名词从句与定语从句的区别及解题技巧.doc

名词从句与定语从句的区别及解题技巧蔡湛艺摘要：由于名词从句与定语从句的部分引导词相同的缘故，很多学生容易把两者混淆。其实，我们可以从从句的功能和所处的位置、同位语从句和定语从句的区别、句意决定从句的属性等三种途径区分它们。确定从句的属性后，我们可以从名词从句中的所缺成分及定语从句的先行词等角度确定从句的关系引导词。本文还附有近十年的高考真题演练。关键词：名词从句，定语从句，引导词由于名词从句与定语从句的部分引导词相同的缘故，很多学生容易把两者混淆。其实，我们可以从以下三种途径区分它们。一、 由两种从句的功能和所处的位置进行区别。名词从句的主要功能是充当句中的主语、宾语、同位语和表语，它们的位置一般处于句首、动词或介词之后；而定语从句的功能是起修饰和限定先行词的作用，一般处于名词、代词或名词短语之后。如：1. Whether we will go picnicking depends on the weather. （位于句首，为主语从句）2. I learned that he was a famous writer. （位于谓语动词后，为宾语从句）3. He is satisfied with what youve done. （位于介词后，为宾语从句）4. That is why I came here. (位于系动词后，为表语从句) 5. I will never forget the days when we got together. （在名词day后，为定语从句）6. This is the book that I have been looking for. （在名词book后，为定语从句）7. The reason why he came home late is that he was trapped in the traffic jam. （前句在名词reason后，为定语从句；后句在be动词后，为表语从句）二、同位语从句和定语从句的区别。有些表示“看法、问题、事实、消息”等名词如thought, idea, belief, question, doubt, problem, fact, news, information, order, hope, answer, conclusion等后面既可以接同位语从句，也可以接定语从句。区别的办法要看这些词在从句中有没充当什么成分。如：The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good. （idea在从句中没充当任何成分，that在此无词义，引导的从句属同位语从句）The idea that he thought of is quite good.（idea在从句中是of的宾语，that指代the idea，引导的从句是定语从句，修饰限定先行词the idea.） 三、由句意决定从句的属性。如：Danby left word with my secretary _ he would call again in the afternoon. （05年浙江，15）A. who B. that C. as D. which 有些粗心的考生可能一看到从句前是个名词secretary，就马上选择A项，根本不考虑句子意思。本题题意是“Danby给我的秘书留下话说他将在下午再打电话来”。明显，从句的内容是word的同位语，而不是修饰secretary的定语。确定从句的属性后，我们可以从以下角度确定引导词：一、名词从句，要先根据句子意思，再看从句中缺少什么成分，从而确定相应的引导词。如：1. Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game. (05全国卷I, 23)A. why B. what C. who D. that根据句意“玛丽写了一篇关于球队失利的原因的文章”，从句中主谓宾成分都具备，即the team(主语) had failed (谓语) to win the game(宾语)等已齐全，缺的是原因状语，所以选why。这句话如果改为：Mary wrote an article on _ had failed to win the game.或Mary wrote an article on _ failed the team to win the game的话，第一个空缺少的是主语who, 意为“玛丽写了一篇关于谁输了这场比赛的文章”；第二个空缺少的也是主语，但从句意来看，不是“谁导致球队输”，而是“什么（原因）导致球队输”，所以应该填what才对。2. There is a problem _ they should continue the work. A. whether B. that C. what D. which从句意得知，从句“他们应该继续工作”的前提是“问题”，因此，这里要选A项，“有个问题是他们是否该继续工作”。如果选B，这句话的题干就应该改为“There is no problem that they should continue the work.”（毫无疑问，他们应该继续工作。）二、定语从句，由先行词决定关系词。如果先行词是表示时间或地点的名词，则把该名词置于从句的谓语动词后，看是否要加上介词才使句子逻辑通顺，如果是，那就确定先行词在从句中充当时间或地点状语，引导词用when或where或介词加which；不用加介词的话，则充当从句的宾语，引导词用that或which。例如：1. This is the place _ she used to visit.2. This is the place _ she used to live. A. that B. where C. which D. in which第1小题，把先行词the place置于visit后，“she used to visit the place”，不用加上介词，也就是说，the place是visit的宾语，应该选择A或C；第2小题的the place放在live后，要加上介词in才使句子逻辑通顺，即“she used to live in the place”，the place在第2小题的从句中充当地点状语，所以应该选B或D。另外，有些题干会把一些固定搭配的动词短语拆开，让考生选择适当的选项。这时，考生要懂得还原短语，也就是在关系代词前加上题干所缺的介词。如：Theres nobody _ she could turn for help.A. whom B. to whom C. who D. for whom考生要知道固定短语turn to sb. for help（向某人求助），先行词nobody在从句中充当to的宾语，所有应该选B。总的来说，引导词在名词从句中除了that无词义外，其他所有的连接词在从句中的词义及功能同疑问词本身的词义和用法；定语从句中的引导词除了as表示“正如”外，都没有词义，只是起指代先行词和连接从句的作用。做题的时候，先从句意和从句所处的位置判断该从句的属性，然后再根据句子语境选择适当的答案，这样的话，思路就会豁然开朗，解题也会容易多了。