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第一课时 知识学习总结
1. clothes,cloth, clothing
clothes统指各种衣服，谓语动词永远是复数， cloth指布，为不可数名词 clothing 服装的总称，指一件衣服用a piece of, anarticle of
2. incident,accident
incident指小事件, accident指不幸的事故He was killed in the accident.
3. amount, number
amount后接不可数名词， number后接可数名词 a number of students
4. family, house,home
home 家，包括住处和家人，house房子，住宅，family家庭成员. My family is ahappy one.
5. sound, voice,noise
sound自然界各种各样的声音，voice人的嗓音，noise噪音I hate the loud noiseoutside.
6. photo,picture, drawing
photo用照相机拍摄的照片，picture可指相片，图片，电影片，drawing画的画 Let's go and see a good picture.
7. vocabulary,word
vocabulary词汇，一个人拥有的单词量，word具体的单词He has a large vocabulary.
8. population,people
population人口，人数，people具体的人 China has a large population.
9. weather,climate
weather一天内具体的天气状况，climate长期的气候状况 The climate here is not good for you.
10. road, street,path, way
road具体的公路，马路，street街道，path小路，小径，way道路，途径
take this road; in thestreet, show me the way to the museum.
11. course,subject
course课程（可包括多门科目），subject科目（具体的学科）a summer course
12. custom, habit
custom传统风俗，习俗，也可指生活习惯，后接to do， habit生活习惯，习惯成自然，后接of doing. I'vegot the habit of drinking a lot.
13. cause, reason
cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接of sth./doing sth，reason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由，后接for sth./doing sth. the reason for being late
14. exercise,exercises, practice
exercise运动，锻炼（不可数），exercises练习（可数），practice（反复做的）练习 Practice makesperfect.
15. class, lesson
作"课"解时,两者可以替换.指课文用lesson. 指班级或全体学生用class. lesson 6;class 5
16. speech, talk,lecture
speech指在公共场所所做的经过准备的较正式的演说，talk日常生活中的一般的谈话，讲话，lecture学术性的演讲，讲课 a series of lecture on…
17. officer,official
officer部队的军官，official政府官员 an army officer
18. work, job
二者均指工作。work不可数，job可数 a good job
19. couple, pair
couple主要指人或动物，pair多指由两部分组成的东西 a pair of trousers
20. country,nation, state, land
country侧重指版图，疆域，nation指人民，国民，民族，state侧重指政府，政体，land国土，国家 The whole nation was sad at the news.
21. cook, cooker
cook厨师，cooker厨具 He is a good cook.
22. damage,damages
damage不可数名词, 损害，损失; damages复数形式, 赔偿金 $900 damages
23. police,policeman
police警察的总称，后接复数谓语动词，policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning everyone in the house.
24. problem,question
problem常和困难连系，前面的动词常为think about, solve, raise，question常和疑问连系，多和ask, answer连用
25. man, a man
man人类，a man一个男人 Man will conquer nature.
26. chick,chicken
二者均可指小鸡，chicken还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious.
27. telegram,telegraph
当电报解时，telegram指具体的，telegraph指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph
28. trip, journey, travel, voyage
travel是最常用的，trip指短期的旅途，journey指稍长的旅途，voyage指海上航行 a three-day trip
29. sport, game
sport多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动，如打球，游泳，打猎，赛马等；game指决定胜负的游戏，通常有一套规则 His favorite sport is swimming.
30. price, prize
price价格，prize奖，奖品，奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low.
31. a number of,the number of
a number of许多，谓语动词用复数。the number of…的数目，谓语动词用单数。The number of students is increasing.
32. in front of,in the front of
in front of范围外的前面，in the front of范围内的前面 In the front of the room sits a boy.
33. of the day,of a day
of the day每一天的，当时的，当代的， of a day暂时的，不长久的 a famous scientist of the day
34. three of us,the three of us
three of us我们（不止三个）中的三个，the three of us我们三个（就三个人）The three of us---Tom, Jack and I went to the cinema.
35. by bus, onthe bus
by bus表手段，方式，不用冠词，on the bus表范围 They went there by bus.
36. for a moment,for the moment
for a moment 片刻，一会儿，for the moment暂时，一时 Thinking for a moment, he agreed.
37. next year,the next year
next year将来时间状语，the next year过去将来时间状语 He said he would go abroad the next year.
