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<p><span id="_baidu_bookmark_start_0" style="display: none; line-height: 0px;">‍</span>2006年高三第一轮单元练习 化学学科 第十四单元 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;烃的衍生物 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;本试卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷两部分共100分,考试时间100分钟, 可能用到的相对原子质量:C:12 &nbsp;H:1 &nbsp;N:14 &nbsp;O:16 &nbsp;Na:23 &nbsp;Cl:35.5 第Ⅰ卷(选择题,共49分) 一、选择题(本题包括5小题,每小题2分,共10分,每小题只有一个选项符合题意) 1.如今人们把食品分为绿色食品、蓝色食品、白色食品等类型。绿色植物通过光合作用转化的食品叫绿色食品;而直接从海洋获取的食品叫蓝色食品;通过微生物发酵制得的食品叫白色食品。下面属于白色食品的是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; ) &nbsp; A.食醋 &nbsp; &nbsp; B.面粉 &nbsp; &nbsp; C.海带 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;D.食盐 2.已知丁基共有四种。则分子式为C5Hl0O的醛应有 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; A.3种 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;B.4种 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; C.5种 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;D.6种 3.《化学教育》报道了数起因食用有“瘦肉精”的猪肉和内脏,而发生急性中毒的恶性事件。这足以说明,目前由于奸商的违法经营,已使“瘦肉精”变成了“害人精”。“瘦肉精”的结构可表示为: &nbsp; &nbsp;下列关于“瘦肉精”的说法中正确的是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;( &nbsp; ) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;A.摩尔质量为313.5 g &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; B.属于芳香烃 &nbsp; &nbsp;C.分子式为C12H19Cl3N20 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; D.不能发生加成反应 4.若乙酸分子中的氧都是18O,乙醇分子中的氧都是16O,二者在浓H2SO4作用下发生反应,一段时间后,分子中含有18O的物质有 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; ) &nbsp; &nbsp;A.1种 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;B.2种 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;C.3种 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;D.4种 5.有下列几种反应类型:①消去②加聚③水解④加成⑤还原⑥氧化,用丙醛制取1,2一丙二醇,按正确的合成路线依次发生的反应所属类型应是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; ) &nbsp;A.⑤①④③ &nbsp; &nbsp;B.⑥④③① &nbsp; &nbsp; C.①②③⑤ &nbsp; &nbsp; D.⑤③④① 二、选择题(本题包括8小题,每小题3分,共24分,每小题有一个或两个选项符合题意) 6.下列各组物质中,属于同系物的是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; A.HCHO、CH3COOH &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; B. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;、 &nbsp; C.CH3COOH、CH3CH20H &nbsp; &nbsp; D.醋酸、硬脂酸 7.1999年4月,比利时查出“污染鸡”的根源是生产鸡饲料的油脂被二恶英所污染。二恶英是两大类芳香族化合物的总称,其中四氯代二苯二恶英毒性最大,其结构简式为。 &nbsp; 有关该化合物的说法正确的是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; A.分子式为C12H802Cl4 &nbsp; B.分子中所有碳原子都有可能处于同一平面 &nbsp; C.是一种可溶于水的气体 &nbsp; D.是最危险的致癌物之一 8.前不久,各大媒体在显著的位置刊登了关于900 t致癌大米的报道,主要是变质大米中存在的黄曲霉素使人体中的特殊基因发生突变,有转变成肝癌的可能性。它的结构如图14-1。和l mol该化合物起反应的H2或NaOH的最大值分别是( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; A.6 mol,2 mol &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; B.7 mol,2 mol &nbsp; C.6 mol,1 mol &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;D. 7 mol,1 mol 9.