初三英语被动语态知识精讲及练习.doc

一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2） has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6） was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would be done 过去将来时例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例The project will have been completed before July.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。例I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 为了更好地安排句子。例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Your reason sounds reasonable五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。2 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction( is being constructed).2“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过、高于”。例His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。例The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出视线之外），out of ones reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。8“within+名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。例He took two days off within the teachers permission四. 如何正确使用被动语态1. 有些动词带有两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语，变被动语态时，可把其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个留在被动结构谓语后面。需要注意的是：若把直接宾语变成被动语态的主语，需要在间接宾语之间加上介词“to”。eg. He often tells us interesting stories . （主动语态） （被动语态）常带双宾语的词有：tell , show , lend , pass等。2. 在主动语态中，某些动词之后带有复合宾语，即宾语和宾语补足语，这个复合宾语由动词不定式来充当，to被省略，但在被动语态中，这个to还要还原。eg. I often hear her sing this popular song . （主动语态） She is often heard to sing this popular song .（被动语态） 有这种用法的常用动词有：make , let , see , hear , watch , feel , notice等。3. 有些“be +过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态，它们有可能是“系表结构（即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语）。”比较：（1）（2）4. 只有及物动词和可有宾语的动词+介词词组才可以有被动语态。eg. 【题型展示】1. A talk on Chinese history in the school hall next week . A. be given B. has been given C. will be given D. will give答案：C 2. To make our city more beautiful , rubbish into the river . A. neednt be thrown B. mustnt be thrown C. cant throw D. may not throw答案：B 3. You may go fishing if your work .A. is done B. will be done C. has done D. have done答案：A 4. The trees must three times a week . A. water B. is watering C. be watered D. waters答案：C 5. I wont come to the party unless Sue , too . You mean if Sue comes youll come ? A. will invite B. invites C. invited D. is invited答案：D 6. I like my new bike . It very well . A. rides B. is riding C. is ridden D. has ridden答案：A 7. Mr. Chen has a lond voice . His voice can clearly even in that big classroom . A. hear B. be heard C. be hearing D. have heard 答案：B 8. Its time to do your homework , Jack . Yes , Mum . Ill turn off the TV as soon as the programme .A. ends B. end C. will be ended D. will end答案：A 9. You to the meeting , why didnt you go ?A. be invited B. will be invited C. were invited D. are invited答案：C 10. A lot of trees along the river last year . A. planted B. are planted C. were planted 答案：C 【实战模拟】一. 选择填空1. The rivers smells terrible People must dirty things into it .A. be stopped to throw B. be stopped from throwingC. stop to throw D. stop form throwing2. Paper first invented in China . A. is B. are C. was D. were3. Do you like the flower ? Yes , it sweet . A. is smelling B. smelt C. is smelt D. smells4. It snowed heavily last night . The ground thick snow .A. was covered with B. was filled withC. was made of D. covered with5. The light in the room before you leave . A. must turn of B. will turn off C. are turned D. must be turned off6. the kind of question often in your class , Ann ? A. Does , ask B. Is , asked C. Has , asked D. Will , ask7. The bridge in three weeks . A. will build B. is built C. will be built D. builds8. The old men and the children must in our country . A. take good care B. be taken good care C. take good care of D. be taken good care of9. Paul doesnt have to be made He always works hard . A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning10. The girl was unhappy because she by some boys in the class . A. is laughed B. was laughed C. laughed at D. was laughed at 11. We that the English test next Monday . A. are told , gives B. tell , will give C. are told , will be given D. told , is going to be given12. Great changes place in China since 1978 . A. have been taken B. have taken C. has been taken D. took13. the red pencil-box by your father last week ?A. Has , bought B. Was , bought C. Does , buy D. Did , buy14. Mary many songs at the party . A. heard sing B. heard to sing C. was heard sing D. was heard to sing15. trees usually in April ?A. Have , planted B. Are , planted C. Do , plant D. Were , planted16. When we got there , the broken road repaired .A. is being B. was being C. has been D. /17. The windows of the room once a week .A. has been cleaned B. is cleaned C. are cleaned D. are cleaning18. In 1620 , about half the USA forests . A. was covered B. was covered by C. were filled with D. covered with19. The young tree the stick . A. should be tied to B. must be tied by C. should tie to D. can be tied with20. A present me by my friend on my birthday . A. is giving B. was given to C. is given for D. will give to21. By was the book ?A. who , wrote B. whom , write C. whom , written D. whom , writing22. Films about crime and violence（暴力与犯罪） by young children . A. should not see B. should be not seen C. should not be seen D. should be seen23. In warm weather fruit and meat long . A. cant be kept B. dont keep C. is not kept D. arent keeping24. Half the worlds telephone calls in English .A. are made B. are making C. make D. is made25. That building now . A. is building B. is built C. is being built D. builds26. The trees in our school every Friday afternoon . A. are watered B. are watering C. have watered D. water27. More “ Great Green Walls ” must all over the world . A. build B. are built C. be building D. be built28. His school bag by a woman ten minutes ago . A. took away B. was taken away C. was taken off D. is taken29. It that she very clever . A. was said , is B. was said , were C. is said , is D. is said , is being30. Yesterday a visitor something about his hometown . A. was asked B. was asking C. is asked D. asked31. Do you like this kind of paper ? Yes , it very nice . A. is felt B. felt C. is feeling D. feels32. These books well . A. sells B. are being sold C. are sold D. sell33. The boy lost on his way home yesterday . A. got B. is C. gets D. has34. Though the coat is a bit large now , it me very soon . A. will be fit B. will fit C. fit D. fits35. Football everywhere in the world . A. is played B. play C. is playing D. plays36. Everybody here was a present . A. gave B. given C. To give D. Giving37. A new factory in our city last year . A. built B. has built C. was built D. is building38. All trees must well when it is dry . A. be watered B. are watered C. water D. be watering39. This shirt silk . A. must be made in B. make by C. must be made of D. must be made by40. These books good care of . A. must taken B. must take C. have to take D. must be taken41. Stamps by people for sending letters . A. use B. in using C. used D. are used42. More trees next year . A. will be planted B. will plant C. have planted D. are planting43. When the Peoples Republic of China ? On October 1.1949 . A. did found B. was found C. was founded D. is founded44. Today , too many trees are still in the world . A. cutting down B. cut down C. being cut down D. cutted45. This kind of machine Japan . A. is made by B. is made from C. is made in D. is made of46. The teacher says that the man will .A. be well taken care B. well look after C. take care well D. be well looked after47. I think the shop . No , Its open . It at six . A. is close close B. is closed closes C. closed closes D. is closed48. I was astonished（吃惊）to hear that the colour TV set 5 , 000 yuan . A. has cost B. cost C. costed D. was cost49. Great changes place since he came here . A. have been taken B. have taken C. has been taken D. has taken 50. He was seen something from the shop . A. steal B. to steal C. to be stolen D. stealed 51. She has by her classmates . A. laughed B. laughed at C. been laughed D. been laughed at 二. 用正