语法精讲精练.doc

高中英语语法精讲精练
目 录
名词……………………………………………………………………………3
数词……………………………………………………………………………5
冠词……………………………………………………………………………6
代词……………………………………………………………………………10
形容词…………………………………………………………………………15
副词……………………………………………………………………………16
介词……………………………………………………………………………20
基本句型………………………………………………………………………22
IT句型…………………………………………………………………………24
There Be 句型………………………………………………………………25
主谓一致………………………………………………………………………26
时态……………………………………………………………………………31
时态的综合问题…………………………………………………………31
一般现在时………………………………………………………………31
现在进行时………………………………………………………………31
一般将来时………………………………………………………………32
现在完成时………………………………………………………………33
一般过去时………………………………………………………………34
过去进行时………………………………………………………………35
过去将来时………………………………………………………………36
过去完成时………………………………………………………………36
语态……………………………………………………………………………37
情态动词………………………………………………………………………43
虚拟语气………………………………………………………………………52
句子结构………………………………………………………………………55
特殊疑问句………………………………………………………………55
反意疑问句………………………………………………………………56
否定句……………………………………………………………………59
倒装句……………………………………………………………………60
感叹句……………………………………………………………………61
祈使句……………………………………………………………………62
省略与替代………………………………………………………………62
从 句………………………………………………………………………66
从句的基本形式…………………………………………………………67
主语从句…………………………………………………………………66
表语从句…………………………………………………………………66
同位语从句…………………………………………………………………68
宾语从句………………………………………………………………68
名词性从句的综合问题…………………………………………………68
What-clause………………………………………………………………69
状语从句…………………………………………………………………69
定语从句…………………………………………………………………75
非谓语动词………………………………………………………………… 78
动词不定式………………………………………………………………78
分词………………………………………………………………………81
动名词……………………………………………………………………83

名词、数词、冠词

一、名词

1、在句子里使用名词应注意的问题：
名词的数：单数、复数和不可数；
名词的格：通格和属格 （’s ）
名词的限定：特指、泛指、数量和习惯用法，即名词前加冠词或
其它限定词， 例如： some, many , this, my 等

2、名词的数和单位词：
1）复型名词 + 复数动词
The trousers are too big for me. Please show me the smaller pair.
备用词： shoes, stockings, glasses, socks
NOTICE: A pair of glasses costs quite a lot.

2）复型名词 + 单数动词
A. The news on TV is seldom satisfying.
备用词：mathematics, physics, politics, means, works, the United States
B. Twenty miles is a long way to walk.
备用词： five pounds, two feet, six weeks

3) 集合名词 + 复数名词
The police have surrounded the building.
Cattle are selling for record price (创记录）.
备用词： the enemy, (the) people

NOTICE: 表示由若干人组成的集合体的单数词常可作复数用，
但若把这个集合体看作整体就用作单数:
My family are wonderful. They do all they can for me.
The family which now consists of four members at most is
smaller than it used to be.

4)不可数名词作可数的情况
A. 部分不可数名词可以有下列情况
a (an) + adj. + n.
It looks like rain. a thirsty for knowledge(求知欲）
a heavy rain He has a good knowledge of politics.
备用词： snow, breakfast, wine, oil, education

B.口语特例（特定场合）
A (One) beer, please.
Two teas and four coffees, please.

5)既是可数又是不可数的名词
I broke a glass this morning. (杯子）
Glass is made from sand. （玻璃）
备用词： paper / a paper, light(光) / a light(灯);
ice(冰) / an ice (冰激凌), chicken(鸡肉) / a chicken (雏鸡)

6) 单位词
A.个数
a piece of information (furniture, advice…)
B. 以形状表示个数
a grain of rice, a flight of stairs
C. 容量
a box of matches, a cup of tea
D. 计量
a metre of cloth, a ton of coal
E.其它
a (new) set of tools (wires, teeth, rules)

3、名词的格：
1）’ s 的用法
A . 与时间有关的名词
a night’s sleep ten minutes’ walk
NOTICE: a two-hour walk = two hours’walk
B. 和else 连用
book can this be? A. Who else’s B. Whose else
C. Who’s else D. Whose else’s (A)
C. ‘s 修饰的词，如果前面提到，可省略
This is Jack’s book, not Tom’s.
This book is Jack’s not Tom’s.
D. 表示店、铺、家、诊所等， ‘s 后面的名词省略
at the Green’s (house), at the doctor’s (office)

2) OF 结构表示所有关系
A. 无生命的名词用of
the price of the success
B. 有生命的名词被一个短语或从句修饰而表示所有关系时用of
Can’t you look at the book of the boy behind you?