38. more than ayear, more than one year
more than a year一年多，more than one year超过一年（两年或三年等）
39. take advice,take the(one's) advice
take advice征求意见，take the advice接受忠告 He refused to take the advice and failed again.
40. take air,take the air
take air传播，走漏，take the air到户外去，散步 We take the air every day.
41. in a word, inwords
in a word总之，一句话， in words口头上 In a word, you are right.
42. in place of,in the place of
in place of代替，in the place of在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.
43. in secret, inthe secret
in secret秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语；in the secret知道内情，知道秘密，一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
44. a girl, onegirl
a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box?
45. take a chair,take the chair
take a chair相当于sit down坐下，take the chair开始开会
46. go to sea, bysea, by the sea
go to sea当海员，出航，by sea乘船，由海路， by the sea在海边 go by sea
47. the doctorand teacher, the doctor and the teacher
the doctor and teacher指一个人，既是医生又是老师，the doctor and the teacher两个人，一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is
48. in office, inthe office
in office在职的，in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office.
49. in bed, onthe bed
in bed卧在床上，on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed.
50. in charge of,in the charge of
in charge of管理，负责照料， in the charge of由……照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge of her.
51. in class, inthe class
in class在课上，in the class在班级里 He is the best student in the class.
52. on fire, onthe fire
on fire着火,on the fire在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.
53. out of question, out of the question
out of question毫无疑问的，out of the question不可能的
54. a second, thesecond
a second又一，再一，the second第…… He won the second prize.
55. by day, bythe day
by day白天，by the day按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.
56. the people, apeople
the people指人，a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.
57. it, one
it同一物体，one同类不同一 I lost my pen. I have to buy a new one.
58. that, this
that指代上文所提到的，this导出下文所要说的 I was ill. That's why…
59. none,nothing, no one
none强调有多少，nothing, no one强调有没有，nothing指物，no one指人
--- How many…/How much…? --- None.
60. anyone, anyone
anyone指人，不能接of，any one指人物均可，可接of any one of you
61. who, what
who指姓名或关系，what指职业或地位 What is your dad? He is a teacher.
62. what, which
what的选择基础是无限制的，which在一定范围内进行选择 Which do you prefer, bananas or apples?
63. other,another
other后接名词复数，another后接名词单数 other students, another student
64. not a little,not a bit
not a little非常，not a bit一点也不 I'm not a bit tired. 我一点儿也不累。
65. many, much, alot of
many和可数名词连用，much和不可数名词连用，a lot of可数，不可数均可，但不用于否定句 I haven't manybooks.
66. much more…than, many more…than
much more…than后接形容词或不可数名词，many more…than后接可数名词 many morepeople, much more water, much more beautiful
67. no, not
no=not a/any nofriend=not a/any friend no water=not any water
68. no more than,not more than
no more than相当于only，仅仅，只有，not more than 至多，不超过
69. majority,most
majority只能修饰可数名词，most可数不可数均可 the majority of people
70. by oneself,for oneself, to oneself, of oneself
by oneself单独的，独自的，for oneself为自己，to oneself供自己用的，of oneself 自行的，自动的 The door opened of itself.
71. at all, afterall
at all根本，全然, after all到底，毕竟 After all he is a child.
72. tall, high
tall常指人或动物，high常指物体 He is tall.
73. fast, quickly
fast侧重于指人或物体具有运动速度快的特点，quickly侧重指某事完成或发生的快 run fast, answer the question quickly
74. high, highly
high具体的高，highly抽象的高，高度的 think highly of
75. healthy,healthful
healthy健康的，健壮的，healthful有益于健康的 healthful exercise
76. sleeping, asleep,sleepy
sleeping正在睡觉，asleep睡着，熟睡，只能做表语，sleepy困的，有睡意的 a sleeping babyThe baby is asleep. I'm sleepy.
77. gold, golden
gold指真金制品，golden指金色的，但金鱼用gold fish a gold ring
78. most, mostly
most用于表感受的肯定句中，相当于very，当大部分，大多数解时是形容词或名词，mostly大部分,是副词 most people, the people are mostly…
79. just, very
just表强调时是副词，作状语，very表强调时是形容词，用作定语 the very man, just the man
80. wide, broad
wide侧重于一边到另一边的距离，broad侧重于幅面的宽广broad shoulders
81. real, true
real真的，真实的，指的是事实上存在而不是想象的，true真的，真正的，指的是事实和实际情况相符合 real gold, a true story
82. respectful, respectable
respectful尊敬，有礼貌，respectable可敬的，值得尊敬的 be respectful to the aged
83. outwards,outward
二者均可用作副词，表示向外，外面，outward还可用作形容词 an outwardvoyage
84. pleasant,pleased, pleasing
pleasant常用作定语，pleased, pleasing常用作表语，pleased主语常为人，pleasing主语常为物 a pleasant trip The trip is pleasing.
