Newman的能源机-翻译版-第11章-光.doc

Chapter 11 LIGHT
第11章 光
"Planck's discovery of the quantum in 1900 drove a crack in the armor that still covers the deep and secret principles of existence. In the exploitation of that opening we are at the beginning, not the end. Someday we'll understand the whole thing as one single marvelous vision that will seem so overwhelmingly simple and beautiful that we will say to each other -Oh, how could we have been so stupid for so long? How could it have been otherwise! "
- John Archibald Wheeler
“1900年普朗克的量子发现打破了存在的深奥神秘的法则的外壳。”对它的研究让我们知道我们在一个开始机而不是结束。某一天，我们将明白所有的东西都由一种独一无二的不可思议的东西组成，它仿佛难以至信的简单美好以至于我们奔走相告-噢，我们怎么能愚蠢这么长时间？否则世界将是什么样子！”
-约翰·阿奇博尔德·惠勒
F. I will now demonstrate that the "gyroscopic-action-particle" which comprises all matter will mechanically explain other scientific facts which have not been mechanically explained before this time.
F.我将证明组成所有物质的“陀螺效应子”将力学的解释在这之前其它不能被力学解释的科学事实。
Consider that the existence of the "gyroscopic­action-particle " also explains the duality of the wave and particle theories of light. Light is electromagnetic in nature and consists of "negative” and "positive" (see discussion of "negative" and "positive” in Section 25-D) gyroscopic particles traveling in the same direction and having opposite spins. When the axis of the gyroscopic particles are affected as they mechanically collide with different materials at varying angles, the gyroscopic particles will therefore behave as particles or a wave. If one "hits" the axis of a gyroscope "head on," it will not pivot.
“陀螺效应子”的存在也解释了光的波粒二相性的理论。光有自然的电磁性，由“负极”和“正极”（看25-D部分关于“负极”和“正极”的讨论）陀螺子在同一方向相反旋转运动组成。当陀螺子的轴和不同材料在不同角度力学碰撞，陀螺子行为将因此像粒子或波。如果“迎头”“撞击”陀螺仪的轴，它将不再进动。
The following information corroborates the prior information I have presented in this Book. I urge the reader to Master the Mechanical Essence of this material. The material demonstrates that one must pay strict attention to the sub-atomic composition (gyroscopic spin) of all matter which is pertinent to those varying technical designs utilizing Einstein's equation of E=MC2 on a 100% conversion-efficient basis.
下面的信息证实我先前在这本书中展现的信息。我催促读者精通这种材料的力学本质。材料证明必须严格关注所有物质的次原子级结构，对于利用爱因斯坦的E=MC2的100%转化率的科学设计这是相当中肯的。
"Light is electromagnetic in nature and consists of 'negative' and 'positive' gyroscopic particles traveling in the same direction and having opposite spins.”
“光有自然的电磁性，由“负极”和“正极”陀螺子在同一方向相反旋转运动组成。”
G. John Dalton (English chemist and physicist, 1766-1844) proved that when various elements were observed through a microscope, such elements appeared in different crystalline shapes. Crystals of gold always looked alike, crystals of copper always looked alike, but crystals of gold and copper never looked like one another.
G. John Dalton (英国化学家、物理学家，1766-1844)证明在显微镜下看到的很多元素有不同的晶体结构。黄金的结晶体是相似的，铜的结晶体是相似的，但黄金和铜的晶体从来不一样。
It has also been proven that a sharp "hit” will easily break crystals at certain mathematical points and will not easily break the crystals at other points.
同样证明，在一个精确的点猛击很易容打碎晶体，但在其它点不容易。
Considering the two preceding paragraphs, it is obvious that the energy comprising different crystals representing different elements has an attraction force throughout the crystal. This attraction force is greatest along a particular plane: the GYROSCOPIC PLANE!
考虑前面两段话，很明显，组成不同晶体代表不同元素的能量存在一个贯穿晶体的吸引力。吸引力完全沿着一个特定的而：陀螺仪的平面！
H. Observe the effects of light polarization by certain crystals:
H. 观察特定晶体的光偏振效应：

