考研英语真题阅读理解解读.pdf

07070707 年真题及解析年真题及解析TEXTTEXTTEXTTEXT 1 1 1 1Ifyou were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006sWorld Cup tournament,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccerplayers are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in thelater months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed theWorld Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to beeven more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon?Here are a few guesses:a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter born babies tend tohave higher oxygen capacity,which increases soccer stamina;c)soccer mad parentsare morelikely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.Anders Ericsson,a 58 year oldpsychology professor at Florida StateUniversity,says he believes strongly in“none of the above.”Ericsson grew up inSweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have moreopportunity to conduct his own researchifhe switched to psychology.His firstexperiment,nearly 30 years ago,involved memory:training a person to hear and thenrepeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject,after about 20 hours oftraining,his digit span had risenfrom 7 to 20,”Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving,and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itselfisnotgenetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizingismore ofa cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words,whatever inborn differencestwo people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize,those differences are swampedby how well each person“encodes”the information.And the best way to learn how toencode information meaningfully,Ericsson determined,was a process knownasdeliberatepractice.Deliberatepracticeentailsmorethansimplyrepeatingatask.Rather,it involves setting specific goals,obtaining immediate feedback andconcentratingasmuch on techniqueason outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in awide range of pursuits,including soccer.They gatherallthe data they can,not justperformance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their ownlaboratory experiments with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startlingassertion:the trait we commonly call talentishighly overrated.Or,put another way,expertperformerswhetherinmemory or surgery,ballet or computerprogrammingare nearly always made,not born.21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer playersismentioned toAstress the importance of professional training.Bspotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.Cintroduce the topic of what makes expert performance.Dexplain whysome soccer teams play better than others.22.The word“mania”(Line 4,Paragraph 2)most probably meansAfun.Bcraze.Chysteria.Dexcitement.23.According to Ericsson,good memoryAdepends on meaningful processing of information.Bresults from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.Cisdetermined