3)双重所有格
‘s 与of结构并用，此时of结构所修饰的名词前通常有a, an, two, some, that等
Miss Smith is a friend of Mary’s mother’s.
that brother of the girl

4)名词 + 名词 （名词用作形容词）
A. 单数名词＋名词　　a shoe (flower) shop ticket office
NOTICE: the tailor’s (shop)
B. 复数名词　＋　名词
　　　　 sports meet clothes shop women pilots

二、数词

1、数词在使用时应注意的问题：
l 易错数词：
l 　年月日及介词
l 　计算用词
l 　和数字相关的词

2、综合
　 1) 数字表达：　　　123,856,709
one hundred and twenty-three million, eight hundred and
fifty-six thousand, seven hundred and nine
2) 年月日 in the morning; on the morning of September 1;
in September; in 1988; on September 1 (on the first of September)

3、计算
＋ 　 Six and five is (are) eleven.
Six hundred plus forty is (equals) six hundred and forty.
－　 Four from seven is (leaves) three.
Six hundred minus one hundred equals five hundred.
X 16 x 11 = 176
Sixteen times eleven is (makes) one hundred and seventy-six.
÷ 9 ÷ 3 = 3
Nine divided by three equals three.

4、dozen, score
A. three dozen eggs; three dozen of these eggs; dozens of eggs
B. three score years; a (three) score of people; scores of times

5、小数，分数，百分比引导的短语作主语时的主谓一致问题．
分数和百分数引导的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数应根据分数和百分数后面的名词来确定．如果是可数名词的复数，其谓语动词用复数形式；如果是不可数名词或单数可数名词其谓语动词用单数形式．
More than 40 percent of the students wear glasses.
70 percent od the fund(资金) was supplied by the Government.

6、“一个半．．．”的表达法．　　
one pound and a half ,one and a half years

三、冠词

１、冠词应注意的问题
l 　习惯用法
l 　同一名词前不同名词的比较

２、不定冠词
1) 成对的名词（此类名词间常有一种自然的联系）
a knife and fork
2) a most + n. “非常“ This is a most beautiful country.
3) a (an) 与 one 之区别
A. 数字对比用one It was one coffee we ordered, not two.
B. 对比　 A knife is no good.　 (刀子不行）
　　　　　　 One knife is no good.　 (一把刀子不行）
　 　C. 通用　a (one) million, a (one) quarter
4) a (an) 与every 之比较: three times a year; twice every three years
5) 惯用法　 A. What a surprise ! What a lovely dress !
quite a nice day rather a good idea
such a funny expression
B. too cold a day How lovely a dress!
so strange a person as good a map as

3、定冠词
1）普通名词组成的专有名词 the Great Wall the Summer Palace
2）江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾 the Pacific (Ocean)
3）the + adj. (-ing; -ed)
A. 指一类人，谓语用复数
The old are being taken good care of.
B. 指一类事，谓语用单数
The beautiful is not always the same as the good.
4）用在radio, piano, telephone, 方位、次序、自然现象（rain）、身体
部位前 He hates the telephone.
5）被定语从句、介词短语、副词短语、不定式短语等修饰的名词前
The boy who you are looking for (in blue, there, standing there,
dressed in blue ) is a student.

4、零冠词
1）街道、广场、节假日、季节、月份、星期、棋类、球类等
National Day Nanjing Road
2）职位充当补语、同位语时
He was elected headmaster of the school.
3）成对出现的成语
arm in arm (手挽手), hand in hand (手牵手), face to face,
side by side(肩并肩), day and night, young and old,
from door to door, from morning till night, from beginning to end

5、冠词比较
1) go to school (hospital, church); in prison (强调用途）
go to the school, visit the prison (强调建筑物本身）
2) I’ll go there next Friday. (以说话时间为准）
In 1989, he was 28, and the next year, he was 29. (以所给时间为准）
3) by air (plane, boat…) in a spaceship ( on the bike, on the bus)
4) Open the window to let in fresh air. (泛指)
The air in the room is not fresh. (特指)
5) be at table be at the table
6) a cup of coffee Two coffees, please. I like white coffee.
This is a very good coffee. The coffee on the table is Tom’s.
7) Mr. White is waiting to see you. A Mr. White is waiting to see you.
The Mr. White you are looking for is waiting to see you.
8) A horse is a useful animal. The horse is a useful animal.
Horses are useful animals.
9) the best season of the year the best time of year

EXERCISES 1 （单选）
【2012全国卷II】⒎ He missed ___ gold in the high jump, but will get ___ second chance in the long jump.
  A. the; the  B. 不填; a  C. the; a   D. a; 不填【答案】C
 【2012安徽】21. Carl is studying               food science at college and hopes to open up               _____meat processing factory of his own one day.
 A.  / ； a        B. / ；the      C. the ; a  D. the ; the  【答案】A
 【2012重庆】24. Sam has been appointed _______ manager of the engineering department to take ____ place of George.
 A./,/  B. the,/  C the; the  D./, the 【答案】D