Figure 25-Hl Light is transmitted through crystal slabs having their crystalline axes oriented parallel with respect to one another.
图25-Hl 光穿过晶体轴相互平行的晶体片。
Figure 25-H2 Less light is transmitted when one of the crystal slabs is rotated to a 45°angle with respect to the other slab.
图25-H2 当晶体片相对另一个旋转45°时少量光可以穿过。
Figure 25-H3 No light is transmitted when one of the crystal slabs is oriented at a 90°angle with respect to the other slab.
图25-H3 当晶体片相对另一个90°时没有光穿过。
As the angular degree of the crystal (composed of electromagnetic energy in the form of gyroscopic particles) varies, the amount of light (electromagnetic energy in the form of gyroscopic particles) also varies. Such a variation indicates that the crystal is held together with greater electromagnetic force along certain planes: the GYROSCOPIC PLANE!
当晶体（由陀螺子电磁场形式能量组成）角度变化时，光（陀螺子电磁场形式能量）的数量也变化。这样的变化指明，晶体是用沿特定平面的强大电磁力连接在一起的：陀螺仪的平面！
Sir David Brewster (Scottish physicist, 1781-1868) was the first to note that when light is incident at the polarizing angle, then the reflected and refracted rays are exactly 90°apart.
David Brewster先生（苏格兰物理学家，1781-1868）第一个发现当光在偏振角入射，那么反射和折射光将精确的90°分开。
Notice that the 45°and 90°angles are significant in the application of force to light (electromagnetic energy). This effect matches the 45°angles of prisms and pyramids as well as the 90°angle important to a conductor system.
注意，45°和 90°角在对光（电磁力）施力时是非常重要的。棱镜和棱锥的45°角与导体系统的90°角同样重要。
J. What does the picture below represent?
J.下面的图片代表什么？

Does Figure 25-J appear similar to the forces generated by an electric or magnetic field? Actually, Figure 25-J represents a picture of a sheet of glass undergoing stress which causes the glass to doubly­ refract. If there was no physical (mechanical) strain upon the glass plate, the plate would have no effect upon the light passing through it. One may then conclude that when placed under stress, the glass plate releases a glimpse of its "secret" concerning the plane of its electromagnetic composition.
图25-J和电场或磁场区域产生的力相似吗？实际上图25-J是对一玻璃片施加压力，引起玻璃双倍反射形成的。如果玻璃板没有物理（力学）扭曲，将没有光穿过它的效果。也许有人会总结，当对玻璃板施加压力，玻璃板会显示它电磁结构的“秘密”。
K. Certain materials (liquid mixtures) have the property of rotating the plane of light polarization by an amount directly proportional to the length of the light path in the sample.
通过大量与样本中的光路长度成恰当比例的光路，特定材料（液态混合物）有旋转光偏振平面的特性。
(1) Some materials cause a rotation that is clockwise when viewed towards the light source.
(2) Some materials cause a rotation that is counterclockwise when viewed towards the light source.
(3) Observe that such rotations match my description of "negative" and "positive" charges. These negative and positive charges compose all matter and represent the same gyroscopic entity seeming to spin in opposite directions (when viewed from the perspective of an observer).
(4) Observe that such rotations indicate that materials are either a little more negative or positive in charge depending upon their electromagnetic composition. Unless such is the case, why else would differing liquid solutions have reverse effects upon light (electromagnetic energy)?
（1） 当看向光源时，一些材料引起顺时针方向的旋转。
（2） 当看向光源时，一些材料引起逆时针方向的旋转。
（3） 观察这样的旋转是符合我“负”和“正”电荷的描述的。这些负和正电荷组成所有物质并表现为一些好像在相反方向旋转（当从观察者的视角看）的陀螺效应体。
（4） 这样的旋转指明，物质的负极性或正极性决定于它们的电磁结构。如果不是这样，为什么不同的溶液对光（电磁能量）有相反的效果。
L. The first connection between magnetism and optics was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1845. Faraday discovered that the plane of light polarization is rotated when polarized light is allowed to pass through an isotropic medium located within a strong magnetic field if the light travels in a direction parallel to the direction of the magnetic field. This observation demonstrates the effect of gyroscopic spins comprising light interacting with the gyroscopic-spin-composition of matter and magnetic energy with respect to the plane of gyroscopic spins of all interactions.
磁性和光的联系在1845年第一次被法拉第发现。法拉第发现，当偏振光穿过在磁场中的各向同性的介质，光的方向与磁场相同，偏振光的平面会旋转。这个发现证明陀螺自旋效果，包括光与物质的陀螺自旋结构交互和磁能与陀螺自旋平面交互。

