英语句子结构-ppt教学内容.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,ks5u精品课件,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Grammar,sentences,start!,句子成份,句子一般由两个部分组成：,主语部分（,subject group,）,谓语部分（,predicate group,）,句子成份：,主,谓,宾,表,补,定,状,Members of sentence:,S-subject,P-predicative,O-object,Attri.-attribute,Adv.-adverb,Oc-object complement,主,宾,表,补,定,状,1),主语（,subject,）,I like football.,The boy needs a pen.,句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由,担任,常置于句首。,2),谓语（,predicate,）,说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。,The train leaves at 6 o,clock.,I want a ticket.,动词不定式,动名词,或从句,名词,主格代词,动词,(,一）指出下列句中主语的中心词,The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.,There is an old man coming here.,The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.,To do todays homework without the teachers help is very difficult.,(,二,).,选出句中谓语的中心词,I dont like the picture on the wall.,A.dont B.like C.picture D.wall,The days get longer and longer when summer comes.,A.get B.longer C.days D.summer,Do you usually go to school by bus?,A.Do B.usually C.go D.bus,There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.,will be B.meeting,C.the library D.afternoon,Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?,A.Did B.twins,C.have D.breakfast,Tom didnt do his homework yesterday.,A.Tom B.didnt,C.do D.his homework,What I want to tell you is this.,A.want B.to tell,C.you D.is,We had better send for a doctor.,A.We B.hadC.sendfor D.doctor,He is interested in music.,A.is B.interested,C.in D.music,Whom did you give my book to?,A.give B.didC.whom D.book,3),宾语,（,object,）,He won the game.On the desk,表示,vt.,的动作对象或,prep.,所联系的对象。,由,n.,或相当于,n.,的词担任。置于,vt.,或,prep.,后。,Tome lost his life in the big fire.,(,四,),挑出下列句中的宾语,My brother hasnt done his homework.,People all over the world speak English.,You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.,How many new words did you learn last class?,Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?,4),表语,（,predicative,）,用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。,由,n.,或,adj.,担任。置于系动词之后。,He is a student.,除了,be,系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，,1),表,感官的动词,:,2),表,转变变化,的动词,:,3),表,延续,的动词,feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem,等。,become,get,grow,turn,go,等,remain,keep,hold,stay,rest,等,。,(,三,),挑出下列句中的表语,The old man was feeling very tired.,Why is he worried about Jim?,The leaves have turned yellow.,Soon They all became interested in the subject.,She was the first to learn about it.,5),宾补（,objective complement,）,补充说明宾语的,情况,。,由,n./adj./,介宾,/,分词,/,不定式等担任。,They made him king.,I consider the book too expensive.,高考常考的宾补通常是考：使役动词感官动词后边跟复合宾语,四周都很黑，但我能看见一个人躺在地板上，被绳子捆着。,句中的,lying on the floor,为现在分词，作宾语补足语,.,使役动词,let;make;have,及感官动词,hear;see;notice;feel;watch;observe;find,等后面可接,动词原形,;,现在分词及过去分词，考试一般考查宾补用,do/doing/done,的哪种形式。,+,动词原形,强调动,词与宾语之间存在,主动关系及动作,的全过程,;,+,现在分词强调动作与宾语之间存在,主动关系,及动作正在进行,;,+,过去分词强调动作与宾语之间存在,被动关系,及动作已经完成,.,如,:,1.I must see my child,cross,the street.,（,cross,与宾语,my child,之间存在,主动关系,；且看到了,cross,的全过程）,2.I saw the thief,stealing,her money.,(,stealing,与宾语,the thief,之间存在,主动关系,；且与,saw,同时发生,。）,3.You will see many problems settled in this way.,(,settled,与宾语,many problems,之间存在,被动关系,且发生在,see,之前）,1,The teacher made the boy standing for a whole class as a punishment.,2.They saw a young man enter the old building.,3.He saw an old man knocked by a big truck yesterday.,4.,We had built and let the raft sail down the river,5.But I could see a man lying on the floor,tied up with rope.,6.And we found the mens boat tied to the other side of the steamboat.,找出句中的宾补：,附属成分,基本成分的修饰语。可以是：,定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句,状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。,定 语,Poor,John tottered toward a hospital,nearby,She likes oranges,imported from the USA,.,John gave Mary,many,books,，,which are full of illustrations,Have you seen the book,on the desk,?,The boy,playing over there,is my brother.,People,there,like sports.,说明,1,：当定语修饰不定代词如：,nothing,anything,everything,something,等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语,我告诉他一些有趣的事情。