一系列有机物按以下顺序排列CH3CH=CHCH0,CH3CH=CHCH=CHCHO,CH3(CH=CH)3CHO……在该系列有机物中,分子中含碳元素的质量分数的最大值最接近于 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; A.95.6% &nbsp; &nbsp;B. 92.3% &nbsp; &nbsp;C.85.7% &nbsp; &nbsp;D.75.O% 10.有A、B、C三种饱和醇的混合物,分为两等份:一份跟足量金属钠反应,共产生αmol &nbsp; &nbsp;H2;另一份完全燃烧后生成2αmol C02。则该混合醇中不可能含有 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; A.甲醇 &nbsp; &nbsp; B.乙醇 &nbsp; &nbsp; C. 乙二醇 &nbsp; &nbsp; D.丙三醇 11.某有机物完全燃烧需O2的物质的量是该有机物的n倍,生成CO2和H2O的物质的量相等。该有机物中n、x、y的关系是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; A. &nbsp; &nbsp;B. &nbsp; &nbsp;C. &nbsp; &nbsp;D. 12.乙烯酮(CH2=C=0)在一定条件下能与含活泼氢的化合物发生加成反应,反应可表示为:乙烯酮在一定条件下可与下列试剂加成, 其产物不正确的是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; ) &nbsp; A.与HCl加成生成CH3COCl &nbsp; B.与H20加成生成CH3COOH &nbsp; C.与CH30H加成生成CH3COCH20H &nbsp; D.与CH3COOH加成生成 13.2003年“非典”曾在我国流行,民间都用过氧乙酸(CH3COOOH)作为消毒剂,因它具有很强的氧化性和腐蚀性,可以迅速杀灭多种微生物,包括多种病毒(如:SARS病毒)、细菌、真菌及芽孢。有关过氧乙酸的叙述不正确的是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;( &nbsp; ) &nbsp; A.过氧乙酸与羟基乙酸(HOCH2COOH)互为同分异构体 &nbsp; B.过氧乙酸与苯酚混合使用杀菌能力更强 &nbsp; C.过氧乙酸因具有强氧化性,所以有杀菌作用 &nbsp; D.在使用过氧乙酸消毒时浓度越大越好 三、选择题(本题包括5小题,每小题3分,共15分,每小题只有一个选项符合题意) 14.分子式为C8H16O2的有机物X,水解生成Y、Z两种碳原子数相同的直链有机物,其中Z可与Na2CO3溶液反应,Y不能转化为Z,则X为 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; A.2-甲基丙酸丁酯 &nbsp;B.丁酸丁酯 &nbsp; &nbsp;C.丁酸-2-丁酯 &nbsp; &nbsp;D.丁烯酸丁酯 15. 新兴大脑营养学研究表明:大脑的发育与生长与不饱和脂肪有密切的联系,从深海鱼油中提取的被称作“脑黄金”的DHA就是一种不饱和程度很高的脂肪酸,它的分子中含6个碳碳双键,化学名称为:二十六碳六烯酸,它的分子组成应是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; A.C25H50COOH &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; B.C25H39COOH &nbsp; C.C26H41COOH &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; D.C26H47COOH 16. 在120℃、1.01×105Pa时将1L乙醇、乙硫醇的混合蒸气与5L 02混合充分燃烧后,恢复至原温度和压强,气体密度减小为燃烧前的。则乙醇与乙硫醇物质的量之比为 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; A. 2:3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;B.3:2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;C.1:3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;D. 1:4 17. 室温下测得甲醛、乙醛和丙酮组成的液态混合物中氢元素的质量分数为9.8%,则该混合物的平均相对分子质量为 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;( &nbsp; &nbsp;) &nbsp; &nbsp;A. 50 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;B.49 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;C.51 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; D.44 18. 已知:将乙醇和浓硫酸反应的温度控制在140℃,乙醇会发生分子间脱水,并生成乙醚,其反应方程式为: 用浓硫酸与分子式分别为C2H60和C3H8O的醇的混合液反应,可以得到醚的种类有 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ( &nbsp; &nbsp;) A.1种 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; B.3种 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; C.5种 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;D. 6种 第Ⅰ卷答题卡 题号 题号 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 l 7 7 r 8 8 9 9 答案 题号 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 答案 第Ⅱ卷(非选择题,共51分) 四、(本题包括2小题,共13分) 19. (6分)今有化合物: &nbsp; &nbsp;(1)请写出丙中含氧官能团的名称: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;。 &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)请判别上述哪些化合物互为同分异构体: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 。 &nbsp; &nbsp;(3)请分别写出鉴别甲、乙、丙化合物的方法。(指明所选试剂及主要现象即可) &nbsp; &nbsp;鉴别甲的方法: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;; &nbsp; &nbsp;鉴别乙的方法: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;; &nbsp; &nbsp;鉴别丙的方法: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;. &nbsp; &nbsp;(4)请按酸性由强至弱排列甲、乙、丙的顺序: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 。 20.(7分)某课外小组设计的实验室制取乙酸乙酯的装置如图14-2所示,A中放有浓硫酸,B中放有乙醇、无水醋酸钠,D中放有饱和碳酸钠溶液。 &nbsp; &nbsp;已知①无水氯化钙可与乙醇形成难溶于水的CaCl2·6 C2H50H &nbsp;②有关有机物的沸点: 试剂 乙醚 乙醇 乙酸 乙酸乙酯 沸点/℃ 34.7 78.5 118 77.1 请回答: &nbsp; (1)浓硫酸的作用是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ;若用同位素180示踪法确定反应产物水分子中氧原子的提供者,写出能表示180位置的化学方程式: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;。 &nbsp; (2)球形干燥管C的作用是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 。若反应前向D中加入几滴酚酞,溶液呈红色,产生此现象的原因是(用离子方程式表示) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;;反应结束后D中的现象是 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; . &nbsp; (3)从D中分离出的乙酸乙酯中常含有一定量的乙醇、乙醚和水,应先加入无水氯化钙,分离出 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ;再加入(此空从下列选项中选择) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;,然后进行蒸馏,收集77℃左右的馏分,以得较纯净的乙酸乙酯。 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;A.五氧化二磷 &nbsp; &nbsp; B.碱石灰 &nbsp; &nbsp;C.无水硫酸钠 &nbsp; &nbsp;D.生石灰 五、(本题包括2小题,共14分) 21.(7分)现有A、B两种链状饱和一元醇的混合物0.3 mol,其质量为13.8 g。已知A和B碳原子数均不大于4,且A</p><b。 90="" .="" b.="" g.="" a="" b1="" c2="" b="" ch3="" 25.="" 0.15="" 0.1="" 33.4="" 1.5="" 11.2="" c="" d="" bd="" 10.b="" 11.b="" 12.c="" 13.bd="" 14.c="" 15.b="" 16.d="" 17.c="" 18.d="">甲&gt;丙 20.(1)制乙酸、催化剂、脱水剂 (2)防止倒吸、冷凝 溶液分层,上层无色油体液体,下层溶液颜色变浅 &nbsp; &nbsp; (3)乙醇 B 21.(1) &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)甲醇 &nbsp;1—丙醇、2—丙醇 (3)CH3OH,CH3CH2CH2CH2OH、CH3—CH2—CH—CH3 &nbsp; 2:1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; OH 22.解析:由于A可在酸性或碱性条件下水解,可知A为酯类。又因为C1可以被氧化,则C1为醇,B1为羧酸。而C1可以转变为B1,说明B1、C1的碳链结构相同,C1水解为C2,由C2的氧化产物可知C2为, C1为,B1 为,B2为 23.(1)吸 &nbsp; 醛 &nbsp; &nbsp;(2)斥 &nbsp; 甲 &nbsp; &nbsp; (3)小 24.(1)A: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;C: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(2) &nbsp; 25.解:(1)C:H:O=1:1:2 &nbsp; &nbsp;CHO2 (2)B和NaOH溶液发生中和反应时,可生成一种酸式盐和正盐,说明B为二元酸。 B &nbsp;+ &nbsp;2NaOH → Na2B &nbsp;+ &nbsp;H2O M: &nbsp; &nbsp; 0.15 &nbsp; &nbsp; 分子式: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;分子式: &nbsp;HOOC—COOH (3) &nbsp; 26.解:因酯不和金属钠反应,只有羧酸和金属钠反应,由: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;0.5 &nbsp;∴酯为 &nbsp;设羧酸为,酯为 讨论:(1)当 A为HCOOH &nbsp;B为,结构简式为: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;CH3 (2)当 &nbsp;A: &nbsp;B为: (3)当时,,不成立</b。>
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