大三上学期英美概况government省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,A Guide to,English-Speaking,Countries,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢您,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,英语国家概况,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢您,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,英语国家概况,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢您,Guide to English-Speaking Countries,英语国家概况,英语国家概况,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,第1页,Chapter 3,Government and the Commonwealth,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英语国家概况,第2页,What is“constitutional monarchy”,What is“divine right of kings”,第3页,Political Parties,Constitution,Government,Election,The Commonwealth,I,II,III,IV,V,CONTENT,第4页,Constitutional monarchy,Britain is a constitutional monarchy,that is,a monarchy in which the sovereign has mainly advisory and ceremonial responsibilities.The other major form of monarchy is the absolute monarchy,in which the monarchy is also the ruler.The constitutional position is summed up in the famous phrase“,The Queen reigns but does not rule”,第5页,Divine right of Kings(P38),The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the,“divine right of kings,”.It is held that the sovereign derived his authority from God,not from his subjects.Because of this divine right,the actual existence of the monarchy has seldom been questioned.,Clue:Monarchy the Great Charter Parliament cabinet,第6页,The Great Charta(Magna Carta),King John(1199-1216),the bad reputation(Robin Hood),John ascended the throne in 1199.He demanded feudal taxes and army service/bad relationship with the pope.,In 1215,King John was forced by a group of feudal barons and the Church to grant them a charter of liberty and political right.,Significance:,influence on legal system and human rights,merchants and craftsmenfor the first time as a new political force,townspeoplefreedom of trade and self-government,part of the British Constitution today,第7页,Beginning of Parliament,the Great Council(,大议会）,Commoners appeared in the meeting,the House of Lords and the House of Commons,（,exist today and collectively we call them the Parliament),The Puritans and Cavaliers(,the Puritans,:free farmers,tradesmen,artisans/the,Cavaliers,:Catholics and feudal lords),The Civil War,reason:the dispute over the power of the king vis-vis(P39),第8页,The civil war broke out(1642,1649),Between the Royalists,(the Cavalier,保王党人),and Parliamentarians,(Roundheads,圆颅党人),Result:the monarchy was abolished in 1949,England was declared a commonwealth,i.e.a republic,The Civil War,Roundheads with pikes,第9页,The Commonwealth(1649,1660)(Cromwell,统治之下英伦三岛共和国）,Cromwell,the head of the Commonwealth,Conservative in social reforms and protected property ownership,In 1660,Parliament had Charles II as king of England.,This put an end to the Commonwealth.,The Civil War,第10页,Restoration and,the Glorious Revolution,Restoration:(,复辟,),1661,Charles II:to restore the old social order,1685,James II:to reestablish Catholicism,Glorious Revolution,1688:joint sovereign of,William,and,Mary,1689:,Bill of Rights,(limited the power of the monarch and guaranteed the authority of Parliament)removed the ruling monarch and established Constitutional Monarchy,第11页,Constitution(P41),I,Great Britain(UK)is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch as the head of state,British Constitution is made up of:,Statutory Law,(成文法),Common Law,(判例法),Conventions,(习惯法),第12页,1.1,Statutory Law,passed by Parliament,example,the Magna Charta(1215),petition of Rights(1627),Habeas Corpus Act(1679),the Bill of Rights(1689),Act of Settlement(1701),the Reform Act(1832),the European Communities Act(1972),the European Communities(Amendment)Act (1986),Constitution,第13页,1.2 Common law,deduced from custom or legal precedents and interpreted in court cases by judges,1.3 Conventions,rules and practices which do not exist legally,but are regarded as vital to the working of government,1.Constitution,第14页,Government,II,2.1 The Legislature,2.2 The Executive,2.3 The Judiciary,第15页,2.1 The Legislature,Basic Structure of UK Central Government,Monarch,(non-political),Legislature,Parliament,Executive,Judiciary,(non-political),House of,Commons,(political),House of Lords,(semi-political),Prime Minister,&Cabinet,(political),Ministers&,Civil service,(non-political),House of Lords,Court of Appeal,第16页,Compare,British government,vs,American government,representative