高中英语-Unit-1-Lifestyles-疏导引导-北师大版必修1.doc

互动课堂 疏导引导一、词汇详解1.besides prep.除了以外(还有) adv.意为“此外;而且”，一般用于句子开头【典型例句】Besides knowing some French,she is fluent in Japanese.她除了懂些法语之外,日语也说得很流利。The play was badly acted,besides being far too long.这出戏除了太长之外,演得也不好。It wasnt a good hotelbedsides,it was very expensive.这不是一家好旅馆而且,房价也贵。Im too busy to go for a walk;besides,it is late.我太忙不能去散步,而且天色已晚。【相关链接】besides,except和but 1)besides prep.“除以外还有”的意思,其后的事物(或人)包括在内,表示对已知的情况作补充说明。2)except是常用词,意为“除以外”,但不包括在内。except后可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语或动词不定式。注意:except后接否定式时,多数情况下带to,但当except前面的动词形式含有实义动词do时,except后的否定式不带to。3)but的词义与except相同,除一些惯用法外,两词可以换用,但except语气较强,意义也较明确。all.except one所有的中间只有一个除外,语气偏重在one;all.but one除一个以外其他都,语气偏重在all。but常与every,any,no以及它们的复合词连用。如anything,everything,everywhere,nobody,nothing等,以及all,none等。but后如果紧接不定式时,一般不带to,尤其在主句带有can,do时更是如此。but后接人称代词时,现代英语里常用宾格,如me,him等。2.get bored 厌倦；厌烦(be/get+adj./p.p表示状态的转变或构成被动语态)【典型例句】Im bored with the subject anyway.不管怎么说我对这个题目有点烦。【知识小结】get 为系动词,译为“变得,成为”。“get+adj.”表示的是动态过程,如get ill“患病,得病”。而“be+adj.”则表示静态,如be ill“病了,病着”。【相关链接】在以下get取代了be 的结构中,get均表示从无到有的动态过程:get paid 发薪get married结婚get used to 习惯于 get tired累了get dressed穿好衣服get angry 发怒get drunk 喝醉3.reduce vt.把减少;降低(价格);缩小(程度、尺寸等)【典型例句】She reduced her weight by 6 kilograms.她的体重减少了6公斤。The bike was reduced from 300 yuan to 200 yuan.这辆自行车的价格从300元降到200元。You must reduce your expenses.你必须减少你的开支。【知识小结】reduce/increase to.减少到/增加到reduce/increase by.减少了/增加了【相关链接】reduce还可以表示“使成为”“使处于(某种状态)”,多用于被动语态,且与介词to连用。The house was reduced to ashes.房子被烧成灰烬。4.suffer v.受苦;苦难;患病;遭受;忍受suffering n.痛苦;苦难【典型例句】Shes been suffering from(=been ill with) cancer for two years.她患癌症两了。He suffers from(=is often ill with) asthma.他患有哮喘。If youre not happy with it,you should complain.Dont just suffer in silence(=without saying anything).如果你不满意,你应该说出来,不要默默地忍受。The village is suffering from depopulation.那个村庄正为人口减少而苦恼。The city suffered serious damage from the earthquake.那个城市因地震而遭受严重破坏。【知识小结】suffer用作及物动词时,意为“遭受;蒙受”,后接pain,defeat,loss,poverty,hunger等名词。用作不及物动词时,意为“受痛苦”,常用suffer from。5.prevent vt.妨碍;阻碍;防止;预防。后接名词或动名词作宾语。【典型例句】Rain prevented the baseball game.下雨使棒球比赛无法举行。God prevents us with his grace.上帝以其恩惠引领我们。Nothing will prevent her marrying him.什么也阻止不了她和他结婚。【相关链接】疑难辨析prevent.from./stop.from/keep.from三者都可以表示“制止(阻止)”的意思,它们常可以互换使用,介词from后接v.-ing形式。prevent.from.与stop.from.中的from常可省略。The heavy rain prevented/stopped us(from) coming to the meeting last night.因为下雨,我们昨晚没来参加会议。Nothing is even going to stop them(from) talking.什么也不能阻止他们说话。We must prevent them(from) making trouble.我们必须阻止他们捣乱。注意:当这两个结构用于被动语态时,from不能省略。We were prevented by the heavy rain from coming here.大雨使我们来不了这儿。Something must be done to prevent the bad things from happening again.一定要采取措施防止这些坏事情再次发生。另外这两个结构后面还可以跟v.-ing的复合结构,即“物主代词或名词所有格+v.-ing”。