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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,2.1 Reduced Instruction Set Computers,1.architecture,体系结构,2.RISC,Reduced Instruction set Computing,精简指令集计算技术,比较,CISC complex Instruction set Computing,复杂指令集计算技术,3.assignment statement,赋值语句,4.optimize v.,优化,optimizer,优化器,程序,第1页,1,piler,编译器，编译程序,compile v.,编译,compiled language,编译语言,6.branch n.,分支；连接；转移,branch instruction,转移指令，分支指令,branchpoint,转移点，分支点,branch prediction,转移预测，分支预测,第2页,2,7.frequency,频率,Time,时间,Amplitude,振幅,sine wave,正弦波,period,周期,phase,相位,phase difference,相位差,第3页,3,比较,constant n.,常量,9.variable n.,变量,10.mode n.,方式，模式，状态,compatibility mode,兼容方式,第4页,4,比较,model,模型,module,模块,modulo,模,(,运算,),11.opcode,操作码,(operation code),12.decode v.,译码,decoder,译码器，解码器，翻译程序,第5页,5,2.2 Microprocessor And Microcomputer,1.integrated circuit,集成电路,integrated software,集成软件,比较,integration,集成；芯片封装；积分,integrator,积分电路，积分器,integrity,完整性,2.semiconductor,半导体,3.chip,芯片,第6页,6,4.package,软件包；,(,封装,),外壳,packaged software,套装软件,比较,packet n.(,信息,),包；,(,报文,),分组,pack v.,压缩,5.descending sort,降序排序,比较,ascending sort,升序排序,第7页,7,6.superscalar,超标量结构,superclass,超类,supercomputer,超级计算机,superconductor,超导体,superscript,上标,A microprocessor architecture that enables the microprocessor to execute multiple instructions per clock cycle.,遵照此结构微处理器能在一个时钟周期内执行多条指令。,第8页,8,plex number,复数,比较,real number,实数,8.Multimedia Extensions,多媒体扩展,(,技术,),multimedia,多媒体,extension,扩展名,9.benckmark n.,基准,(,测试,),程序,v.,测量性能,A test used to measure hardware or software performance.,一个用于测量硬件或软件性能测试程序。,第9页,9,10.decompression n.,解压缩,(uncompression),比较,compression n.,压缩,compress v.,压缩,compressor n.,压缩器,11.convention n.,要求，约定,conventional memory,常规内存,12.transistor,晶体管,(,tran,sfer re,sistor,),Emitter,发射极,Base,基极,Collector,集电极,第10页,10,13.odd,奇数,比较,even,偶数,patibility,兼容性,第11页,11,16.idle a.,空闲，等候,idle state,空闲状态,Operational but not in use.,用来说明处于可操作状态但不在使用。,第12页,12,18.launch v.,开启，激活,19.prototyping,原型法,20.project n.,投影运算,21.workstation,工作站,第13页,13,2.3 Multiprocessing,1.parallel a.,并联；并行,parallel access,并行存取,parallel computer,并行计算机,parallel interface,并行接口,parallel processing,并行处理,parallel transmission,并行传输,比较,serial a.,串行,第14页,14,2.fixed a.,固定,fixed-length field,定长字段,fixed-point arithmetic,定点运算,3.task,任务,4.traffic n.,通信,业务,量,The load carried by a communications link or channel.,通信链路或信道载送负荷。,5.throughout n.,吞吐量,第15页,15,6.share v.,共享,shared resource,共享资源,shareware,共享软件,7.LAN,局域网,local area network,比较,WAN,广域网,wide area network,MAN,城域网,metropolitan area network,8.library (,程序,),库，库,第16页,16,9.single threading,单线程处理方式,single-precision,单精度,single-user computer,单用户计算机,thread,线程；线索,threaded tree,线索树,threading,线程技术,Within a program,the running of a single process at a time.,在程序中，一次运行一个进程方式。