八年级英语专题(三)：宾语从句与状语从句人教朗文版知识精讲.doc

初二英语专题（三）：宾语从句与状语从句人教朗文版【本讲教育信息】一. 教学内容：专题（三）：宾语从句与状语从句二. 重点、难点1. 引导宾语从句的关联词的原则2. 状语从句的连词三. 具体内容（一）宾语从句定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 （二）构成：关联词+简单句 （三）引导宾语从句的关联词有三类： 1. 从属连词that。如： He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。 I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。 注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。 （1）Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.（and连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在and的后面时，that不能省略。）大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。 （2）I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.（that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。）对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。 （3）That he ever said such a thing I simply dont believe.（that从句位于句首时，that不可省略。） 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。 （4）We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would admit him for a probationary period. （主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。） 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。 2. 从属连词if/whether。如： I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。 I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。 3. 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如： Who or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。 I wonder what hes writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。 Ill tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。 You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 （1）介词宾语从句 宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如： He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。 I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。 I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。 Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。 有时介词可以省略。如： I dont care（for）who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。 Be careful（as to）how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。 四. 重点疑难 1. 如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如： We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。 He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已表明他不会屈服。 2. 作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。如： He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。 You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。 介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如： Are you sorry for what youve done? 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？ 3. 某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等，连词that可省略。如： I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。 Im afraid you dont understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。 Im surprised that I didnt see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。 Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。 4. 连词whether（or not）或if引导的宾语从句 if和whether引导的宾语从句可以互换使用，但whether常和or not连用，if一般不与or not连用。如： I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。 用if引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应避免使用if而用whether。试比较： Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go. if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“请告诉我你是否想去”；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声”。 5. 宾语从句的否定转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如： I dont think you are right. 我认为你错了。 I dont believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。 I dont suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？ 6. 宾语从句的时态变化规律（1）当主句是一般现在时态时，从句可根据需要用任何时态。 （2）当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如： The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳运行。状语从句：时间状语从句：状语从句需要连词引导。引导时间状语从句的连词有： when，while，as，as soon as，before，once，after， since，till/until等。 例如：When you finish doing this drill, you may go on to the next one.Ill let you know as soon as it is settled.She has written fifty letters home since she came to Beijing. 注意（一）： 虽然till和until可互相交换使用。但在句首只能用until。用于否定句时，表示“直到时，才”；“在以前，不”例如：Until you told me about the book I had no idea of it.（在你告诉我之前，我对此书一无所知。）I wont know where he is until I get a letter from him.（收到他的信时我才知道他在那里。） 时间状态语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时间，用现在完成时表示将来完成时间。例如：As soon as my brother arrives, well start working. while和as的区别：when表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生或先于主句动作，可以指一段时间也可以指特定的时间点；while表示从句动作与主句动作同时发生，表示“一边一边”，通常指一段时间。例如：Jack stayed with us when / while he was in Beijing.He called us when he arrived in Beijing. 地点状语从句：引导地点状语从句的有where，wherever，everywhere等连词。例如：Where there is a will, there is a way. （有志者，事竟成）Wherever you met him, he was not in my house.Everywhere he goes he makes new friends.Everywhere she went, she was kindly received. 条件状语从句：一般由if（如果），unless（除非，如果不），as/so long as（只要）等连词引导。例如：Please come by if you are free.Unless you study harder, youre going to fail the exam. 注意（二）：条件状语从句中也须用一般现在时表示将来时间，用现在完成时表示将来完成时间。例如：If it rains tomorrow, we wont go hiking. 原因状语从句：引导原因状语从句的连接词通常有because（因为），as（由于），Since（由于），nowthat（既然；由于）等。