Illness prevented/stopped my going there.我因病没有办法去那儿。注意:keep.from.中的from任何时候都不能省略。Nothing could keep him from doing that.什么事都不能阻止他那样做。We must keep them from getting to know our plans.我们一定不能让他们知道我们的计划。比较:keep sb. doing sth.意为“让某人一直做某事”。He kept his son doing exercises all the afternoon.他让儿子整个下午一直做练习。6.depend vi.依靠;依赖;相信【典型例句】That depends on/upon your efforts.那全靠你的努力。He is not to be depended on.他不足以信赖。His family depends on him to support.他的家庭靠他维持生计。Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.孩子靠父母供应衣食。Shes a woman who can be depended on.她是一个可以信赖的人。Whether he will go there depends on your decision.他是否去那儿取决于你的决定。【相关链接】1)depend常与on或upon搭配。2)that depends;it(all) depends看情况而定,单独使用,或置于句首。3)depend upon it(that)的的确确；我敢说；肯定7.control vt.& vt.控制;管理;抑制n.U管理;控制;抑制【典型例句】vt. Cant you control that child?你不能管束那孩子吗?She couldnt control herself when she heard the news.她听到那消息后,不能控制自己的感情。n. She has no control over her feeling.她抑制不住自己的感情。【相关链接】1)control的现在分词、过去式和过去分词都要双写l再加ing或ed。即:controlling,controlled,controlled。2)be/get out of control 失去的控制;不听约束lose control of失去对的控制The children are out of control.孩子们不听管教。3)be in the control of(sth.) 管理;统治She may be old,but shes still in the control of all that is happening.虽然纪大了,她却依然控制着局面。4)under control/under the control of在控制之下8.prefer vt.(比较)喜欢；宁愿(选择);宁可【典型例句】Which do you prefer,rice or bread?你比较喜欢哪一样,米饭还是面包?He prefers country life to town life.他喜欢乡村生活胜过城市生活。【相关链接】1)prefer to do sth.更喜欢做prefer not to do sth.宁愿不At the moment they prefer not to talk about this question.在这个时刻,他们宁愿不谈这个问题。2)表示“更喜欢某人做”用prefer sb. to do sth.;表示“宁愿某人不”用prefer sb. not to do sth.I should prefer you to be in charge of this experiment.我建议你负责这实验。They preferred her not to go with them.他们宁愿她不跟他们去。3)表示“更喜欢做,不喜欢做”,用prefer to do sth.(rather) than do sth. 或prefer sth./doing sth. to sth./doing sth. I prefer to walk rather than (to) go by bike.我宁可步行,也不愿意骑自行车。4)prefer+thatclause用于表达某人的愿望,从句用过去时或(should) do。She preferred that we should have the discussion right after the class.她更愿意我们一听完课就讨论。9.add vt. 增加;添加;补充说vi.加起来;添加【典型例句】If you add(=calculate the total of) three and four,you get seven.三加四等于七。Shes added a Picasso to her collection.她的收藏品中增加了一幅毕加索的画。She was sad,she said,but added(=said also) that she felt she had made the right decision.她说她很难过,但是她接着又说她感到她做出了一项正确的决定。We added a room to our house.我们给房子添盖了一个房间。“Thank you for all your help!” he added as he was leaving.在他离开时又补充说:“谢谢你的所有帮助。”【相关链接】1)add up合计；加起来;前后一致Add up your score and see how many points you can get.将你所得的分数加起来,看看能得多少分。What he says does not add up.他说的话前后不一致。2)add to增加 Her colleagues laughter only added to(=increased) her embarrassment.同事们的嘲笑使她更加窘迫。3)add.to.加；往添加 Will you add more sugar to your coffee?你的咖啡要多加些糖吗?4)add up to总共有；总计达His whole school education added up to no more than one year.他所受的全部学校教育加起来不过一。10.reason n.原因;理由;解释;道理;情理v. 