by genetic rather thanpsychological factors.Drequires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe thatAtalentisa dominating factor for professional success.Bbiographical data provide the key to excellent performance.Cthe role of talent tends to be overlooked.Dhigh achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25.Which of the following proverbsisclosest to the message the text tries toconvey?A“Faithwill move mountains.”B“One reaps what one sows.”C“Practice makes perfect.”D“Like father,like son.”注：1.本书单词右上角标注的数字是该单词在历年真题（1994 年2008 年）中出现的次数。2.单词词义前标注的“、”等数字表示该单词同一词性的不同词义。3.在 考研英语词汇真题词频语境记忆 精读版中本书单词均配有真题例句。ability15E5bilitin.能力，智能；才能，才干account 22E5kauntn.账（目，户）；叙述，说明；价值，地位；v.（for）说明，解释；占；（take into ）考虑；顾及achieve12E5tFi:vv.完成，实现；达到，达成，获得act11Aktv.行动，做事；（on）起作用；表演；（for）代表，代替；n.行为，动作；（一）幕；法令，条例annual55AnjuEla.每年的，年度的；n.年刊，年鉴ballet15bAlein.芭蕾舞，芭蕾舞剧，芭蕾舞乐曲capacity8kE5pAsitin.容量，容积；能量，能力；接受力；生产力certificate2sE5tifikitn.证（明）书，执照cognitive15kCgnitiva.认知的，认识的，有感知的colleague45kCli:gn.同事，同僚conceive2kEn5si:vv.（of）设想，构思，想像；以为；怀胎，怀有concentrate35kCnsentreitv.（on）集中，专心；浓缩；n.浓缩物conclude5kEn5klu:dv.结束，终结；断定，下结论；缔结，议定conduct75kCndQktn.行为，举动，品行；引导，经营，实施，处理；v.引导，带领；处理，管理；指挥（乐队）；传导，传（热，电等）confer2kEn5fE:v.商谈，商议；授予，赋予convey3kEn5veiv.运送，搬运，转运；传达，传播data225deitEn.（datum 的复数）资料，数据deliberate2di5libEreita.深思熟虑的，故意的depend16di5pendv.（on）取决于，依靠，信赖，相信detail75di:teiln.细节，详情；v.详述dominate35dCmineitv.支配，统治，控制；占优势elite4ei5li:tn.总称上层人士，掌权人物，实力集团；出类拔萃的人（集团），精英engineering17endVi5niEriNn.工程学entail2in5teilvt.需要，伴随；限定继承excitement2ik5saitmEntn.刺激，激动exhibit2ig5zibitv.展出，陈列experiment11iks5perimEntn.试验；v.（on）做实验expert145ekspE:tn.专家，能手；a.熟练的，有经验的；专门的，专家的factor125fAktEn.因素，要素feedback15fi:dbAkn.反馈genetic2dVi5netika.遗传的，起源的immediate6i5mi:djEta.立即的，即时的；直接的，最接近的importance10im5pC:tEnsn.重要，重要性information447infE5meiFEnn.通知，报告；情报，信息involve20in5vClvv.卷入，陷入，连累；包含，含有，涉及laboratory3lE5bCrEtErin.实验室lead21li:dv.领导，引导；领先，占首位；（to）通向，导致，引起；经验，过（生活）；n.带领，引导；n.铅means32mi:nzn.方法，手段nuclear35nju:kliEa.核心的，中心的；原子核的，核能的nurture15nE:tFEn.养育，教育，教养，营养品；vt.养育，给与营养物，教养obtain11Eb5teinv.获得，得到opportunity117CpE5tju:nitin.机会outcome45autkQmn.结果，成果overlook37EuvE5lukv.看漏，忽略；俯瞰，眺望；宽容，放任oxygen35CksidVEnn.氧paragraph665pArEgrB:fn.段，节；小新闻，短评peak1pi:kn.山顶，最高点；峰，山峰；a.高峰的，最高的perfect55pE:fikta.完善的，无瑕的；完全的，十足的；v.使完美，改进performance5pE5fC:mEnsn.履行，执行；表演，演出；性能，特性；表现phenomenon9fi5nCminEnn.pl.phenomena现象process34prE5sesn.过程，进程；工序，制作法；工艺；v.加工，处理professional15prE5feFEnla.职业的，专业的，专门的；n.专家，专业人员psychology7sai5kClEdVin.心理学，心理pursuit6pE5sju:tn.追赶，追求；职业，工作random35rAndEma.随机的，随意的；n.随机，随意range6reindVn.范围，距离，领域；排列，连续；（山）脉；炉灶；v.排列成行rank2rANkn.军衔，社会阶层；排，横列；v.分等级，把分类；排列reap1ri:pv.收割，收获recall3ri5kC:lv.回忆，回想；撤消，收回result37ri5zQltn.结果，成果，成绩；v.（in）导致，结果是；（from）起因于，因而造成role22rEuln.角色；作用，任务series55siEri:zn.一系列，连续；丛书setting65setiNn.安置，安装；落山；（固定东西的）柜架底座；环境，背景soccer45sCkEn.足球sow2sEuv.播种span4spAnn.跨度，跨距specific12spi5sifika.明确的，具体的；特定的，特有的startle25stB:tlv.惊吓，使吃惊stress9stresn.