,第17页,17,10.local a.,局部；当地,机,localhost,本,(,主,),机,比较,remote a.,远程,remote access,远程访问,remote communications,远程通信,remote terminal,远程终端,11.ring network,环形网络,ring topology,环形拓扑,第18页,18,12.master processor,主处理器,master file,主文件,master record,主统计,master arrangement,主配置,比较,slave n.,从设备,第19页,19,13.kernel n.,内核,关键,程序,The core of an operating systemthe portion of the system that manages memory,files,and peripheral devices;maintains the time and date;launches applications;and allocates system resources.,操作系统内核，是管理内存、文件和外围设备，维持时间和日期，开启应用程序，以及分配系统资源那部分操作系统。,14.SMP,s,ymmetric,m,ulti,p,rocessing,对称多处理,(,技术、体系结构,),第20页,20,2.4 Measuring Computer Performance,1.interval n.,间隔，间歇,2.parameter n.,参数,3.initialize v.,初始化,initialization n.,初始化,4.derived class,派生类,In object-oriented programming,a class created from another class,called the base class.A derived class inherits all the features of its base class.,在面向对象程序设计中，从基类中产生类。派生类继承基类所以属性。,第21页,21,5.clock,时钟,(,电路,),The electronic circuit in a computer that generates a steady stream of timing pulsesthe digital signals that synchronize every operation.,计算机内产生稳定时序脉冲信号电子电路，该数字信号同时每次操作。,clock rate,时钟频率,clock speed,时钟速度,clock pulse,时钟脉冲,第22页,22,6.MIPS,m,illions of,i,nstructions,p,er,s,econd,百万条指令每秒,A common measure of processor speed.,一个测量处理器运行速率度量单位。,7.sort v.,排序；分类,bubble sort,冒泡排序,distributive sort,分布排序,insertion sort,插入排序,merge sort,合并排序,quick sort,快速排序,第23页,23,8.port n.,端口,v.,转出，移出,An interface through which data is transferred between a computer and other devices(such as a printer,keyboard or mouse),a network,or a direct connection to another computer.,一个接口，数据经过它能够在计算机和其它设备之间、网络之间或者其它直接相连计算机之间进行传输。,To change a program in order to be able to run it on a different computer.,改变一个程序，使之能在不一样计算机上运行。,第24页,24,3.1 Boolean Algebra,1.Boolean algebra,布尔代数,Boolean expression,布尔表示式,Boolean operator,布尔运算符,plement,补码,Complementary operation,求反运算,第25页,25,3.union,并集,比较,intersect,交,difference,差,4.negation,非,5.vector,向量,第26页,26,3.2 Graph Theory,1.vertex,顶点,2.edge,边,3.graph,图,If any two nodes in a graph can be connected by a path along edges,the graph is said to be connected.,假如图中任意两个结点间都能够用一条路径沿着边线连接起来，那么该图则被称为连通。,第27页,27,A subgraph is a subset of the nodes and edges within a graph.,子图是图中结点和边线子集。,A graph is directed(a digraph)if each edge links two nodes together only in one direction.,假如每条边线仅在一个方向上将两个结点连接起来，则该图为有向图。,A graph is weighted if each edge has some value associated with it.,假如每条边线都有一些相关值，则该图为加权图。,第28页,28,4.Loop n.v.,循环,loop check,循环检测,loop configuration,循环配置,loop structure,循环结构,5.circuit n.,电路,circuit board,电路板,第29页,29,6.tree,树,root,根,child,孩子,parent,双亲,leaf node,叶子结点,subtree,子树,第30页,30,3.3 Combinatorial Problems,binatorics,组合数学,A branch of mathematics related to probability and statistics,involves the study of counting,grouping,and arrangement of finite sets of elements.,相关概率和统计一个数学分支，研究对元素有限集合计算、分组和排列。,2.counter,计数器,counting loop,计数循环,第31页,31,3.list,表,list box,列表框,比较,queue,队列,deque,双端队列,stack,堆栈,4.natural number,自然数,An integer that is equal to or greater than zero.,大于等于零整数。