democracy,unitary government with a federal republic,Constitutional monarchy,No formal written written constitution,Constitution,Highly disciplined political undisciplined political parties,Parties(party centered),Strong central government weak central government,Weak separation powers strict separation of powers,UK:a unitary state with constitutional monarchy,第17页,Parliament,Parliament,the law-making body of Britain,one of the oldest representative assemblies in the world,Strictly speaking,the parliament consists of the King or Queen,the House of Lords(,上议院),the House of Commons(,下议院),第18页,Queen Elizabeth II,Born:April 21,1926,Queen since June 2,1953,Queen Elizabeth II is a“constitutional monarch”,Although she is officially the head of state,the country is actually run by the government and led by the Prime Minister.,2.1.2 Queen,第19页,Buckingham Palace,2.1.2 Queen,第20页,Queen Elizabeth II,2.1.2 Queen,第21页,She reigns but does not rule!,Theoretically,she is the source of all government powers:(P42),an integral part of the legislature,head of the executive,executive and judiciary branches,the commander-in-chief of all armed forces of the Crown,“supreme governor”of the Church of England,More,Q.What powers does the Queen have?,2.1.2 Queen,第22页,In reality,her role is“ceremonial,un-political,and symbolic”:,State opening of the Parliament,Royal assent to new law,Meeting with the Prime Minister at Buckingham Palace,Pay state visits to Commonwealth countries as head of state and non-Commonwealth countries on behalf of the British government,2.1.2 Queen,第23页,From Buckingham to Westminster,The State Opening of Parliament Wednesday November 26,2.1.2 Queen,第24页,The House of Lords,often referred to as“the Upper House”,The Lords Spiritual(,上议院神职议员),(archbishops and prominent bishops of the Church of England),The House of Lords in the early 19th century,The Lords Temporal(,上议院世俗议员),(hereditary peers and life peers and the Law Lords),第25页,The Upper House Reforms,Reduce the number of seats,from 705 to 666 (Mar.1,),Final court of appealSupreme Court,The House of Lords meets in a lavishly decorated chamber in the Palace of Westminster,The House of Lords,第26页,Nobility,peer(age):hereditary/life(1958):Duke /Marquess /Earl(Count)/Viscount/Baron,Lords/Lady(few:patrilineal lines):Lord+Christian Name+Family Name;Lady+Christian Name+Family Name(Husbands family name instead of her own after marriage),Knight(non-peerage)Sir(500),第27页,The House of Commons,Often referred to as“the Lower House”(center of parliamentary power),Three major functions,to pass laws,bills and acts of Parliament,to scrutinize,criticize and restrain the actions of the government,to influence the future government policy,第28页,646 Members of Parliament,known as“MPs”for short,who represent the 646 geographical areas/constituencies,2.1.4 The House of Commons,第29页,The Prime Ministerpowerful leader,head of the government,the leader of the majority party in Parliament,controls the Parliament,The Cabinet,supreme decision-making body in the British government,Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from members of his own party in Parliament.,The Executive,第30页,The Cabinet works on the principle of collective responsibility and individual ministerial responsibility,Ministers responsible for their particular department,(most senior members are the Deputy Prime Minister,Foreign Secretary,Chancellor of the Exchequer and Home Secretary),Collective responsibility or resignation,The Executive,第31页,Privy Council(,枢密院）,a body of advisors(450 members),current and former Cabinet members and important public figures,Its main duty is to give advice,The Executive,第32页,The Judiciary,Proceedings,All criminal trials are held in open court because the criminal law presumes the innocence of the accused until he has been approved guilty beyond reasonable doubt,In criminal trials by jury,the judge passes sentence but the jury decides the issue of guilt and innocence.,第33页,Two branches of law,Civil law,defines and enforces the duties or obligations of persons to one another,Criminal lawby contrast,defines and enforces the obligations of persons to society as a whole,English Judges,The Judiciary,第34页,County Court,（郡法院）,Magistrates Court,（治安法庭）,(JPs,stipendiary magistrates),Crown Court,（皇家法院）,High Court,（高等法院）,(QBD,CCD,FD),Court of Appeal,上诉法院,Court of Appeal,上诉法院,House of Lords,The Court System,Civil branch,民事,Criminalbranch,刑事,2.3 The Judiciary,第35页,Thank You!,英语国家概况,第36页,