ei]
change[tʃeɪn(d)ʒ] strange[streɪn(d)ʒ]
-ate
calculate [kælkjʊleɪt] ; hesitate 踌躇 [hezɪteɪt]
例外:separate [sep(ə)rət] , climate [klaɪmət]气候;风气;思潮;风土
ea
[i:]
teach easy cheap please
[e]
heavy bread sweater weather
[ei]
break great
[iə]
Theatre idea real
ear
特例:heart:[a:]
[i]
hear dear near clear year
[ε]
bear pear wear swear
[:]
earth learn early
ee
[i:]
jeep week green three
eer
[i]
pioneer deer beer
ei/ey
[ei]
eight neighbour they
[i:]
either key
eu/ew在
j l r s后
[ju:]
new few newspaper
[u:]
flew brew jewelry
ie/ei[s]音之后
[i:]
piece field receive
oa
[əu]
coat Joan boat goal
oar/oor
[:]
roar board door floor
oi/oy
[i]
noise point boy toilet
oo
[u:]
broom food tooth school
[u]
book look cook foot good
ou/ow
[au]
flower house count down
[ou]
know row throw though
[]
young country enough
[u:]
group you soup
our
[:]
course your four
[au]
our hour ours
[:]
journey
ui
在j l r s后---
[ju:]
Suit
[ju:i]
fluid suicide tuition
[u:]
juice fruit suit 例外 suite [swi:t]
七、非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音
元音字组或字群
读 音
例 词
ai/ay ei/ey
[i]
Sunday foreign monkey
ow
[əu]
yellow sparrow tomorrow
元音字组在非重读音节中读[]音或[i]音。
例如:neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee
-sion -tion
[ʃən]
impression nation
元音字母+ -sion
[ʒən]
vision decision occasion
S+ -tion
[tʃən]
question suggestion
-sten
[sən]
listen christen 【t不发音】
-stle
[sl]
whistle jostle castle
-sure
[ʃə]
pressure
元音字母+ -sure
[ʒə]
pleasure measure
-ture
[]
picture culture
八、元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音
复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读。
例如:
everyday[ei] ,handbag[æ],blackboard[:]
有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在时的意义,融合成为一个词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。
例如:
sun太阳 + day[ei]日子 > Sunday[i] 星期天
holy神圣 + day[ei]日子 > holiday[i] 假日
break中断 + fast[α:]斋戒 > breakfast[ə/ i] 早餐
cup茶杯 + board木板[:] > cupboard[ə/ i] 碗柜
main主要部分 + land陆地[æ] > mainland[] 大陆
九、辅音字组的读音
辅字组
读 音
例 词
b
[b]
bike bus bag
[/]
bomb tomb lamb climb
C+a/o/u 重音
c+e/i/y 轻音
[k]
cake picture coat music cup
[s]
face decide cinema cycle cyber
ch
[]
much chick rich teacher
[k]
school headache chemistry
[]
machine Chicago
-ck
[k]
cock pocket black knock
d
[d]
doctor bread hand day
-dge
[]
bridge fridge
dr-
[dr]
children driver drink
-ds
[dz]
Goods,hoods
f
[f]
five four breakfast
g+a/o/u 重音
g+e i/y轻音
[]
bag gardon go guide
[]
orange large German Egypt giraffe长颈鹿 badge
特例
give girl forget
gh
[f]
cough enough rough
[/]
light daughter high eight
gu- -gue
[]
guess league dialogue guitar
[w]
language anguish penguin
h
[h]
hot head house hand
[/]
hour honest honor
j
[]
jeep jar joke join July
k
[k]
kind bike skate make week
kn-
[n]
knife know knock
l
[l]
life milk school tall
m
[m]
monkey come tomato
-mn
[m]
autumn column solemn
n
n在[k] [g]音前
[n]
not shine ten note
[ŋ]
uncle thank hungry
-ng
[ŋ]
morning young wrong
p
[p]
paper plane pig ship pen
ph
[f]
elephant photo telephone
q
[k]
Iraq
qu-
[kw]
quality quite quarter
r
[r]
red rubber ruler
S在音节开头或+清辅音前
S在元音字母间或+浊辅音前
[s]
sit sleep desk
[z]
music husband
sc-
[sk]
scarlet scout Scotland
[s]
muscle science
sh
[]
she fish shirt wash
t在通常情况下
在弱读字母ia ie io前
[t]
ten letter meet
[]
patient nation
tch
[]
watch catch match
th在通常情况下
在冠词 代词 介词 连词中
在词尾-the -ther中
[θ]
thin thirty method
[ð]
the these with than
[ð]
clothe father weather
tr-
[tr]
tree train country truck
v
[v]
very voice love leave
w
[w]
week win wake sweet wait
[/]
answer two
wh-
wh-在字母o前
[w]
what when white why
[h]
who whose whole
X 在中间或结尾
X 在中间
[ks]
box text exercise