推理;推论;推断【典型例句】n.Make a list of reasons why friends are important to you.列出朋友对你重要的理由。We have no reason to believe him.我们没理由相信他。These are our reasons for doing it.这些就是我们做这件事的理由。The reason why we were late is that our car didnt come.我们迟到的原因是车没来。v. She reasoned that she must have left her bag on the train.她断定准是把包落在火车上了。I spent hours reasoning out the solution to the puzzle.我花了好几个小时才想出这个谜的谜底。【知识小结】1)reason用作名词,作“理由;原因”解时,常接:(1)+to do(2)+for短语(3)+why从句,表示“的理由/原因”。2)汉语中的“原因是因为”英语中常用“The reason is that.”来表达,口语中也可用“The reason is because.”。【相关链接】同义词辨析reason,cause,excuse1)reason指产生某种行为或想法的推理上的理由,与conclusion相对。reason for表示“的理由”。2)cause主要指导致某种结果、客观存在的原因,它是相对于effect来说的。cause of表示“的起因”。3)excuse 多指为免受指责或推卸责任而找的“理由、借口”。11.be used to 后跟名词、代词、动名词(v.-ing)时常译作“习惯于；惯常于”(be可用get、become替代)【典型例句】He is quite used to hard work.他习惯于艰苦的工作。He is used to walking in the park after supper every day.每天晚饭后,他习惯去公园散步。He is used to getting up early.他习惯早起。【相关链接】疑难辨析1)be used to+n./pron./v.-ing “习惯于做”,可用于各种时态2)used to do 过去常常做某事(现在不做)强调过去的习惯性行为,只用于过去时态。He used to go to school by bike.他过去常常骑自行车上学。He used to swim in a pool near his home when he was a child.小时候他常去他家附近的池塘游泳。3)be used to do. 被用来做不定式表示目的,可用于多种时态。Wood can be used to make paper.木头能够被用来造纸。This kind of natural plant can be used to make medicine.这种天然植物可以被用来制药。12.mind n. 思维;头脑;想法;记忆;(智力发达)的人 v.注意;留心;当心【典型例句】n. Suddenly a good idea came into my mind.突然我想起了一个好注意。You should keep all the new words in mind.你应该把所有的新单词都记住。These were a lot of minds in history,who did a lot of contribution to the society.在历史上有很多头脑聪明的人,他们为人类社会作出了巨大的贡献。v. Mind that you dont forget to mail the letters.注意可别忘了寄信。Mind your head when you enter the door.当你进门的时候留心别碰头。Would you mind my smoking here?你介意我在这儿吸烟吗?【知识小结】1)keep.in mind牢记2)mind ones doing.(常用于疑问句、否定句、条件句中)介意、反对。3)Would you mind doing也可以替换为Would you mind if.句型。这些句型用来表示请求对方的许可。4)回答带有mind的问句时要注意yes或no都是针对mind选用的,表示“介意；在乎”时选用yes,后面跟句子,意思为不让对方做某事；表示“不介意,不在乎”时,选用no,后面跟句子,意思是允许对方做某事。【相关链接】give ones mind to.专心于have a mind to do.很想做to ones mind根据某人意见13.prepare vt.& vi. 准备;预备preparation n.准备【典型例句】They were quite prepared to be friendly.他们是有意亲睦的。They are preparing a book show.他们正在准备一本书的展览。【知识小结】1)prepare.for/to do sth. 使某人为做好准备2)be prepared for/to do sth.为做好准备3)prepare to do sth.准备做例如：The students are trying to prepare the lessons for the final exam.学生们正在为期末考试做准备。Can you help me prepare to hold this party?你能帮我准备举行这场晚会吗?【相关链接】make preparations for.为作准备疑难辨析:prepare 和prepare for prepare 准备,谓语动词动作直接体现在宾语上。prepare for.为作准备,for的宾语一般只是谓语动作要达到的目的。14.determined adj.坚决的；有决心的【典型例句】She gave me a determined look.她给了我一个坚定的眼神。She is a very determined young woman.她是一个意志坚定的轻女士。【知识小结】“决定做某事”的表达:be determined to do sth.be determined that从句=make up ones mind to do sth.We are determined to work hard at our lessons.我们决心努力学习功课。【相关链接】1)determine vt.&vi.决定；决心determine to do sth.