85.understanding, understandable
understanding明白事理的，能体谅的，understandable 可理解的，能够懂的 an understanding girl, an understandable mistake
86. close,closely
close接近，靠近，closely紧紧地，紧密地 closely connected, stand close
87. ill, sick
ill做表语，sick定，表均可 a sick boy
88. good, well
good形容词，well副词，但指身体状况是形容词 He is well again.
89. quiet,silent, still
quiet安静的，可以发出小的声音，silent不发出声音，但可以动，still完全不动，完全无声响 He stand therestill. 他站在那儿，一动不动，也不说话。
90. hard, hardly
hard努力，hardly几乎不 work hard I can hardly believe it.
91. able,capable
able与不定式to do连用，capable与of连用 He is capable of doing…
92. almost,nearly
二者均为"几乎,差不多" 和否定词连用用almost almostnobody
93. late, lately
late迟，晚，lately最近，近来I haven't seen him lately.
94. living,alive, live, lively
living, alive, live均为活着的，living定表均可，alive定表均可，定语后置，live只能做定语，lively意为活波的 all the living people=all the people alive
95. excited,exciting
excited使人兴奋的，exciting令人兴奋的 I'm excited. The news is exciting.
96. deep, deeply
deep具体的深，deeply抽象的深，深深地 deeply moved, dig deep
97. aloud, loud
aloud出声地，loud大声地 read aloud(出声地读)
98. worth, worthy
二者均为值得，worth后接doing，worthy后接to be done, of beingdone
It is worth visiting. =It's worthy to be visited. = It's worthy of being visited.
99. bad, badly
bad形容词，badly副词，不好，但与need, want, require连用为"很，非常" go bad Ineed the book badly.
100. before long,long before
before long不久以后，long before很久以前 not long before = before long
101. quite,rather
quite完全地，相当于completely, rather修饰比较级 quite impossible
102. happy, glad
happy高兴，幸福，定表均可，glad高兴，只能做表语 a happy girl
103. instead,instead of
instead是副词，放在句首或句末，instead of是介词短语，放在句中He didn't see a film. Instead he watched TV. He watched TV instead of seeinga film.
104. too much,much too
too much 后接不可数名词，much too后接形容词 much too heavy
105. be about to,be going to, be to do
be about to表最近的将来，后面不接时间状语，be going to 侧重打算，想法，be to do侧重意志，计划，安排I'm to meet him.(含双方事先约好的意思)
106. raise, rise
raise及物动词，rise不及物动词 The sun rises in the east.
107. bring, take,carry, fetch
bring拿来，take带走，carry随身携带，fetch去回这一往返动作 fetch a box of chalk
108. spend, take,pay, cost
spend人做主语，花钱，花时间; spend…on sth./in doing sth; take物做主语，花时间; pay人做主语，花钱，pay for; cost物做主语，花钱
109. join, joinin, take part in
join加入某个组织，并成为其中的一员；join in参加小型的活动, join sb. in；take part in 参加大型的活动 He joined the army five years ago.
110. learn, study
learn学习，侧重学习的结果，study学习，侧重学习的过程，研究
study the problem
111. want, hope,wish
want打算，想要，want to do, want sb. to do, hope希望（通常可以实现），hope to do/ hope that… wish希望（通常不能实现）wish (sb.) to do, wish sb/sth. + n. I wish you success.
112. discover,invent, find out
discover发现本来存在但不为人所知的东西，invent发明本来不存在的物体，find out发现，查明 At last he foundout the truth.
113. answer,reply
answer及物动词，reply不及物动词，后接 to reply to the letter
114. leave, leavefor
leave离开，leave for前往 He left Beijing for Shanghai.
115. rob, steal
rob抢劫 rob sb. of sth.，steal偷 steal sth. fromsb.
116. shoot, shootat
shoot射死，shoot at瞄准，但不一定射中 He shot the bird and it died.
117. drop, fall
drop及物不及物均可，fall不及物动词 Prices fell/dropped. He dropped his voice.
118. search,search for
search后接地点，search for后接东西 He searched his pocket for money.