M. A related, magneto-optical effect to that of Faraday's was discovered by John Kerr in 1875. Kerr found that an isotropic optical medium placed between the plates of an electrical condenser became doubly refracting when the condenser is charged. This observation again demonstrates the presence of the gyroscopic spin or plane.
M. 1875年John Kerr结出了对法拉第发现的磁光效应的描述。Kerr发现各向同性的光学介质放在充电的电容器平板间，折射会倍增。这一观察又一次证明陀螺自旋或平面的存在。

N. An effect similar to that of John Kerr's was also discovered by A.A. Cotton and H. Mouton in 1907. They found that certain isotropic, optical media become doubly refracting when placed in a strong magnetic field. Such an observation again demonstrates the presence of the gyroscopic spin or plane.
N.1907年A.A. Cotton 和 H. Mouton发现和John Kerr'发现相似的效应。他们发现各向同性的光学介质放在一个强磁场中时，折射倍增。这一观察又一次证明陀螺自旋或平面的存在。

O. All of the above processes -which involve producing double refraction in a normally isotropic medium via the application of mechanical deforming forces, magnetic fields, and electrical fields -have a basic similarity: in each case, physical (mechanical) strains are produced within the medium which accordingly becomes anisotropic.
O. 上面所有过程-通过加压变形、磁场、电场，在正常的各向同性介质中产生折射倍增-有一个基本的相似点：在每个案例中，在介质中物理（机械）扭曲都会产生，因此变成各向异性。
Consequently, there is a definite, scientific pattern which emerges in the above observations: the gyroscopic composition of matter reacts to a proper force.
所以，一个明确、科学的模式在上面的观察中浮现：物质的陀螺结构对恰当的力作出反应。
(1) Observe that in all cases a force is applied which causes the electromagnetic composition of the material to react.
(2) Observe that in all cases the presence of electromagnetic energy is obvious.
(3) Therefore, in all cases the reactions were due to the material composition (electromagnetic energy) being affected by the mechanical action of such electromagnetic energy (consisting of gyroscopic particles). Such reactions demonstrate the "action/reaction effect" created by the gyroscopic spin or plane which constitutes the basic mechanical structure of all matter.
（1）在所有的案例中施加一个力引起物质电磁组成做出反应。
（2）在所有的案例中电磁能量的存在是明显的。
（3）因此，在所有的案例中反应归因于物质结构（电磁能量）被这样电磁能（由陀螺子组成）机械作用影响。这样的反应证明“交互效果”由构成所有物质基本力学结构的陀螺自旋或平面创建。
P. Such an "action/reaction effect" is observed in the following example:
P.这样一个“交互效果”在下面的例子里可以观察到：