,第32页,32,natural language,自然语言,5.error,错误,critical error,严重错误,fatal error,致命错误,hard error,硬错误,inherent error,固有错误,intermittent error,间歇错误,logic error,逻辑错误,overflow error,溢犯错,第33页,33,error analysis,错误分析,error checking,错误检测法,error-correcting code,纠错码,error detection and correction,检错纠错法,error rate,犯错率,error trapping,错误捕捉,比较,fault,故障；失效,第34页,34,6.object,目标码；对象；物体,object code,目标代码,object file,目标文件,object-oriented a.,面向对象,7.calculator,计算器,第35页,35,8.zero n.,零,v.,置零,Zero divide,除（以）零,Zero flag,零标志,Zero-length string,空,零长度,字符串,Zero out,置零,Zero suppression,消零,Nonreturn to zero,不归零,第36页,36,9.induction,感应,inductor,电感器,比较,inductance,电感，自感,10.recursion,递归,第37页,37,3.4 Algorithm And Its Measures,1.algorithm,算法,algorithm language,算法语言,ALGOL,语言,Algo,rithm,L,anguage,2.formula,公式,3.bound n.,界、限,v.,约束,upper bound,上限,lower bound,下限,第38页,38,4.procedure n.,过程,procedure call,过程调用,5.attribute n.,属性,6.linear a.,线性,linear list,线性表,7.matrix n.,矩阵,8.one-dimensional array,一维数组,第39页,39,9.poly-,前缀,多、复、聚,polygon,多边形,polyline,折线,polymorphism,多态性,第40页,40,5.,order n.,次序,v.,排序,6.,dot,点，点分符,dot-matrix n.a.,点阵,dot-matrix printer,点阵打印机,dot pitch,点距,7.,sheet n.,表单,8.,index n.v.,索引；下标,第41页,9.,assignment statement,赋值语句,assignment operator,赋值操作符,10.,update,更新；修改,第42页,4.2,Typical Data Structure Stacks And Queues,1.,array,数组,2.,record n.v.,统计,3.,stack,栈，堆栈,pop,出栈,push,入栈，压栈,4.,queue n.,队列,v.,排队,第43页,5.,routine,例程,Any section of code that can be invoked(executed)within a program.,程序内能够调用（执行）任何代码段。,subroutine,子例程,第44页,4.physical a.,物理，实际,physical address,物理地址,physical layer,物理层,比较,logical a.,逻辑,5.design v.,设计,design cycle,设计周期,All the phases involved in developing and producing new hardware or software.,设计或开发新硬件或软件所包括全部阶段。,第45页,45,6.general-purpose computer,通用计算机,general-purpose,controller,通用控制器,general-purpose language,通用语言,general-purpose register,通用存放器,7.special-purpose computer,专用计算机,special-purpose language,专用语言,special character,特殊字符,第46页,46,8.instruction,指令,Most programs consist of two types of statements:,declarations and instructions.,大部分程序由两种类型语句组成：申明和指令。,instruction code,指令代码,instruction set,指令集,poment (,组成,),部分，部,构，组,件,A discrete part of a larger system or structure.,大系统或结构中一个能够分立部分。,第47页,47,10.memory,存放器，内存,main memory,主存,(primary storage),secondary memory,辅存,(secondary storage),memory bank,存放器插槽,memory cell,存放单元,memory chip,存放芯片,11.CPU-Central Processing Unit,中央处理器,CPU cache CPU,高速缓存,CPU fan CPU,风扇,第48页,48,12.block diagram,框图，方块图,bubble chart,泡形图,flawchart,流程图,13.bus,总线,data bus,数据总线,address bus,地址总线,control bus,控制总线,14.configuration,配置,In reference to a single microcomputer,the sum of a systems internal and external components.,对单个微机来讲，配置指一个系统内部和外部全部组件总和。,第49页,49,puter classification,supercomputer,巨型机,mainframe,大型机,superminicomputer,超级小型机,minicomputer,小型机,workstation,工作站,microcomputer,微机,PDA-Personal Digital Assistant,掌上计算机,16.cabinet,机箱,第50页,50,17.8 bits=1 byte(B),kilobyte 1KB=1024B,megabyte 1MB=1024KB,gigabyte 1GB=1024MB,18.transfer,传送,transform,变换,translate,翻译,transmit,发送,The movement of data from one location to another.,将数据从一个地点移动到另一个地点。