=decide to do sth.决定做某事determine+n.决定某事determine+clause决定determine on/upon决定2)determination n. 决心with determination 下决心15.crowded adj.拥挤的(若表示“某处挤满了”,常用短语:.be crowded by/with.)【典型例句】The hall is crowded with the persons taking part in the party.整个大厅都被来参加会议的人挤满了。This morning,the ground is crowded with the white snow.今天早晨,地上白雪皑皑。【相关链接】crowded可用作名词或动词,译作“人群、大众、成群”,在句中作主语时,谓语动词可按单数或复数对待,the crowd “老百姓,大众”。There were crowds of people at the theatre.剧院里挤满了人。The crowd was/were marching on the street to improve their living conditions.老百姓为改善生活条件正在大街上游行。用作动词时,可译作“挤满”或“聚集”。Shoppers crowded the department store.顾客挤满了商店。The students crowded round the teacher to ask questions.学生围在老师周围请教问题。16.attend vt.出席；参加;照顾；护理vi.注意;专心【典型例句】Everyone must attend the meeting on time tomorrow.明天每个人必须按时参加会议。When he stayed in hospital,the nurses attended him very carefully.当他住院时,护士给了他精心的护理。【相关链接】疑难辨析attend,join,take part in和join injoin,attend,和take part in都可译作“参加”,但搭配和含义均有所不同。1)join指加入某一组织或团体,成为其中一员。2)take part in通常指参加某项活动,与join in意义相同,可以互换。3)join in还可以构成join sb.in sth./doing sth.,表示“与某人一起做某事”或“加入正在做的事”。4)attend 通常用于参加会议、听课、听报告等。常见搭配有:attend school上学attend classes上课attend a lecture听讲课attend church去教堂attend(at) a wedding出席婚礼17.call 大声说出;喊;叫【典型例句】Mother is calling me.母亲在叫我。Call me what you like.你随便怎么称呼我都行。I heard a voice calling in the wood.我听见树林里有喊叫的声音。【知识小结】call+宾+补(常为名词),常译作“把某人/物叫做”。【相关链接】call涉及的常用短语:call away 叫走call back叫回;召回;回想起call for需要;来找(某人);来取(某物)call in召集;聚集call on号召;请求;拜访call out出动(军队);唤起;引起call up打电话;回忆起18.whenever可用作时间状语从句的引导词,译作“不管什么时候,无论何时”,等同于no matter when。【典型例句】Whenever we met with difficulties,they came to help us.无论何时我们遇到困难,他们总是帮助我们。Whenever I may go,I will tell you.不管我什么时候走,我都会告诉你。【相关链接】疑难辨析whenever,when 引导时间状语从句的用法差别：两者均可作为时间状语从句的引导词,区别主要在词义上,whenever译为“无论何时,不管何时”,when 译为“当的时候”,故造句或判断时,一定要注意句义的需要而合理运用。二、句型剖析1.(not.) until/till【典型例句】.but your friend cant go until he/she finishes cleaning the bicycle.但是你的朋友直到擦完自行车才能去。The village leader,Mr Tian,asks Wei Minzhi to take Mr Gaos place until he comes back.田村长让魏敏芝代课,直到高老师回来。When Minzhi has to get off the bus,she walks till she finally reaches the town.不得不下了车后,敏芝一直走到城里。She waits at the gate of the TV station for two days till the boss calls her.她在电视台门口等了两天后台长才见她。【知识小结】1)until/till引导的结构与否定句连用时,构成not.until/till.结构。主句所表达的动作直到until/till所表示的时间才发生,译成“直到才”;2)until/till引导的结构与肯定句连用时,主句谓语动词为延续性动词,其动作延续到until/till所表示时间就停止。3)until/till引导时间状语从句时,从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作。2.it takes sb.to do sth. 某人花费一段时间做某事【典型例句】It takes a long time to go there.要用很长时间才能到达那里。It took me four hours to write the essay.我写那篇文章用了四个小时。【相关链接】疑难辨析take/spend/pay/costtake表示“花费”,主语一般是一件事,常用it作形式主语,而把作主语的不定式短语放在后面。常见句型是it takes sb. some time to do sth. 某人花费时间做某事。spend“花;花费”,主语必须是人,不能是物,宾语可以是钱、精力或时间。常见的词组有:spend.on sth.在某事上花费,spend.in doing sth.花费做某事,in可以省略。