,I tell him something interesting.,说明,2,：,不定式、短语或从句,作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。,这间屋子里的男孩子们是,10,班的。,The boys in the room are in Class Ten.,(,六,),挑出下列句中的定语,They use Mr.,Mrs.with the family name.,What is your given name?,On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.,I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.,The man downstairs was trying to sleep.,7),状语（,adverbial,）,用以修饰,adj.,/,v.,/,adv.,及全句,位置灵活,。,通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；,修饰,形容词或副词,时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；,表示,时间、地点、目的的状语,一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：,often,）或程度（如：,almost,）的副词状语通常位于,be,动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。,I am very sorry.,We often help him.,When I grow up,I am going to be a teacher.,（从句作时间状语,),John,often,came,to chat with me,John likes oranges,very much,Whenever he gets drunk,，,John makes Mary very angry,Hearing the news,he jumped,with joy,.,As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.,She is sitting,at the desk,doing her homework,.,My father worked,in this school,ten years ago,.,Youd better stay,here,.,状 语,(,七,),挑出下列句中的状语,There was a big smile on her face.,Every night he heard the noise upstairs.,He began to learn English when he was eleven.,The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.,With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.,She loves the library because she loves books.,I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.,The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,句子类型,简单句,并列句,复合句,简单句,简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。,作一种陈述,提出一个问题,发出一种命令或请求,表示一种感叹,Examples:,The boy hit the dog./The dog bit the boy.,The girl read the books./The books pleased the girl.,Stephen apologized at once.,Does the shop close at 7 tonight?,Shut the door.,What a slow train this is!,句型归纳简单句共有以下五种基本句型：,句型,例句,主语,+,系动词,+,表语,The child,seems,healthy,.,主语,+,不及物动词,We,study,hard.,主语,+,及物动词,+,宾语,Tom,loves,sports,.,主语,+,及物动词,+,间接宾语,直接宾语,My father,bought,me,a bike.,主语,+,及物动词,+,宾语,+,宾语,补足语,He,painted,the wall,white,.,基本句型一：主语+系动词+表语,S(,主语）,+,V,（系动词）,+,P(,表语）,主系表结构用以说明,主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等,。,系动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,。,典型例句,(1),He,is,a boy,.,(2),You,look,interested in the story,.,(3),The weather,became,warmer,.,(4),He,is,not,in,.,(5),A park,lies,near our school,.,(6)Please,keep,quiet,.,(7),The reason,for my failure,was,that,I hadnt put my heart into my studies,.,表语可以由名词，代词，形容词，副词，介词短语和分词等充当，,特别说明,常用的系动词有：,系动词,be,。,表示“,起来”的感官系动词，如,sound,(,听起来,),，,taste,(,尝起来,),，,smell,(,闻起来,),，,feel,(,摸起来,),，,look,(,看起来,),，,seem,(,似乎,),，,appear,(,显得,),等。,表变化的系动词，如,become,，,get,，,turn,，,grow,，,come,，,go,，,fall,，,run,等。,表持续的系动词，如,remain,，,keep,，,stay,，,lie,stand,等。,(5),其他：,turn out,prove,即时练习,请用本句型翻译下列句子。,1.,这台机器的情况良好。,2.,丝绸摸起来又软又滑。,3.,他突然病倒了。,He has suddenly fallen ill.,This machine is in good condition.,Silk feels soft and smooth.,4.,他静静地站着。,5.,电梯坏了。,6.,未来几天天气将持续寒冷。,He stood quite still.,The lift is out of order/has gone wrong.,It will stay/remain cold(for)several days.,基本句型二：主语+不及物动词,S,（主语）,（谓语）,（）（状语）,此句型的句子有一个,共同特点,，,谓语动词是不及物动词,，,能表达完整的意思,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句,等。谓语,的修饰语叫,状语,状语可以出现在句首或句末，有时无状语。,典型例句,The machine,works,smoothly,.,They,stopped,to take a short rest,.,He,is standing,by the window,.,(4),Great,changes,have taken place,（谓语）,in my home town,（状语）,in the past ten years,（状语）,.,(5).,She,sat,（谓语）,there alone,reading a novel,.,即时练习,请用本句型翻译下列句子。,1.,太阳在照耀着。,2.,我们学习很努力。,3.,他们谈了半个小时。,The sun is shining.,We study very hard.,They talked for half an hour.,4.,这支笔书写流利。,5.2010,年,4,月,14,日，玉树发生了一场地震。,6.,五年前我住在北京。,The pen writes smoothly.,A big earthquake happened in Yushu on Apr.14,，,2010.,I lived in Beijing five years ago.,7.,他昨晚很晚回家。,8.,在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。,Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.,He returned home late last night.,基本句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语,S(,主语,),V(,谓语,),O(,宾语）,此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都是,及物动词,，都具有实义，都是,主语产生的动作,，,但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者,，才能使意思完整。而宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。,典型例句,Mary,enjoys,music,.,He,loves,her,.,I,want,to get your help,.,I,dont know,what to do,.,He,enjoys,reading,.,I,dont think,hes right,.,及物动词本身需要一个动作的接受者,(,宾语,),，才可以表达一个完整的意思。做宾语的可以是,名词,、,代词,、,动名词,、,不定式,、,从句,等。,活学活用,请划分以下句子的成分：,（,1,）,Who knows the answer?,（,2,）,She smiled her thanks.,（,3,）,He has refused to help them.,（,4,）,He enjoys reading.,（,5,）,I am considering changing my job next month.,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,+,Vt.,（及物）,+,IO,+,DO,此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词,必须跟有两个宾语,才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语,一个是动作的直接承受者,，,另一个是动作的间接承受者,。间接宾语,(,人）一般在前面，直接宾语（物）在后面。但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词,to,或,for,。,如：,He,brings,me,cookies,every day.,He,brings,cookies,to me,every day.,She,bought,me,a beautiful skirt,.,She,bought,a beautiful skirt,for me,.,用,to,侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。,用,for,侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。,常跟双宾语的动词有：,（需借助,to,的）,bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask,等；,（需借助,for,的）,buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare,等。,活学活用,请划分以下句子的成分：,(1)She,ordered,herself,a new dress.,(2)She,cooked,her husband,a delicious meal.,(3)I,gave,my car,a wash.,(4)He,showed,me,how to run the machine,划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语,Please tell us a story.,My father bought a new bike for me last week.,Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.,Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.,Did he leave any message for me?,+,（及物）,+,（宾语）,+,（宾补）,此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是,只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,，,必须加上一个补充成分,来,补足宾语,，才能使意思完整。这就叫,复合宾语,结构。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系。,典型例句,We,elected,Li Yang,our monitor,.,The news,made,us,sad,.,I,found,myself,in dark,.,He,encouraged,me,to study harder,.,The boss,made,him,work overtime,.,I,heard,my name,called,.,Dont leave,the water,running,after you have washed your hands.,I,found,it,very pleasant,to be with your family,.,找出例句,(2)-(8),宾语和宾补间的逻辑关系,The news,made,us,sad,.,I,found,myself,in dark,.,He,encouraged,me,to study harder,.,The boss,made,him,work overtime,.,I,heard,my name,called,.,Dont leave,the water,running,after you have washed your hands.,I,found,it,very pleasant,to be with your family,.,There be 结构,there+,be,+,主语,用以表达存在关系。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词,be,之后，,there,仅为引导词，并无实际语意。一般地说，全句意为：“某地有某物,/,某人。”,如：,There,are,about,four thousand students,in our school.,温馨提示：,学生受汉语的干扰，会运用一些汉式表达。请观察下列句子：,有两个男孩儿正在等你。,2.,公园里每天有很多人做早操。,There are two boys are waiting for you.,错,改为,There,are,two boys,waiting for you.,There are many people do exercises in the park every morning.,错,改为,Many people,do,exercises,in the park every morning.,特别说明,1.be,与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致，有时态和情态变化。,2.,此句型有时不用,be,动词，而用,live,，,stand,，,come,，,go,，,lie,，,remain,，,exist,，,arrive,等不及物动词。,典型例句,There,are,still,many things,for us to do.,There,are,many students,holding an opposite view.,There,are,trees,planted by students all over the mountain.,There,are,many people,who dont agree.,There,will be,a meeting,tomorrow.,There,used to be,a well,in the village.,There,must be,some job,I could do.,There,is likely to be,a serious mistake,in the decision.,There,happens to be,a classmate of mine,in this school.,(10),Near our school there,stands,a high building,.,(11),Once there lived,a good doctor in a small town.,即时练习,一、单句翻译请用,There be,句型翻译下列句子。,1.,二月份有二十八天。,2.,下午将有大风。,Therere 28 days in February.,Therell be strong winds in the afternoon.,复习简单句：,对下列句子的成份进行划分,.,简单句,1,.Things changed.,2,.Trees are green.,3,.We dont beat children.,4,.He gave his sister the piano.,5,.I found the book easy.,主,+,谓,主,+,系动词,+,表,主,+,谓,+,宾,主,+,谓,+,间接宾语,+,直接宾语,主,+,谓,+,宾,+,宾补,Nobody went.,She became a doctor.,The car caught fire.,I will write you a long letter.,I will let him go.,Practice,主,+,谓,主,+,谓（系动词）,+,表,主,+,谓,+,宾,主,+,谓,+,间接宾语,+,直接宾语,主,+,谓,+,宾,+,宾补,连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做,并列连词,。