非谓语动词解题指导及强化训练.doc

非谓语动词解题指导及强化训练

在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1）不定式 (to do) 表示目的，将来
时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　
　一般式　　　　to do　　　　　 to be done
　 完成式　　　 to have done　　to have been done
2）动名词/现在分词 –ing 表示主动，同时进行
时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动　　　　　　　　　
　一般式　　　　doing　　　　　being done
　完成式　　　　having done　　having been done
3）过去分词 –ed 表示被动，完成的状态
　 否定形式： not + to do，　not + -ing，　not + -ed
在做题过程中，如果能按照“先结构，再语态，后时态”这三步思考，再难的题目也能迎刃而解。
一、先结构。
非谓语动词充当动词的宾语或宾语补足语的时候，它的形式要由前面的动词决定。因此，我们要先考虑它与前面动词固定搭配的结构形式。有些动词的宾语只接动词不定式(to do)，如agree, ask, decide, expect, pretend, want, wish, learn, seem等；而有些动词或动词短语则要求只能用动名词(-ing)作宾语，如appreciate, avoid, delay, allow, suggest, finish, practice, enjoy, imagine, forbid, risk, mind, stand, consider, insist on, escape, look forward to等；还有一些使役动词的固定搭配，如have sth. done等，动词搭配的结构已经固定了非谓语的形式。例如：
He was pretending ________ while his mother came in his study.
A. reading B. to be reading C. read D. be reading
只要学生掌握动词pretend后只能接不定式作它的宾语，即pretend to do sth（假装做某事）这个结构的话，一眼就可选出B这个正确答案。
二、再语态。
不必考虑或考虑完毕非谓语动词的固定结构后，再分析非谓语动词与它的逻辑主语的关系，如果是被动关系，则要选用相应的被动形式，如to be done, being done, done等。例如：
______ from a distance, the mountain looked like a lion.
A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D. See
非谓语动词see与其逻辑主语the mountain的关系是被动关系，所以答案选A。
三、后时态。
前面两种情况都考虑完后，我们要根据语境分辨非谓语动词这个动作或状态与对应的谓语动词两个动作发生的顺序选择正确的时态。如果非谓语动词这个动作或状态在对应的谓语动词之前所发生的，则要用完成式having done, to have done（主动）或having been done, to have been done（被动）；同时发生的，用进行式doing（主动）或being done（被动）；之后发生的，可用不定式to do（主动）或to be done（被动）。如：
He seemed _______ by his father since he looked upset then.
A. to be scolded B. to have been scolded C. being scolded D. scolded
首先，我们要考虑seem接宾语的非谓语动词形式是不定式，即seem to do sth.，其次我们要考虑scold跟逻辑主语He的关系是被动，即seem to be scolded，最后我们要考虑时态，seemed已经是过去时，而且从句since he looked upset then也是过去时，因此scold这动作肯定是在seem和look之前发生。这样推下来，只有B项( seemed to have been scolded)符合题目意思和逻辑。

典型例题：
1. _______ and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
2. Don’t sit there ________ nothing. Come and help me with the table.
A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing
3. No matter how frequently _______, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A. performed B. performing c. to be performed D. being performed
4. ______ this cake, you’ll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour.
A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making
5. My cousin came to see me from the country, _______ me a full basket of fresh fruits.
A. brought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought
6. Tom sounds very much ______ in the job, but I’m not sure whether he can manage it.
A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly
7. ______ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.
A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed
8. “You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, ________ away.
A. run B. running C. to run D. ran
9.You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it _______ often enough.
A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained
10. The manager, ______ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.
A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making
11.______ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated
12. _____ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.
A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
13. ______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks.
A. Not completing B. Not completed
C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
14. You were silly not____ your car.
A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked
15. The old man, ______abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked
16. Don’t leave the water ____while you brush your teeth.
A. run B. running C. being run D. to run
17.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found____ in the kitchen.
A．smoke B．smoking C．to smoke D．smoked
18. Having a trip abroad is certainty good for the old couple, but it remains _____ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen
19. ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
20. I've worked with children before, so I know what ______ in my new job.
A．expected B．to expect C．to be expecting D．expects

Keys:
1-5: B C A C B 6-10: A B B D B 11-15: C C C B D 16-20: B B B A B
部分题目详解：
1．第1题：句子意思是“Tony既惊讶又高兴地站起来接受奖赏”。动词surprise跟逻辑主语Tony的关系是被动关系，表示一种方式状态，不强调两个动作的同时进行，因此选B。
2．第2题：这是一个祈使句，意思为“别站在那儿，啥也不干。过来帮我摆桌子。”祈使句中省略了主语you，do在这充当非谓语，跟逻辑主语you是主动关系；根据语境，do和sit两个动作是同时进行的，因此选C。
3．第3题：动词perform跟它的逻辑主语the works of Beethoven的关系是被动关系，frequently（经常）明确它的状态是一般式，因此选A。
4．第4题：由主句you’ll need…看出，这蛋糕还没做，因此，非谓语动词make要用不定式表示目的状语，所以选C。
5．第6题：sound是联系动词，要接形容词当它的表语，其中A、B都是由分词转换的形容词，而interest的逻辑主语是Tom，即相当于结构sb be interested in sth.，因此选A。
6．第9题：由结构sb. have sth. done（使某人做某事，或使某事被做）决定。句意是“你到现在应该明白这交通规矩了。你已经够经常让人给你解释它了。”由结构决定非谓语动词形式的题目还有14题（be + adj. + to do）；16题（leave sb. /sth.. doing, 使某人/事物一直做某事）；18题（it remains to be seen还要看情况发展）;20题（疑问词＋to do）等。
7．第10题：make跟逻辑主语the manager是主动关系，而且跟句中谓语left有明显的先后关系，因此选B。非谓语动词跟句中的谓语动词有明显的先后关系，从而决定非谓语的时态是用完成时的题目还有11，12，13，14，15和19题。