,To change the appearance or format of data without altering its content.,改变数据外部特征或格式，而不改变其内容。,To send information over a communications line or a circuit.,经过通信线路或电路发送信息。,第51页,51,significant figure,有效数字,(,同,significant digits),第52页,52,1.2 Computer Codes,1.capacity,容量,2.binary a.,二进制,binary conversion,二进制转换,binary digit,二进制数字,binary number,二进制数,binary search,二分搜索,binary tree,二叉树,Either of the two digits in the binary number system,0 and 1.,在二进制数系统中,0,和,1,两个数字中任何一个。,A number expressed in binary form.,一个以二进制形式表示数。,比较,decimal a.,十进制,hexadecimal a.,十六进制,octal a.,八进制,第53页,53,3.BCD-binary coded decimal,二进制编码十进制,4.ASCII-Amercian Standard Code for Information Interchange,美国国家信息交换标准代码,5.Internal a.,内部,internal command,内部命令,internal interrupt,内部中止,internal modem,内置调制解调器,比较,external a.,外部,6.format n.,格式,v.,格式化,第54页,54,7.EBCDIC-Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code,十进制交换码,8.parity,奇偶性,(,检验,),even parity,偶检验,odd parity,奇检验,parity bit,奇偶,(,检验,),位,parity check,奇偶检验,第55页,55,9.monitor,监视器,(,同,CRT cathode-ray tube,阴极射线管,),比较,display,显示器,The visual output device of a computer,which is commonly a CRT-based video display.With portable and notebook computers,the display is usually an LCD-based or a gas plasma-based flat-panel display.,计算机可视输出设备，通常是基于阴极射线视频显示。便携式和笔记本计算机显示器通常是基于液晶显示器或基于等离子体平板显示器。,LCD liquid crystal display,液晶显示器,The term monitor usually refers to a display and its housing.,监视器一词通常包含显示器及其外壳。,第56页,56,1.3 What is a processor,1.interpret v.,解释,interpreted language,解释语言,interpreter,解释程序,比较,compile v.,编译,2.operation,操作，运算,operation code,操作码,operand,操作数,operator,运算符,To translate a statement or instruction into executable form and then execute it.,将一条语句或指令翻译成可执行形式，然后执行。,To translate all the source code of a program from a high-level language into object code prior to execution of the program.,在程序运行前，把用高级语言编写程序源代码翻译成目标代码。,第57页,57,operating system,操作系统,operator associativity,运算符结合性,operator precedence,运算符优先级,3.high-level language,高级语言,low-level language,低级语言,assembly language,汇编语言,4.retrieve,检索,第58页,58,5.timer,定时器,time bomb,定时炸弹,time-division multiplexing,时分多路复用,time out(timeout time-out),超时,timesharing,分时技术,6.release,释放；公布,To relinquish control of a block of memory,a device,or another system resource to the operating system.,放弃一块内存、一台设备或另一个系统资源控制权，交予操作系统。,To formally make a product available to the marketplace.,正式将某一产品投放到市场。,A feature often built into evaluation versions of software that renders the software unusable after a certain period of time.,一个通常放在测试版软件中功效部件，经过一段是指定时间后，它使该软件就不可用了。,第59页,59,7.pulse,脉冲,PAM pulse amplitude modulation,脉冲幅度调制,PCM pulse code modulation,脉冲编码调制,PDM pulse duration modulation,脉冲宽度调制,8.control unit,控制器，控制单元,A transient signal,usually brief and with a discrete onset and offset.,一个暂态信号，通常连续时间很短，且含有陡峭上升边和下降边。