,另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫,从属连词,。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。,连接成分,并列句：,复合句：,并列句,需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用,并列连词,连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。,用分号：,We fished all day;we didnt catch a thing.,用分号，后跟一个连接副词：,We fished all day;however,we didnt catch a thing.,用并列连词（如,and,、,but,、,so,、,yet,等,）,We fished all day,but(we)didnt catch a thing.,并列句,常用并列连词,coordinating conjunctions,平行并列连词,:,转折并列连词：,因果并列连词,:,选择并列连词,:,and,bothand,not onlybut also,neithernor,and then,but,however,while,yet,for,so,or,eitheror,.,并列句,This is me and these are my friends.,They must stay in water,or they will die.,It,s not cheap,but it is very good.,It was late,so I went to bed.,and,or,but,so,He knocked at the door;there was no answer.,You,re alive!And she,s dead.,由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所,构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。,主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。,从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个,主句连用，不能独立存在。,复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接,在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非,同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引,导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）,。,复合句,=,主句,+,从句,复合句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：,1.,主语从句,2.,宾语从句,3.,表语从句,4.,定语从句,5.,状语从句,6.,同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句,=,简单句,+,从属连词,+,简单句,He told me,the news.,that,the match had,been cancelled.,宾语,how much,he was prepared,to pay for my car.,that,I could have the,money without delay.,how much,he was prepared to,pay for my car and,that,I could,have the money without delay.,when,he was,leaving for Paris,.,that,his father,was working in,that school.,宾语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句,=,简单句,+,从属连词,+,简单句,I dont know,him.,He has finished his work,that,he has finished his work.,whether,he has finished his work.,宾语从句,He is leaving for Washington.,that,he is leaving for Washington.,when,he is leaving for Washington.,why,he is leaving for Washington.,how,he is leaving for Washington.,whether,he is leaving for Washington,.,宾语从句,*,I understand that he is well qualified.,*He said that he didn,t like her.,I don,t know if you can help me.,They want to know where you are going.,The students has decided when they,hold the meeting.,复合句与简单句：复合句,=,简单句,+,从属连词,+,简单句,the people,surprised,That,What,he said,what,he did,主语,That,he didnt,know the answer,in the room.,定语,who,were sitting in the room.,who,were present.,whose,sons were at war.,who,had signed the contract.,1),主语从句,*What he said is not known.,*That we shall be late is certain.,*It is certain that we shall be late.,*How strange it is that the children are so quiet!,2),定语从句,A plane is a machine,that,can fly.,He said he knew the boy who was sitting by the window.,The picture which is on the wall is drawn by my father.,复合句与简单句：复合句,=,简单句,+,从属连词,+,简单句,That,is,the fact.,表 语,what,he needs.,what,he gave me.,why,he was late.,because,he was ill.,what,has happened.,2,）,表语从句,*That,is,what he wants to buy.,*The problem,is,that who we can get to replace her?,*The reason,is,that he has lied to me several times.,复合句与简单句：复合句,=,简单句,+,从属连词,+,简单句,He worked,in that factory,three years ago.,地点状语,时间状语,where,his,father worked,in that factory,where,I lived,when,he,lived there,His father worked there,.,I lived there.,He lived there,three years ago.,复合句与简单句：复合句,=,简单句,+,从属连词,+,简单句,Put the book,on the desk.,where,you took it.,where,it was.,地点状语,where,you found it.,You cant camp,here.,where,there are,a lot of trees.,wherever,you like.,状语从句,分为九类：,时间、地点、原因、结果、,目的、条件、让步、方式、程度,1),时间状语从句,Wait until you are called.,When spring came,leaves turn green.,常用的关联词有：,as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,as soon as,whenever,等,2),地点状语从句,Put it where you found it.,Sit