资源描述
53水下采油树在深海油气田开发中的应用于成龙1 李慧敏21中海油能源发展股份有限公司采油服务分公司,广东 湛江 524057;2.中海油能源发展股份有限公司工程技术公司,广东 湛江 524057摘 要:通过对国内外水下采油树应用情况资料调研,得知水下采油树在国外油气田开采中应用广泛,技术非常成熟,最大安装水深超过 2 700 m。而国内目前仅有包括流花 11-1 等少数几个油气田采用水下采油树进行开采,水下采油树的设计、制造、安装、施工等技术基本由国外少数几家公司掌握,目前尚无国产水下采油树应用于海上油气田的实例。为满足我国油气田开发向深海发展的需要,国内石油公司应利用现在与国外合作项目的机会提高我国水下采油树的设计制造、施工安装水平及使用维护能力。关键词:水下采油树;湿式采油树;卧式采油树;电液控制;全电控DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-5539.2014.02.015收稿日期:2013-11-21作者简介:于成龙(1985-),男,黑龙江肇源人,工程师,硕士,主要从事海上油气田开发工程研究。0 前言我国海上油气田的开发至今已有 40 多年历史,但开发的油气田大多位于滩海、浅海、近海。我国南海海域宽达200104 km2,是世界上四大海洋油气聚集中心之一。我国海洋石油储量约为 230108300108 t,天然气储量3381012 m31-2。目前,国际海洋石油工程界普遍认可的深水定义是水深 300 m3。我国水深 300 m 以上的海域宽达 153.7104 km24,但大部分尚未被勘探,深海油气田资源勘探开发将成为我国未来海洋石油的主战场。在水深 300 m 以上的深海油气田建设传统导管架平台开发的经济性很差。国内外深海油气田开发的现有组合方案是5:a)水下套管头及采油树+张力腿平台+浮式生产储油轮或浮式储油轮+穿梭油轮;b)水下套管头及采油树+半潜式平台+浮式生产储油轮或浮式储油轮+穿梭油轮;c)水下套管头及采油树+浮式钻采平台+海底管线;d)水下套管头及采油树+浮式生产钻井联合装置+穿梭油轮;e)海底工作盒+挠性出油管+浮式储油轮+穿梭油轮。可见,水下采油树是深海油气田开发中必不可少的装置。1 水下采油树分类及对比海上油气开采使用的水上和水下采油树存在明显差别(见图12)。水下采油树一般可分为干式、湿式、干/湿式和沉箱式等四种型式。干式水下采油树把采油树置于一个密封的常压、常温舱里,维修人员像在陆地上一样在舱内进行工作;湿式水下采油树完全暴露在海水中;干/湿式水下采油树可以转换干/湿,正常生产时采油树呈湿式状态,维修时则由一个服务舱与水下采油树连接,排空海水,使其变成常温、常压的干式采油树;沉箱式水下采油树包括主阀、连接器和水下井口,均置于海床以下的导管内,大大减少采油树受外界冲击造成损坏的机率。干式采油树装置仪器繁多、结构复杂、成本高、技术难度较大,且对操作人员存在安全隐患,因此逐渐被淘汰;沉箱式水下采油树与湿式采油树相比,价格一般高出 40%左右,且无其他明显优势;随着湿式采油树所釆用的金属材料防海水腐蚀性能、水下作业水平的提油气田开发第 32 卷 第 2 期OIL AND GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT天然气与石油2014 年 4 月54NATURAL GAS AND OIL高及遥控装置的发展,目前湿式采油树逐渐成为各石油公司的首选。20 世纪 80 年代的水下采油树是生产主阀、生产翼阀及井下安全阀安置在一条垂线上的立式结构,由于其修井及钢丝作业繁琐、耗时,90 年代起水下采油树主要采用控制生产阀门水平放置的卧式采油树。图 1 海上采油平台采油树外观图 2 水下采油树外观2 水下采油树国外应用情况20 世纪 70 年代起,全球石油公司加速向深海迈进,水下采油树以其经济性好、适合深海油气田开发等优点,在过去 50 多年中得到了快速发展。1967 年,美国 FMC公司生产出全球第一套水下采油树,用于墨西哥湾海域,水深 20 m6。1979 年,Garoupa 油田采用布置在常压舱中的干式井口装置的最大水下生产系统进行开采,创立了水下生产概念。1981 年,Frigg North East 气田采用水下井口进行开发,1982 年钻生产井 6 口,1983 年 11 月开始生产。1982 年 5 月,Exxon 公司开发的水下生产系统在Central Cormorant 油田开发中应用,10 月开钻,1983 年年中开始生产。90 年代后,水下采油树在国外进一步加速发展,截至 2012 年,国外已有超过 400 个项目中采用了海上油气田水下生产系统,最大水深超过 2 700 m7。