,9.register,存放器,比较,registry,注册表,第60页,60,12.current,电流,current directory,当前目录,第61页,61,1.4 Memory system,1.latency,等候时间,The time required for a signal to travel from one point on a network to another.,信号从网络中一点传输到另一点所需时间。,2.semiconductor,半导体,conductor,导体,nonconductor,绝缘体,(,同,insulator),第62页,62,3.magnetic a.,磁,magnetic disk,磁盘,magnetic field,磁场,magnetic head,磁头,magnetic tape,磁带,4.hierarchical a.,分层，分级，层次,hierarchical database,层次,(,型,),数据库,比较,hierarchy n.,分层,分级,结构,第63页,63,5.cache,高速缓冲区,cache memory,高速缓冲存放器,A special memory subsystem in which frequently used data values are duplicated for quick access.,一个专用内存子系统，其中存放着那些被频繁使用数据方便于快速访问。,6.bandwidth,带宽,The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that an analog communications system can pass.,模拟通信系统能够经过最高频率和最低频率之差。,第64页,64,7.virtual a.,虚拟,VM virtual memory,虚拟存放器,virtual address,虚地址,virtual hosting,虚拟主机,virtual reality,虚拟现实,8.reference n.,引用,To access a variable,such as an element in an array or a field in a record.,访问一个变量，诸如数组中一个元素或统计中一个字段。,第65页,65,9.interface,接口,interface adapter,接口适配器,比较,interference,干扰,10.page,页,page frame,页帧,page setup,页面设置,A fixed-size block of memory.,内存中一个固定长度块。,第66页,66,11.DRAM,动态,RAM,dynamic RAM,比较,static RAM,静态,RAM,12.allocation (,资源,),分配,比较,location,存放单元,In operating systems,the process of reserving memory for use by a program.,在操作系统中，为某个程序保留内存以供使用做法。,第67页,67,13.equation,等式,expansion slot,扩展槽,A mathematical statement that indicates equality with the use of an equal sign(=)between two expressions.,一个用等号,(=),连接两个表示式以表示它们相等数学语句。,14.block,块；内存块,15.slot,槽,第68页,68,16.delay,延迟,比较,ROM-read only memory,只读存放器,EEPROM-electrically erasable programmable,ROM,电可擦可编程,ROM,EPROM-erasable programmable ROM,可,擦可编程,ROM,PROM-programmable ROM,可编程,ROM,17.RAM-random access memory,随机,(,存取,),存放器,第69页,69,Types of integrated circuit,SSI:small-scale intrgration,小规模集成,MSI:medium-scale intrgration,中规模集成,LSI:large-scale intrgration,大规模集成,VLSI:very-large-scale intrgration,极大规模集成,ULSI:ultra-large-scale intrgration,超大规模集成,18.chip,芯片,比较,integrated circuit,集成电路,第70页,70,19.sequence,序列,sequential access,次序存取法,sequential execution,次序执行,sequential search,次序查找,20.hardwired,硬连线,Built into a system using hardware such as logic circuits,rather than accomplished through programming.,指使用像逻辑电路这么硬件而不是经过软件编程方式建立一个系统特征。,第71页,71,Hard disk,硬盘,Hard return,硬回车,Hardware,硬件,比较,soft,软,21.ROM BIOS,存于,ROM,基本输入输出系统,On PC-compatible computers,the set of essential software routines that tests hardware at startup,starts the operating system,and supports the transfer of data among hardware devices.,在,PC,兼容计算机上一组基本软件例程，这些程序在计算机开机时测试硬件，开启操作系统，支持硬件设备之间数据传输。,第72页,72,22.boot n.v.,引导，开启,(=boot up),bootable disk,引导盘,boot failure,引导失败,23.optical disk,光碟,盘,(,同,compact disk),optical drive,光驱,optical fiber,光纤,optical scanner,光学扫描仪,第73页,73,24.laser,激光器,(,light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation),Laser printer,激光打印机,Laser storage,激光存放,25.WORM,一些多读光碟,盘,(write once read many),比较,worm,蠕虫,(,病毒程序,),26.erase,
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