例如：As it is raining, you had better take your umbrella with you.You must tell the truth since you know the fact.She couldnt get up because her legs were wounded.I cant go to the movie because Im too busy. 注意（三）：because , as和since均可指原因，但because引导的从句常位于主句之前；而as和since引导的从句常位于主句之后；because表示原因的语气最强，而as和since语气较弱，只是附带说明一下主句内容是由从句引起的结果。as和since常指说话人和听话人双方都知道的原因。当回答以why引导的疑问 句时必须用because。例如：Why didnt you come to the meeting?Because I had a bad cold. 结果状语从句结果状语从句一般由sothat（如此以致于），suchthat（如此以致于），such that（如此以致于）和so that（以致于）等引导。sothat与suchthat的区别在于：so接形容词或副词，such接名词或名词词组。例如：He was so excited that he couldnt help jumping.She spoke so loudly that every one in the big hall could hear her.It was such a terrible accident that few people survived.There were so few students present that the class was cancelled.The book was written in such simple English that we could understand it easily. 目的状语从句一般由so that（为了；以便）和in order that（为了；以便）引导的目的状语从句，lest 表示“免得/ 以防/ 以免”。从句中一般用虚拟语气，动词形式为“should+ 动词原形”。She spoke louder so that everyone in the hall could hear her.They sent the book by air mail in order that it might reach us in good time.The teacher hid the key to exercises lest the students should see it.We set off early lest we should be late. 让步状语从句：让步状语从句常用although / though（虽然），even though / even if（尽管），as（尽管），whatever/ whenever/ however（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何），no matter what / when / how（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何）等到引导。no matter what/ when/ how（无论什么/ 何时/ 如何）等引导。as表示让步时一般用于部分倒装结构，though也有此 用法。例如：Well try our best to finish the work in time though we are short of materials.He still wanted to do it although I warned him not to.Although she slept ten hours last night , she is still tired.Although the road was narrow, the driver managed to pass it safely. 方式状语从句：方式状态语从句常由as if/as though（好像，如同）等。例如：She acted as if/though nothing had happened.She always talks to him as if she were/was his sister.It looks as if itll rain.He treats me as if I am/were his brother.【模拟试题】一. 单项选择1. Do you know how much hot water ?A. Mum is neededB. does Mum needC. Mum needsD. did Mum need2. Can you tell me ?A. where he is B. where is he C. he is whereD. what is he3. I didnt know how to London?A. would they goB. are they going C. they would goD. they are going4. I want to know how long .A. has he been backB. has he come backC. he has been backD. he has come back5. Do you know?A. what the news areB. what is the newsC. what the news is D. what are the news6. He said he would help me with my maths if he free.A. wasB. will beC. would be D. is7. He will write to you as soon as he to Shanghai.A. gets B. is gettingC. will get D. shall get8. Father music when he youngA. likedwasB. likedis C. likeswasD. likesis9. I liked sports I was young.A. so much asB. so much thatC. very much whenD. very much because10. mother got home, I was tidying my room.A. After B. When C. As soon asD. Before11. The teacher didnt begin her classthe students stopped talking.A. until B. because C. afterD. when12. If it tomorrow, well go to the Great wall. A. doesnt rain B. wont rain C. not rains D. isnt rain13. Could you tell me we get to the plane?A. how B. whether C. where D. what14. When they got to the cinema, the filmfor the ten minutes.A. had been on B. has begun C. beganD. had begun15. The teacher says she will leave a message on the headmasters desk.A. if B. who C. thatD. what16. Lucy looks stronger Lily.A. thanB. asC. thenD. not as17. I know nothing about it he told me.A. because B. sinceC. untilD. after18. You must make your new house clean and safe you move in.A. becauseB. whenC. before D. until19. I was tired I couldnt walk on.A. sothatB. tooto C. verythatD. veryto20. I thought he to see his mother if he time.A. will gohasB. will gowill haveC. would gowould haveD. would gohad二. 用所给动词的正确形式填空：1. I wont return the book to the library because I （not finish）reading it.2. As soon as he saw me, he to speak to me.（stop）3. I hope he （come）back in a week.4. It （rain）hard when I got to the factory this morning.5. The old man told the children （not walk）in the rice fields.6. He told me he （help）her with her maths the next evening.7. She said they（know）each other for quite some time.8. If it （not rain）tomorrow, we（visit）the Peoples Museum.9. John （write）something when I （go）to see him.10. Our teacher told us that light（travel）much faster than sound.11. When I got to the cinema, the film （begin）12. Mike asked me if we （ask）any questions the next class.13. Will you come and stay with us for a while when you （finish）doing yourhomework?14. Comrade Wang didnt know if there （be）an English evening that day.15. Please tell me if she （come）again next time.【试题答案】一.1. C2. A 3. C4. C 5. C 6. A7. A 8. A9. C10. B 11. A 12. A 13. A 14. A15. C 16. A17. C18. C 19. A20. D二.1. havent finished2. stopped3. will come4. was raining5. not to walk6. would help7. had known8. doesnt rain, will visit9. was writing, went10. travels11. had begun12. would ask13. finish14. would be 15. will come