The photograph in Figure 25-P depicts the effects of light (electromagnetic energy, i.e., gyroscopic particles) "colliding" with a material (a razor blade also composed of electromagnetic energy, i.e., gyroscopic particles) at an angle which graphically demonstrates the effect of the gyroscopic action and gyroscopic planes. Observe that the light and dark lines (which surround the outer periphery of the razor blade) form the conventional patterns of electric or magnetic "lines of force."
图25-P里的照片描绘了光（电磁能量，也就是，陀螺子）与物质（一个刀片，由电磁能量组成，也就是，陀螺子）在一个角度“碰撞”的效果，生动的证明了陀螺运动和陀螺平面的效应。观察光和黑线（环绕刀片的边缘）形成传统的电或磁“力线”的模式。
One should recognize that the light and dark lines are explained by my description of "negative" and "positive" charges which represent opposite spins of the gyroscopic-action-type-particle. The observed patterns in Figure 25-P will occur when such gyroscopic particles travel in the same direction (as light) and have their axes acted upon by a force which causes them to move at right angles to the imposed force as well as to one another. (This explanation satisfies both the wave and particle theories of light!]
应该认识到光和黑线由我的“负极”和“正极”电荷描述，代表陀螺效应子的相反自旋。图25-P观察到的模式发生在这样的陀螺子在相同的方向（如光），对它们的轴施加力导致它们在相对于力直角方向运动。（这种解释同时满足光的波动必和粒子性！）
As described in Chapter Three, a magnetic field consists of "negative" and "positive" particles -[the same gyroscopic particle is described as being either "negative" or "positive" via the direction of its spin with respect to the frame of reference of the outside observer] -with opposite spins and traveling in opposite directions like cars on one-way streets. In addition, when a conductor wire is applied (as a mechanical force) at right angles to those "negative" and "positive" particles , both "versions" of the single, gyroscopic particle traveled down the conductor wire in the same direction.
如第三章所描述的，磁场区域由“负”和“正”的粒子组成-[同样的陀螺子被描述为“负”或“正”是由它相对于外面观察者参考系自旋决定的]-相反的自旋并在相反的方向运动，像汽车在一条路上。另外，当导线相对于这些“负”和“正”粒子垂直运动时，两“种”单个的陀螺子在导线上同向运动。
注：反向运动是磁场，同向运动是电场。
It should now become apparent how light can be produced from an electric current which consists of gyroscopic particles traveling in the same direction with opposite spins.
由同向运动相反自旋陀螺子组成的电流如何产生光是显而易见的。
When light strikes an object (as the razor blade in Figure 25-P) at the appropriate angle, the gyroscopic particles (having clockwise and counterclockwise spins comprising the light) travel in opposite directions or have some alteration of their original direction. This mechanical action creates the image of an electric or magnetic field via the observed "lines of force." Such action should clearly demonstrate the gyroscopic effect of matter.
当光在恰当的角度撞到一个物体（如图25-P中的刀片），陀螺子（顺时针和逆时针自旋组成光）在相反方向运动或一些改变它们原始的方向。这种机械运动创建电或磁区域的图像，通过观察“力线”。这种运动应该清楚的证明物质的陀螺效应。
To summarize two important points:
总结两个要点：
A magnetic field mechanically consists of ''negative' ' and ''positive'' gyroscopic particles having opposite spins and simultaneously traveling in opposite directions, e.g., the concentric "shells of force '' surrounding a bar magnet. (Refer back to Chapter Three for a detailed analysis of this effect.)
磁场区域由“负”和“正”陀螺子组成，有相反的自旋，同时运动在相反的方向，也就是说，环绕磁条的同轴“力壳”。（查阅第三章这种效应的详细分析）
An electric current mechanically consists of "negative" and ''positive "gyroscopic particles having opposite spins and traveling in the same direction down a conductor wire -as does light traveling in space through a medium.
电流由“负”和“正”陀螺子组成，有相反的自旋，在相同方向沿导线运动-如光在空间穿过介质。

Further evidence of the gyroscopic effect of matter is demonstrated by the following:
进一步物质陀螺效应的证据列在下面：
(1) Every chemical element emits a characteristic spectral line when the atoms of the element are excited in a flame, furnace, or in an electric discharge. This again demonstrates the varying electromagnetic composition of different materials. [Since all matter is composed of the same gyroscopic particle, the electromagnetic composition of matter varies with the particular angle of incidence (plane of spin) for a given gyroscopic particle.]
These spectral line variations are similar to the light and dark lines that become visible when materials are placed under physical (mechanical) stress. Both of these effects are a result of the electromagnetic composition of all matter.
（1）每种化学元素发射一种特征光谱线，当元素里的原子在火焰、熔炉或放电环境里激发。这又证明不同的物质由不同的电磁组成。[因为所有的物质由同样的陀螺子组成，物质的电磁组成决定于给定陀螺子的特定入射角（自旋平面）。]
这些光谱线的变化同光和黑线相似，当对物质施加物理（机械）压力时变得可见。这些效应是所有物质电磁组成的结果。
(2) If the material comprising a prism is altered, the spectrographic lines will also change in their distance between one another. This effect corroborates my explanation that different materials are different electromagnetically, i.e., their gyroscopic planes vary. Consequently, the degree of deflection of penetration of different materials by light traveling at a 45°angle will vary continuously as will light deflection.
（2）如果组成晶体的物质改变，光谱线之间的距离也将改变。这种应该证明了我的解释，不同物质是不同的电磁场，也就是说，它们陀螺平面的变化。因此，光以45°角穿过物质偏移的角度是连续，如光偏移。
(3) Such action on the part of light is further evidenced by the Zeeman Effect. [Pieter Zeeman had searched for another magnetic effect upon light since he knew that Faraday had believed that another effect should exist.] The Zeeman Effect represents the splitting of spectral lines into components of slightly different frequencies when the light sourc