非谓语动词典型考题解析
例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _________.
A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught
【解析】答案为C。 lead to这个词组中to是介词，后面跟名词，于是B被排除，the thief是动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构，与catch之间应是被动关系，故排除A。常见的带介词to的短语有：(get) be used to, look forward to，look up to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等。
例2、Though _______money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
【解析】答案为C. lack是及物动词，后接宾语money。his parents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系，要用现在分词作状语。译文：虽然缺钱，他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学。
例3、 _____ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.
A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed
【解析】答案为C。 在非谓语动词中，用动名词或不定式来作主语，而分词和介词短语不能作主语，因此A、D被排除。在这个句子中，will do是谓语，缺少主语，要用动名词作主语。expose与one's skin是动宾关系，所以要用动名词的被动式being exposed。译文：在阳光下晒太长时间对人的皮肤有坏处。
例4、____ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.
A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put
【解析】答案：A put sth. into use “让……投入使用”。显然，put 和句子主语the hotline 构成被动关系，所以用表示被动的过去分词。
例5、It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ____ a look at the sports stars.
A. had B. having C. to have D. have
【解析】答案：C 动词不定式充当目的状语。
例6、With a lot of difficult problems _______, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled
【解析】答案为C.动词不定式to settle作为difficult problems的定语表示现在或将来要解决的难题；过去分词settle作定语表示已经解决的难题，现在分词的被动式being settled作定语表示正在解决的难题。
例7、More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ____ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.
A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken
【解析】答案：A take advantage of （利用）和句子主语More and more people 构成主动关系，且和句子谓语sign up for (报名参加)同时发生，所以选择A。
例8、 Sandy could do nothing but ________ to his teacher that he was wrong.
A. admit B. admitted C. admitting D. to admit
【解析】答案为A。 该句中的but是介词，后接动词不定式。当谓语动词是do，does或did时，后接不带to的不定式；是其他动词时，后接带to的不定式。该句的谓语是could do nothing，要填动词原形admit。译文：山德不得不向老师承认自己错了。
例9、 He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
【解析】答案为B。 现在分词hoping表示与send me an e-mail同时发生的动作。一些考生认为应该填不定式作目的状语。不定式作目的状语时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail to get further information.不需要hope一词，如果要选择“hoped”时，句子的正确形式是：He sent me an e-mail and hoped to get further information。“hope”和“sent”作并列谓语。