墨西哥湾 Atwater Valley 项目创水下生产系统开发油气田水深记录,最大水深 2 714 m;挪威 Sncphvit 气田创距离最远记录,应用全水下生产系统开发油田并通过约 143 km的海底多相输送管道直接回接到陆上终端8。3 水下采油树国内应用情况目前国内采用水下采油树生产的油气田有流花 11-1油田、流花 4-1 油田、惠州 26-1N&32-5 油田、陆丰22-1 油田、荔湾 3-1 气田、崖城 13-4 气田,其中流花11-1 油田、流花 4-1 油田、惠州 26-1N&32-5 油田、陆丰22-1 油田采用 FMC 公司生产的采油树,荔湾 3-1 气田采用 Cameron 公司生产的采油树,崖城 13-4 气田采用 Aker Solution 公司生产的采油树,详见表 1。表 1 水下采油树国内使用情况流花 11-1 油田由阿莫科东方石油公司和中海油联合开发,1996 年 3 月 29 日投产,是我国第一个采用水下采油树的油田,创立了当时世界上多个第一:第一次商业性使用湿式点接头、控制软管系统、电缆悬挂系统、水下控制系统、遥控作业机器人等9-10。陆丰 22-1 油田 1997 年投产,采用适用于 ROV 作业的卧式采油树,所有阀门在水平方向设置并由水下机器人操作,16 个不同性能的球阀及锁紧装置的操作机构等集中于 3 块便于 ROV 操作的盘上,从操作盘上直接控制生产阀、环空阀、安全阀、化学药剂注入阀等。另外,生产阀、环空阀、生产控制阀和 SCSSV 可以由平台液压遥控开启与关闭,在紧急情况下可自动关断11。流花 4-1 油田在国内水下生产系统中首次采用双电潜泵技术、水平分支井和智能完井系统,首次研究和采用水下多相流量计、水下双电潜泵动力分配单元及转换开关12。荔湾 3-1气田为南海第一个水深达到 1 500 m 的深海气田,其水下采油树采用 Cameron 公司的第三代卧式采油树,该采油树可在井口注入水合物抑制剂,并装有水下检测湿气流量计等多种在线控制及检测装置。4 国内外水下采油树制造能力的差别20 世纪 60 年代以来,世界上已有 1 200 多套水下采油树应用在超过 400 个采油项目中,这些采油树的国外生产商(如 FMC、Vetco、Cameron、Dril-Quip 等公司)55经过 50 多年的研发,实现了深水井的完井、控制和生产开发 13。目前国外水深 3 000 m 内的水下生产系统在设计、建造、安装技术上已经成熟14。我国江钻股份公司、金石集团、美钻石油钻采系统有限公司等具有一定生产能力。2010 年,金石集团与美国 Argus 公司在中国市场推出了国内首个 AZ-10 新型中心孔式水下采油树,是目前世界上唯一同心结构的水下垂直采油树。但目前未见有国产水下采油树海上油气田实际用例的报道,水下采油树的制造、检测、安装、维护基本被国外公司垄断。5 水下采油树发展趋势a)在工作水深 200 m 或控制长度 1 000 m 以内,大多发展直接控制和先导液压控制,进行直接控制或对于较大的液压执行器采用先导液压换向15,对于 300 以上水深海域多采用多路传输、电液控制技术。国外一些水下采油树厂家正在研究采用代表水下采油树发展方向的全电式控制技术,第一台全电控的水下采油树由Cameron 公司生产,已在北海 K5F 气田投入使用。b)随着声光电波等领域新技术的快速发展,未来大型海上油气田开发采用远程全自动控制及系统智能检测成为人们追求的目标。c)随着海上油气田勘探开发技术的进步,越来越多的深海油气田将投入开发,对采油树的标准压力及控制方面的要求会越来越高,研究开发具有高安全性和适应性的水下采油树,必将成为今后很长一段时间内需进一步研究的重点和热点课题。6 结论随着我国石油企业向深海油气田进军步伐的加快,水下采油树在我国深海油气田开发中将发挥越来越大的作用。但目前水下采油树项目的设计、制造、安装基本由国外公司主导,国内的制造、施工技术都相当匮乏。为满足深海油气田开发的需要,应利用与国外合作项目的机会提高水下采油树的制造水平和施工、安装能力。同时,应培养专业化水下采油树安装队伍,以及与水下采油树安装相配套的安装设备和机具。参考文献:杨致政,张 瀛,胡启国.近海边际油田勘探开发中若干关键问题探讨J.特种油气藏,2005,12(5):5-9.Yang Zhizheng,Zhang Ying,Hu Qiguo.Approach to Key Points in Explach to Key Points in Exploration and Development of Offshore Marginal Oilfields J.Special Oil&Gas Reservoirs,2005,12(5):5-9.郭西水,张 林,肖良平,等.深水完井技术研究J.