pay“支付;花钱买”,主语必须是人,不能是物，后面的宾语可以是人或钱,还可以是双宾语。句式为pay sb. some money(付)给某人钱。常见的词组有:pay money for sth.花钱买某物。pay money for sb.替某人付钱。cost“费用;花费”,主语必须是物或事,不指人,侧重于花费的代价,后面接双宾语,间接宾语在直接宾语之前,常见句型是:sth. cost sb. some money某人花钱买某物。3.even 修饰比较级,表示程度上的加强。【典型例句】Its even faster than the fastest plane.这甚至比最快的飞机还要快。You know even less than I do.你了解的甚至比我还要少。【知识小结】表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语修饰。常用的词或短语有:表示疑问的有any;表示否定的有no,not any;表示稍微程度的有slightly,a bit,a little;表示很大程度的有much,very much,a lot,lots,a great deal,far,by far,rather;表示强调比较程度的有even,still;表示具体数量的像twice,three times,15%等程度状语,以及其他表示长多少,重多少,远多少等的状语,如:an inch taller,one kilo lighter,a mile farther,an hour earlier等。4.动词不定式作定语不定式作定语修饰名词,通常只能置于被修饰的名词之后。【典型例句】Is that the way to do it?那就是做那件事的办法吗?The next man to come was Jack.下一个要来的人是杰克。I feel doubtful about his ability to do the work.我对他做这项工作的能力表示怀疑。【知识小结】1)表示即将发生的动作。She made a promise not to do that again.她答应再也不那样做了。(表主动)2)在序数词、形容词最高级、the first,the last,the only等修饰的名词后作定语。He studies hard.He is always the last to leave the classroom.他学习很勤奋。他总是最后一个离开教室。3)当不定式短语与所修饰的名词之间存在意义上的动宾关系时,如果不定式属于不及物动词,其后还得加上一个结构上或含义上所需的介词。但如被修饰的名词是place,则介词in一般可以省略。例如:This is not a good place to rest(in).这不是一个可以好好休息的地方。5.so.that.如此以至于【典型例句】He was so pleased that he screamed aloud when he heard the good news.听到这个好消息他高兴得大声叫起来。This book is so interesting that everyone wants to read it.这本书如此有趣,以至于每个人都想读。Tom ran so fast that no one could catch up with him.汤姆跑得如此快,以至于没有人能赶上他。【相关链接】so.that/such.thatso+形容词或副词+that从句/as to+动词原形He ran so fast that I couldnt catch up with him.他跑得如此之快,我没赶上他。so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句He is so busy a man that he really needs a secretary.他那么忙,确实需要一个秘书。This is so interesting a book that I have read it twice.这是如此有趣的一本书,我已经读了两遍。such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that从句It is such an interesting book that everyone wants to read it.这是如此有趣的一本书,每个人都想读。such+形容词+名词复数+that从句They are such good teachers that the students love them.他们是如此好的老师,同学们都喜欢他们。such+形容词+不可数名词+that从句It was such fine weather that he went swimming.天气这样好所以他去游泳。注意:so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that从句=such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that从句He is so clever a boy that we all like him.=He is such a clever boy that we all like him.他是如此聪明的一个男孩以至于我们都喜欢他。6.before引导的从句【典型例句】She and her family hid away for two years before they were discovered.她和她的家人躲藏了两后才被发现。Before she could move,she heard a loud noise,which grew to a terrible roar.她还没来得及迈步,就听见一声巨响,接着就是可怕的隆隆轰鸣。However,before she could think twice,the water was upon her.然而转念之间,洪水已近在眼前。Before they reached the house,a new great wave came,sweeping down trees,and sweeping them down too.在他们到达房子之前,又一大浪袭来,冲倒了树,把他们也冲倒了。The fire lasted about four hours before the firefighters could con