强化练习1：
1. _____ of danger in the street at night, she had to go home, with a friend ____ her.
A. Warning, following B. Having warned, following
C. Having been warned, following D. Warned, followed
2. Michael never dreamt of ___ for him to be sent abroad very soon.
A. being a chance B. there’s a chance C. there to be a chance D. there being a chance
3. Farmland ___ quickly, so they are considering ____ a programme to solve the problem.
A. is getting lost, starting B. is lost, to start C. is losing, starting D. loses, to start
4. Which do you enjoy ______ your holiday, going abroad or staying at home?
A. spending B. to spend C. being spent D. spend
5. This problem is far from __________, so it has to be discussed again at tomorrow’s meeting.
A. settled B. settling C. being settled D. being settling
6. What is the way George thought of _______ enough money to buy the house?
A. to get B. getting C. having got D. being got
7. —Henry doesn’t seem like the same person. — ________ so much in the war has made him more thoughtful.
A. For him to see B. His seeing C. Having seen D. To be seeing
8 . —I really appreciate __________ to holiday with you on this nice island .
—It’s my pleasure .
A. have time B. having time C. to have time D. to having time
9 .They really have a great time too , designing everything , drawing the blue prints , _________the angles and so on .
A. looking out B. taking out C. finding out D. figuring out
10. David apologized for _____ to inform me of the change in the plan.
A. his being not able B. him not to be able C. his not being able D. him to he not able
11. At the seventh International Ballet Competitions , Fernando Bujones won the first gold medal ever _________ to an American male dancer .
A. awarded B. to be award C. being awarded D. should be awarding
12.The student, if well _____ , will pass the examination without much difficulty.
A. preparing B. prepared C. to prepare D. ready
13. ________ a little money , Jane was able to buy her mother a lovely new watch .
A. To save B. Saving C. Saved D. Having saved
14.We saw new houses _________ wherever we went on our visit.
A. built B. being built C. building D. to build
15.That gas pipeline project, _______in July 2007 and ________ in 2009, will be China’s longest gas pipeline in history.
A. starting; completing B. started; to be completed C. to start; completed D. starting; completed
16. Tom does speak Chinese well, but his reading and writing skills leave much _______.
A. to improve B. to be improved C. improving D. improved
17. To get an education, _______.
A. working hard is very important B. working hard is needed
C. one must work hard D. it is needed to work hard
18.—Where is our English teacher?
—She is in the classroom, _____ the exercises _________ the students have done at home.
A. explaining; / B. explaining; for C. explained; to D. explained; from
19. Comparison may make something appear more beautiful than it is when _________ alone.
A. to see B. seeing C. is seen D. seen
20.—What happened to you on your way back to the hotel last night ?
—I lost my way in complete darkness and, ________ things worse , it began to pour .
A. making B. to make C. having made D. made
21. It rained nonstop for ten days , completely _____ our holiday.
A. to ruin B. ruined C. having ruined D. ruining
22. ______ as the “First Lady of Speech”, Dr Lillian Glass is recognized as one of the world’s leading experts on communication skills.
A. Knowing B. Having known C. Known D. To be known
23.At the computer operation test, one is supposed to stay at his own machine, keep his eyes on his screen, ______ to anyone.
A. and not to speak B. but could not speak C. instead of speaking D. or rather speak
24. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ________ in broad daylight yesterday.
A. being robbed B. to have been robbed C. robbed D. having been robbed
25. He sat back on the chair, took a book and began to read, ___.
A. being looked at ease B. looked rather at ease C. to look rather at ease D. looking rather at ease
26. With online course Crazy English has over 20 million students all over China __________ the class through the Internet .
A. attend B. attended C. attending D. to be attending
27. In order not to be disturbed ,I spent three days ________ in my study.
A. locking B. locked C. to lock D. lock
28. As we all know, it was _____ that resulted in the terrible car accident.
A. because of her carelessness B. her being careless
C. because she was careless D. she was so careless
29. With a lot of difficult problems ____, the manager felt worried all the time.
A. settled B. to be settled C. settling D. to settle
30. ____ at a college or university in the USA, Chinese and other international students must demonstrate a strong ability in spoken and written English.
A. Having been accepted B. To be accepted C. Being accepted D. Accepted

Keys：
1. C warn这一动作发生在主句动作had to go之前，应用-ing的完成形式，且与主句的主语存在着被动关系；a friend与follow之间是主动关系。故选C。
2. D of为介词，后应用-ing形式，且此处是there be结构。故选D。
3. A 由题意知，农田逐步消失，故应用is getting lost，表示渐进的过程；consider作考虑讲时，后应接动词的-ing形式或带有疑问词的不定式结构。故选A。
4. B 此题极易受enjoy后接动词-ing形式的干扰，从而错选A或C。其实，enjoy的宾语是which，即在going abroad与staying at home作出选择；to spend your holiday是作目的状语的。故选B。
5. C 介词from后应用动词的-ing形式，且settle与problem之间存在着被动关系，故选C。
6. A 此题可采用减元法。 George thought of 是way 的定语从句，可以去掉，则该句变为What is the way_____ enough money to buy the house？way的定语可用to do或of doing。故选A。
7. B 很明显答语在结构上缺少主语。To do 与-ing都可充当主语，但 to do充当主语多表示某一具体的动作，且多表将来。故选B。
8. B appreciate enjoy finish avoid动词后应用动词的-ing形式充当宾语。故选B。
9. D figure out 与design，draw是并列的，作状语，结构形式上也应一样。故选D。
10. C 介词for后应用动词的-ing形式，排除B、D；所有非谓语动词的否定词not都应加在非谓语动词之前，即not to do ,not doing, not having done, not done
11. A 本题考查非谓语动词作定语的用法。award与修饰的名词medal存在着被动关系，且发生在主句动作won之前，故选A。
12. B 本题考查过去分词充当条件状语的用法。此题可采用增元法，把if从句补全为if he is well_______ ,显然，B为正确答案。
13. D 本题考查现在分词充当原因状语的用法。save这一动作发生在主句动作之前，且动作发出者为主句的主语Jane。故选D。
14. B 本题考查非谓语动词充当宾语补足语的用法。过去分词表示被动和完成，-ing形式表示正在进行；在see 、watch、 make、 hear等词后的宾语补足语应用不带to的不定式，表示动作的全过程。本句句意为不管我们到哪儿参观，都看到新房子正在建设，且build与houses存在被动关系；故选B。
15. B 本题考查非谓语动词充当定语的用法。start发生在过去，complete将发生在将来，且都与project存在着被动关系。故选B。
16. B improve与much之间存在被动关系，且还未发生；若用improved，则表示已完成。故选B。
17. C 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语要和主句的主语保持一致。to get的逻辑主语应为one(人)。故选C。
18. A explain的逻辑主语是she，用explaining表伴随状语，the students have done at home为定语从句，省略了关系代词that/which。