 【2012全国】22. Sarah looked at       finished painting with          satisfaction.
A.不填；a    B. a; the    C. the; 不填   D. the; a 【答案】C
【2012江西】21. The Smiths don’t usually like staying at ___ hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by ____ sea.
A. /; a            B. the; the   C. /; the     D. the; a【答案】C
 【2012辽宁】21. I woke up with ______ bad headache, yet by ____ evening the pain had gone.
A. the; the          B. the; an    C. a; the    D. a; an【答案】C
 【2012四川】18. We are said to be living in ____ Information Age, ____ time of new discoveries and great changes.
A. an; the        B. 不填; the     C. 不填; a    D. the; a【答案】D
 【2012浙江】2. The development of industry has been _____ gradual process throughout _____ human existence, from stone tools to modern technology.
A. 不填; the     B. the; a       C. a; 不填     D. a; a【答案】C
 【2012全国卷II】⒚ The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great ___in this city.
  A. quality  B. progress C. production  D. demand【答案】D
 【2012湖北】25. The furniture, with its modem style and bright colors, suits modem houses and their gardens, but looks       in the garden of a traditional home.
A. out of question    B. out of order   C. out of sight   D. out of place
【答案】D 
【2012湖北】29. It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for anysign of eye disease that may not have any      
A. symptom    B. similarity      C. sample      D. shadow【答案】A
 【2012湖北】30. The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct        in applying for a visa.
A. pattern    B. procedure   C. program     D. perspective【答案】B
 【2012福建】25. –Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?
-- Well, you know, English is my _______. So it is my best choice.
A. strength        B. talent    C. ability        D. skill【答案】A
 【2012福建】26. China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals ______ all its citizens.
A. in charge of     B. for the purpose of    
C. in honor of     D. for the benefit of 【答案】D
【2012天津】3. You are working too hard. You’d better keep a ____ between work and relaxation.
A. promise             B. lead     C. balance     D. diary【答案】C
 【2012江西】29. You’d better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future _____.
A. purpose      B. reference         C. progress       D. memory
【答案】B
 【2012浙江】7. Your ____ as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.
A. operation            B. growth              
C. performance        D. character 【答案】C
 【2012江苏】— Can I help you with it?
— I appreciate your ______, but I can manage it myself.
A. advice       B. question      C. offer     D. idea【答案】C
 【2012江苏】29. —Thank God you’re safe!
— I stepped back, just ______ to avoid the racing car.
A. in time     B. in case         C. in need    D. in vain【答案】A

EXERCISES 2 (改错，每句一个错）

1. After one year hard work, the Senior Three students have already pre-
pared themselves for the entrance exam. ( year’s)
2. More and more middle-aged people in the West have heart’s trouble,
which results from high-fat food they like to eat. (heart)
3. You can get your library card in the teacher reading-room, which is on the
second floor. (teachers’)
4. His hairs looked disordered, with some gray hair on his forehead.
(hairs---------第二个)
5.Now I eat more fruits and vegetables than I used to. My favorite fruits are
apples, bananas and grapes. (fruit------第一个)
6. The lady entered a room, opened windows to let the fresh air in, and
sat down in an armchair to have a rest. ( the windows)
7.Miss Nora is young, nice, kind and active. She is the teacher young
students like. ( a teacher)
8.They elected him the captain of the school football team for a second
time. (captain , 去掉the )
9.He is fond of playing chess while his sister is fond of playing piano.
( the piano)
10. No human being can change the law of the nature, though they can
change their own lives. (nature, 去掉the)
代 词

一、人称代词
1、多个人称代词的排列顺序：
①you and I ②he and I ③you and he
④you, he and I ⑤you, they and we(情况多)
2、It 的用法
① 代替this, that
That’s a book, isn’t it ?
② 做某动作的人或婴儿
---Someone is coming. Who can it be ?
---It may be Jack.
It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?
③表示时间、距离、自然现象
It’s 20 miles to (from) Paris.
3、简略回答中用so, not, it 的情况：
①肯定答语中，下列动词后面常用so:
think, hope, believe, I’m afraid, It seems (appears), etc.
---Is it true that he had a heart attack?
---I’m afraid so. / I believe so. / It seems so.
②否定答语中用not:
---Has Anne got into university?
---I’m afraid not. / I think not. / It seems not.
③协力动词中也可以用not…so:
believe, think, suppose, expect, etc
I don’t believe so. / I don’t think so.
④do代替上下文动词，并且表示一个已完成的动作时，
do后常用so / it:
---Please lay the table.
---I’ve just done so (it).

二、指示代词
★that, one, it的区别
①one 代替可数名词，表示泛指; the one 表示特指; that代替不可数名
词 ，表示特指; 它们都可以代替前面提到的同一类事物; it指前面提到的
同一事物。
●There is an old engineer and a young one here.
●His attitude to me is that of a friend.
●I’ve lost my pen. Have you seen it? (Have you lend me one?)
② the / this / that / these / those + adj. + one / ones
I’ll try on a few of these shirts. Please pass me that white one.
③the one后面可以接介词短语或定语从句
●The boy in your class is taller than the one in ou