压力，应力；重音；v.强调，着重subject135sQbdViktn.主题，题目；学科，科目；主语；a.（to）易遭的，受支配的；v.（to）使遭到，使服从superior1sju:5piEriEa.优良的，卓越的；（to）较多的，优于；n.上级，长官surgery35sE:dVErin.外科，外科学；手术室，诊疗室swamp1swCmpn.沼泽，沼地switch4switFn.开关；转换；v.转变，转移talent25tAlEntn.才能，天资；人才tend26tendv.趋向，往往是；照料，看护topic35tCpikn.话题，主题，题目trait3treitn.特征，特点，特性word36wE:dn.词，单词；常 pl.话；消息，传说；诺言，保证；v.用言语表达according47E5kC:diNad.依照，根据assertion2E5sE:FEnn.主张，断言，声明astrological19AstrE5lCdVikla.占星的，占星术的biographical1baiEu5rAfikEla.传记的concentration57kCnsen5treiFEnn.集中，集合，合并craze1kreizn.狂热digit35didVitn.从 0 到 9 的任一数字encode2in5kEudvt.把（电文.情报等）译成电码（或密码）；编码genetically2dVi5netikEliad.遗传地hysteria1his5tiEriEn.歇斯底里inborn15in5bC:na.天生的，生来的，先天的mania15meinjE,niEn.狂躁，狂热meaningful15mi:niNfula.意味深长的meaningfully15mi:niNfuliad.意味深长地memorize35memEraizv.记住，记忆noteworthy15nEutwE:Tia.值得注目的，显著的overrate15EuvE5reitvt.对估价过高performer2pE5fC:mE(r)n.表演者proverb15prCvE(:)bn.谚语psychological47saikE5lCdVikEla.心理（上）的quirk1kwE:kn.奇事，巧合spotlight15spCtlaitn.聚光灯；vt.使瞩目于论坛springtime15sprINtaIm n.春天，春季stamina15stAminEn.毅力，精力statistics6stE5tistiksn.统计学，统计表superstar25sju:pEstB:n.超级明星tournament15tuEnEmEntn.比赛，锦标赛，联赛难句难句1 1 1 1Ifyou were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006sWorld Cup tournament,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccerplayers are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in thelatermonths.语法分析 本句的基本句型为：虚拟条件句+主句+同位语从句；主句为 youwould.find a.quirk；其前为一个由 if 引导的虚拟条件句，其后为一个同位语从句，对 a noteworthy quirk 进行说明；本句难点本句由两个从句和一个主句组成,相对简单;方法对策 首先抓住主句,然后再分析其他分句即可;主句中的 quirk 意为“怪事,奇怪的事情”;例句精译如果你能查看一下 2006 年世界杯比赛的每一个足球运动员的出生证的话，你就极可能发现一个值得注意的怪事。这些足球精英们可能出生在每年年初的几个月份而非年末的几个月份。难句难句2 2 2 2Ifyou then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cupand professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to be even morepronounced.语法分析本句结构为：条件从句+主句，主句的主干为：you would find+宾语+宾语补足语；本句难点 本句句子结构比较简单;本句中 feed 意为“提供,输送”,pronounced作形容词用,意为“显著的,明显的”;方法对策对个别词汇要根据上下文确定其在文中的意思,不可单纯套用常用的意思;例句精译如果你再来查看一下为世界杯和其他一些专业级别的比赛准备后备力量的欧洲各国青年队的情况，你将会发现这一奇怪的现象更为突出。难句难句3 3 3 3This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itselfisnotgenetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizingismore ofa cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.语法分析本句主要结构为:主语+谓语+双宾语，主语为 This success，谓语为 led，其后为两个宾语，一为 Erisson，一为 to conclude，conclude 后为 that引导的宾语从句；本句难点本句中两个逗号之间的内容为插入语,影响阅读;整句包含双宾语和从句,稍复杂;方法对策两个逗号之间的插入语第一次略过不读,抓住句子主干,然后再分析宾语和从句;例句精译这次成功，再加上其后表明记忆绝非由遗传因素决定的研究，终于导致埃瑞克森做出了结论记忆这种行为更属于一种后天培养而非是先天的天赋。难句难句4 4 4 4Their work makes a rather startling assertion:the trait we commonly call talentishighly overrated.Or,put another way,expert performerswhether in memory or surgery,ballet or computer programmingare nearly always made,not born.语法分析第一句为简单句，冒号后面的部分是 assertion 的同位语，同位语从句主干为：the trait.is.，其中包含一个定语从句修饰 the trait；第二句的主干为 expert performers.are.made，not born，or 和 put another way 是插入语；本句难点从句和插入语比较难;方法对策首先分析句子主干,然后分析其他成分,难句就迎刃而解了;例句精译他们的工作得到了一个相当惊人的结论：我们称之为天才的这种东西其实是过于夸张了。