名词从句与定语从句的引导词及其在从句中的作用一览表引导词名词从句定语从句词义在从句中充当的成分先行词所指在从句中充当的成分that 无词义不作成分，只起连接作用人/物/事主语、宾语、表语which哪个主语、宾语、定语物/事主语、宾语、表语who谁主语、宾语、表语人主语、宾语whom谁宾语、表语人宾语whose谁的定语人/物的所有格定语when什么时候时间状语时间时间状语where什么地方地点状语地点地点状语why为什么原因状语原因原因状语as人/物/事主语、宾语、表语what什么，所的主语、宾语whether / if是否不作成分，只起连接作用how如何，怎么样程度状语how many /much多少定语how soon /often / long多久/经常/长状语whatever, whoever, whomever无论什么/谁主语、宾语、表语whosever, whichever无论谁的/哪个定语whenever, wherever无论何时/何处状语历年高考真题演练：1. (06年全国卷) See the flags on top of the building? That was _ we did this morning. A. when B. which C. where D. what2. (06年全国卷) Please remind me _ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off. A. where B. when C. how D. what3. (06年安徽卷)A warm thought suddenly came to me _ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday. A. if B. when C. that D. which4. (06年福建卷) Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair.A. whose B. which C. of which D. that5. (06年陕西卷) She was educated at Beijing University, _ she went on to have her advanced study abroad.A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that6. (05年重庆卷) The old ladys hand shook frequently. She explained to her doctor _ this shaking had begun half a year before, and _, only because of this, she had been forced to give up her job. A. when; how B. how; when C. how; how D. why; why7. (05年安徽卷) Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer _ it was 20 years ago, _ it was so poorly equipped. A. what; whenB. that; whichC. what; whichD. which; that8. (05年广东卷) Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger. A. that B. by which C. which D. in which9. (05年广东卷) Some researchers believe that there is no doubt _ a cure for AIDS will be found. A. which B. what C. that D. whether10. (04年北京卷) We cannot figure out _ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out. A. thatB. asC. why D. when11. (04年广东卷) Parents are taught to understand _ important education is to their childrens future.A. thatB. howC. such D. so12. (04年全国卷)The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.A. for which B. at whichC. in whichD. on which13. (04年全国卷)You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _I disagree.A. whyB. whereC. whatD. how14. (02年全国卷)The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.A. who B. when C. how D. what15. (02年全国卷) I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.A. how B. which C. where D. that16. (01年全国卷) _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A. It B. As C. That D. What17. (01年全国卷) The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.A. until B. that C. when D. where18. (00年全国卷) Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course , made the others unhappy. Awho Bwhich Cthis Dwhat19. (99年全国卷) I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.Is that you had a few days off?A. whyB. when C. whatD. where20. (99年全国卷)You should make it a rule to leave thingsyou can find them againA. when B. where C. then D. there 21. (99年全国卷)Carol said the work would be done by October personally I doubt very much. A. it B. thatC. when D. which22. (98年全国卷)Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge, I cant remember _.A. where B. there C. which D. that23. (98年全国卷) we cant get seems better than we have. A. What; whatB. What; that C. That; thatD. That; what24. (98年全国卷). well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where25. (96年全国卷) After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child. A. whichB. where C. thatD. when答案：1-5: D B C A A6-10: C A D C C 11-15: B C B A C16-20: B C B A B 21-25: D C A B B6