[gz]
example exist exact
wr-
[r]
write wrong wrist
y-
[j]
yes yard yellow young
z
[z]
puzzle zero zoo
不发音的辅音字母(Silent Consonants)
字母组合 不发音字母 例词
gh h ghost, ghetto, ghastly
gn g gnat, gnarl, gnaw, gnome, sign
kn k knife, knit, know, knock, knee
mb b comb, lamb, thumb, dumb, climb
pn p pneumonia
ps p psalm, psychic, psychology
rh h rhinoceros, rhyme, rhythm
sc c scissors, scent, scene, scenery, scenario
wr w wrong, wrist, wrap, wretch, wrench
gh gh light, high, eight, sigh, night
十:连读规则
辅音+元音
Take it easy,[tei-ki-tizi];Fill in the form [fi-1in]
Not at all [no-tae-to:] ;
辅音+辅音
She went to school
元音+元音
see it;
自然拼音拼读练习表
第一天:a e i o u a_e e_e i_e o_e u_e
Aa : mat map bag cat hat fan bat apple
Ee:egg well red pen net hen bed bell
Ii: lick six bib pig pin kiss ink hill
Oo:ox on octopus box sock operate ostrich
Uu:sun umbrella cup bus nut gun uncle under
cape name tape lake game make take hate
these Japanese Chinese
bite five nine kite mine nice ride side
rose nose rope note pose home rode those
tube cube June cute huge
第二天:ai ay ee ea ey ie igh oa ow ui ue
ai: tail rain paint pain jail rail nail maid
ay:bay ray way say hay pay May lay
ee:reeds eel bee peel jeep feet see teeth
ea:sea meat peanut eagle peach tea leaf pea
ey:donkey monkey jockey turkey monkey hockey key trolley
ie:tie pie lie die
igh:right sight night tight hight fight high sigh
oa:road toast toad coal goat boat coat soap
ow:rainbow pillow yellow window bowl row hollow low
ui:suit juice fruit
ue:Sue blue glue true
第三天:ar er ir ur or
ar: arm car armchair card cart farm park garden
er:sister brother under rooster winter mermaid marker mother
ir:birthday circus dirty bird circle dirt girl
ur:turtle surfing turkey fur hurt purse nurse
or:porch pork horse horn fort morning corn fork
第四天:ou ow oi oy au aw oo oo ea
ou:house out mouth count fountain mountain shout mouse
ow:cow towel clown owl crown brown flower tower
oi:coin oil point noise boil soil poison coil
oy:oyster boy cowboy soy toy
au:august sause sausage naughty autumn applause
aw:paw draw saw straw strawberry lawn
oo:moon zoo roof rooster boots food spoon room cool fool boom foolish
oo:book cook good foot look hook
ea:head sweater sweat pear lead bear leather feather
第五天:ch sh wh ph th th kn wr mb
ch:beach lunch cheese bench church chicken chair cherry
sh:sheep shirt ship fish dish push shoes shovel
wh:whale white wheel wheat whip whistle wheelchair whisper
ph:photo elephant telephone trophy pharmacy alphabet
th:brother feather leather father mother
th:thumb three bathmat thirsty thief bath mouth teeth
kn:knob knee knife knock knit
wr:wrist wrinkle wrap wreath write
mb:thumb lamb bomb comb crumb numb
第六天:bl fl pl cl gl br cr gr pr fr tr dr
bl:blue black blouse bloom bleach blanket blonde hair
fl: flat flu fly flame flute floor flag flower
pl:plane play plus planet platform plum plate plant
cl:clock cloud clean clay climb close clap clown
gl:glove globe glass glue glasses glider
br:bright brook brim bride brown bread brick brother
cr:crown crab cream crow crayon crocodile cry croissant
gr:gray green grass grapes ground grow grandma
pr:prixe price prawn press prince princess pray
fr:frog frost Friday French fries fruit front friend frame
tr:tractor truck train tray tree triangle trunk trolley
dr:dream drum dry drop draw drive dress drink
第七天:sm sn sl sw sp st sc sk all ew y
sm:smile small smell smoke smooth
sn:snowman snow snore snake snail sneakers sneakers snack
sl:slow slap sleep slide slope sl
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