119. used to, beused to
used to过去常常，be used to习惯于，后接sth./doing sth.；被用来，后接 do sth. He is used to getting up early.
120. win, lose,beat
win后接sth.，反义词为lose, beat后接sb. win the game, beatthem
121. live on,live by
live on以…为主食，live by靠…谋生 live on fish/ live by fishing
122. beat, hit,strike
beat连续性地击打；hit打中，对准打；strike打一下或若干下 beat the wings
123. meet, meetwith
meet遇到，meet with体验到，遭遇到 meet with an accident
124. lose, miss
lose失去（具体的物体），错过 sth. is lost, lose the chance；miss 想念，错过sth. is missing, miss the chance
125. be tired of,be tired with/from
be tired of厌烦…，be tired with/from因为…而累了 be tired with/from running 800 meters
126. care about,care for
care about关心，计较，在乎，一般多用于否定句中；care for关心，照料，喜欢，愿意 He doesn't care about his clothes. I don't care formovies.
127. catch acold, have a cold
catch a cold不能和表示"一段时间"的状语连用，而have a cold可以
She has had a cold for aweek.
128. change for,change into
change for调换成，change into变成 Change the shirt for a bigger one. Water changes into ice.
129. continue,last
二者均为持续，continue主动，被动均可，last只能用主动 The war continued/lasted five years. The story is to be continued.
130. feed, raise
feed喂养，养活，饲养 (to give food to)， raise饲养，养育 (cause to grow,bring up children) raise the family
131. go for adoctor, go to a doctor
go for a doctor去请医生，go to a doctor去看病
132. notice,observe, catch sight of
notice注意到，observe观察，仔细地看，catch sight of突然看到 observe thestars
133. insist on,stick to
insist on坚持要求，后常接doing, stick to坚持, 后常接sth. stick to the plan
134. look, seem,appear
look指从外表上看，seem指内心的判断，appear指给人以表面的印象 appear wise,look like his father
135. gather,collect
gather把分散的东西集中到一起， collect指精心地、有选择地进行收集 collect stamps
136. mean to do,mean doing
mean to do打算，想要做某事，mean doing意思是，意味着 By this I mean giving the students more practice.
137. die from,die of
die from表示死于（枪）伤，虚弱，过度劳累，饮食过度等，die of表示死于疾病，饥饿，寒冷，年老，忧愁，失恋等精神因素 die of hunger and cold
138. pay for, payback, pay off
pay for为…付钱，pay back还钱，但不一定还清，pay off还清 pay for the book, payoff the debt
139. divide, separate
divide把一个整体分成几部分，separate把连在一起的个体分开 divide the apple, separate the houses
140. arrive, get,reach
arrive不及物动词，后接in (大地点)，at(小地点)，get不及物动词后接to，reach及物动词 arrive in Beijing, get to Beijing, reach Beijing
141. grow, plant
grow使某种植物在某地生长着或使其发展下去，plant移植，移栽已经长成秧苗的植物 plant the trees, trees are growing
142. manage, try
manage to do设法做成了某事，try to do尽力去做某事但不一定成功 He tried to pass the exam, but he failed.
143. choose,select
choose凭个人的判断力进行选择，select有目的地仔细认真地选择 choose the best answer
144. build, putup, set up, found
build一般用语，建成，put up临时搭建，set up建成（内部的设施基本齐全），found国家或组织的建成 put up a tent, set up a school
145. be familiarto, be familiar with
be familiar to某物对某人来说是熟悉的，be familiar with某人熟悉某物 The book is familiar to me. I'm familiar with the book.
146. agree with,agree to, agree on
agree with同意某人，agree to同意某事，agree on在…上达成一致意见，主语是复数 agree with you, agree to the plan
147. throw to,throw at
throw to扔到…, throw at朝…扔 He throw a stone at me.
148. receive,accept
receive收到某一东西，但不一定接受，accept接受 I received a gift, but I didn't accept it.
149. wear, puton, dress
wear和dress表状态,wear接衣服等,可用进行时，dress接人,be dressed in, put on表动作 It's cold outside. Put on your warm clothes.
150. listen, hear
listen强调动作，hear强调结果 I listened, but I heard nothing.
151. look, see,watch
look看的动作，see看的结果，watch强调所看物体的变化、移动和发展watch TV
152. lie, lay
lie躺，位于(lay, lain),说谎(lied, lied)，lay平放(laid, laid) lay the book
153. work as, actas
work as工作是…，act as充当某种职务或身份，或扮演某种角色 He works as a te
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