换言之：无论是在记忆力或是在外科手术方面，无论是在芭蕾舞或是在电脑编程方面，杰出人才几乎都是后天培养的，而非天生。21.答案C解析本文试图回答一个问题：天才是如何出现的？是先天天生还是后天培养？科学家安德森 埃瑞克森经研究得出结论：“聪明在于勤奋，天才在于积累”。本题问：（首段）提到这些欧洲优秀的球员的生日目的何在？答案显然是 C引出一个话题那就是：“是什么成就了他们优异成绩的表现？”本答案十分明显，因为第二段文章的首句就提示了我们“这一奇怪现象的原因何在？”故可以肯定的排除 A、B、D(见问题的汉语译文)。21 题还告诉我们，查找式阅读是很省时且精准的一个阅读方法，不必看到全文再来回答 21 题，因为 22 题问的“mania”一词，已经属于第二段了。22.答案B解析 本题一看即可知是词汇性问题。切记：词汇性问题要看上下文。Mania 这个生词上文有mad一词，这就提醒我们应该首选mad一词的同义词crazy（名词为 craze）至于(A)fun 好玩(C)hysteria 兴奋(D)excitement 激动,均不如(B)craze 疯狂，含义更深刻、更贴切。23.答案A解析根据科学家埃瑞克森的研究“好记忆”应是“后天的培养”（cognitiveexercise）有意识地去练习而非“先天的天生”(intuitive one 先天的本能)。而后天的培养是指对信息进行有意义的“编码记忆”（注：有点像“联想记忆”）。故应选A：对信息进行有意义的加工处理！B 和 C 均谈的是先天因素，错！至于 D 仅谈到了总结反馈和高度集中，不够完整，因为要练习记忆力的提高，首先要“（在心中）设定特定的目标”才行。24.答案D解析埃瑞克森等科学家认为有杰出成就的人大都把成功归因于后天的培养和教育（nurture）而非先天天生的。而这正是选项D 的答案。由此可见，阅读理解的真谛还在于“看懂”文章（这需要词汇和长难句两方面的基本功）至于选项A、B、C 请参考后边的译文。25.答案C解析A 信心重要;B 种瓜得瓜;C 天才在于勤奋 聪明在于积累；D有其父必有其子，这四个说法中只有 C 更符合本文的主题。如果你能查看一下 2006 年世界杯比赛的每一个足球运动员的出生证的话，你就极可能发现一个值得注意的怪事。这些足球精英们可能出生在每年年初的几个月份而非年末的几个月份。如果你再来查看一下为世界杯和其他一些专业级别的比赛准备后备力量的欧洲各国青年队的情况，你将会发现这一奇怪的现象更为突出。这一奇怪的现象原因何在？下面是一些猜想答案：A 有某些天赋的东西使人如此;B 冬季出生的孩子有较高的携氧能力，这就增加了他们踢足球的耐力;C 狂热的球迷父母更容易在春天生孩子因为那是每年足球运动疯狂的巅峰;D 以上原因都不是。美国佛罗里达州立大学58岁的心理学教授安德森艾瑞克森说他坚信第四种选择“以上都不是”。埃瑞克森生于瑞典，学习核子工程学专业。直到有一天他意识到，如果他转向心理学机会就会更多一些。于是他在 30 年前进行了他的首次关于记忆方面的实验：训练别人聆听并重复随意所念的一系列数字。后来埃瑞克森回忆道:我的第一个接受实验者经过大约 20 小时的培训之后，从记住 7 个数字上升到了 20 个数字。他继续坚持提高，经过200 小时的培训，能记住 80 个以上的数字了。这次成功，再加上其后表明记忆绝非由遗传因素决定的研究，终于让埃瑞克森做出了结论记忆这种行为更属于一种后天培养而非是先天的天赋。换言之，无论两个人在记忆力方面展现多么大的差别，这些差别都可能被他们（后天学到的）对信息的“编码记忆”方面的能力超越。而学习对信息进行有意义的“编码记忆”的最佳方法是进行“有意义的练习”（这一过程）。“有意义的练习”不仅是简单的重复。相反，他需要我们（在心中）设定特定的目标，事后及时反馈和总结以及高度集中才行：不仅集中于技巧，也集中于结果。埃瑞克森和其他同事们由此也开始了对各行各业的表现优异者的研究。其中也包括足球行业。他们搜索到了尽其所能搜集到的资料：不仅包括这些人的表现的数据和其传记资料，也包括了科学家们对这些杰出者们进行的实验数据。他们的工作得到了一个相当惊人的结论：我们称之为天才的这种东西其实是过于夸张了。换言之：无论是在记忆力或是在外科手术方面，无论是在芭蕾舞或是在电脑编程方面，杰出人才几乎都是后天培养的，而非天生。21 本文提到足球运动员的生日现象是要：。A强调职业训练的重要性。B我们密切关注世界杯赛中的足球超级明星。C引出一个话题，那就是：是什么成就了他们的优异表现？D解释为什么一些足球队踢的比另一些好。22（第二段四行的）“mania”一词的最可能的意思是：。A好玩B疯狂C兴奋D激动23 按照埃瑞克森的理论，好的记忆。A取决于对信息进行有意义的加工处理。B来自先天而非后天练习。C由基因而非其他心理因素所决定。D需要及时的总结反馈和高度的集中精力。24 埃瑞克森及其同事们相信。A对于专业方面的成功来讲，天才是最主要的因素。B个人传记资料提供了解释优秀表现的关键性答案。C天才所起的作用被人们所忽视了。D有杰出成就的人大都把成功归因于后天的培养训练。25 下面哪个谚语在意思上最接近于本文所试图传递的信息：。A“人心齐，泰山移”B“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”C“天才在于勤奋，聪明在于积累”D“有其父必有其子”TEXTTEXTTEXTTEXT 2 2 2 2For the past several years,the Sunday newspaper supplement Paradehasfeatureda column called“Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query MarilynvosSavant,whoat age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old;that gave her anIQ of228the highest score ever recorded.IQ testsaskyou to complete verbal andvisual analogies,to envision paper after ithasbeen folded and cut,and to deducenumerical sequences,among other similar tasks.So itisa bit confusing whenvosSavant fieldssuch queries from the average Joe(whose IQis100)as.Whatsthedifference between love and fondness?Or whatisthe nature of luck and coincidence?Itsnot obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numericalpatterns suits oneto answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets andphilosophers.Clearly,intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.Just what does itmean to be smart?How much of intelligence can be specified,and how much can welearn about it from neurology,genetics,computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,eventhough IQ tests are not givenasoftenasthey used to be.The test comes primarily intwo forms:the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler IntelligenceScales（both come in adult and childrensversion）.Generally costing several hundreddollars,they are usually given only by psychologists,although variations of thempopulate bookstores and World Wide Web.Superhigh scores likevosSavantsare nolonger possible,because scoringisnow based on a statistical population distributionamong age peers,rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological ageand multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests,suchasthe Scholastic AssessmentTest(SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE),capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assessallthe important elements necessary tosucceed in school and in life,argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article“How IntelligentIs Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analyticaland verbal skills butfailto measure creativity and practical knowledge,componentsalso critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover,IQ tests do not necessarilypredict so well once populations or situations change.Researchhasfound that IQpredicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions,butunder high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadershipthat is,it predicted the opposite.Anyone whohastoiled throughSATwill testify thattest taking skill also matters,whether itsknowing when to guess or what questionsto skip.26.Which of the following may berequired in an intelligence test?AAnswering philosophical questions.BFolding or cuttingpaper into different shapes.CTelling the differences between certain concepts.DChoosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from paragraph 3?APeople no longer use IQ scoresasan indicator of intelligence.BMore versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.CThe test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.DScientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scoresashighasvosSavantsbecauseAthe scores are obtained through different computational procedures.Bcreativity rather than analytical skillsisemphasized now.CvosSavantscaseisan extreme one that will not repeat.D the defining characteristic of IQ testshaschanged.29.Wecan conclude from the last paragraph thatAtest scores maynot be reliable indicators of onesability.BIQ scores andSATresults are highly correlated.Ctestinginvolves a lot of guesswork.Dtraditiona