重庆科技学院学报(自然科学版),2011,13(4):74-76.Guo Xishui,Zhang Lin,Xiao Liangping,et al.The Deep Well Completion Technology ResearchJ.Journal of Chongqing University of Science and Technology(Natural Sciences Edition),2011,13(4):74-76.马彦金,荆 颖,王 亮.对我国未来几种深海油气田开发新方案的探究A.左其华,窦希萍.第十五届中国海洋(岸)工程学术讨论会论文集C.北京:海洋出版社,2011:522-524.Ma Yanjin,Jin Ying,Wang Liang.Research on Several New Schemes of the Deep Sea Oilfield Development in China A.Zuo Qihua,Dou Xiping.The 15th China Ocean(shore)Engineering Symposium ProceedingsC.Beijing:China Ocean Press,2011:522-524.方华灿.对我国深海油田开发工程中几个问题的浅见 J.中国海洋平台,2006,21(4):1-8.Fang Huacan.A Few Superficial Views about Some Problems of Engineering of Oil Field Development in Deep Water in ChinaJ.China Offshore Platform,2006,21(4):1-8.菲 D A,奥戴 J.近海边际油田开发技术M.马志良,等译.北京:石油工业出版社.1990:56-65.Fee D A,ODea J.Technology for Developing Marginal Offshore OilfieldsM.Ma Zhiliang,et al.Trans.Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press.1990:56-65.王定亚,邓 平,刘文霄.海洋水下井口和采油装备技术现状及发展方向J.石油机械,2011,39(1):75-79.Wang Dingya,Deng Ping,Liu Wenxiao.Present Status and Developmental Direction for Marine Underwater Wellhead and Equipment TechnologyJ.China Petroleum Machinery,2011,39(1):75-79.金向东,林华春.海上油气田水下生产系统的关键设备和技术J.油气田地面工程,2012,31(4):55-56.Jin Xiangdong,Lin Huachun.Key Equipments and Technology of Offshore Fields Subsea Production System J.Oil-Gasfield Surface Engineering,2012,31(4):55-56.王凤云.水下生产系统的基础研究J.中国造船.2012,53(增刊 2):36-42.Wang Fengyun.Foundation Research of Subsea Production Systems J.Shipbuilding of China,2012,53(Supplement 2):36-42.12345678油气田开发第 32 卷 第 2 期OIL AND GAS FIELD DEVELOPMENT天然气与石油2014 年 4 月56NATURAL GAS AND OIL张 波,黄长穆.南海流花 11-1 油田工程简介J.中国海上油气(工程),1996,8(4):61-62.Zhang Bo,Huang Changmu.A Brief Introduction to the South China Sea Liuhua 11-1 Oilfield Engineering J.China Offshore Oil and Gas(Engineering),1996,8(4):61-62.张 波,黄长穆.中国南海流花 11-1 油田的深水开发技术J.中国海上油气,1998,10(3):36-44.Zhang Bo,Huang Changmu.Deepwater Development Technology of the South China Sea Liuhua 11-1 OilfieldJ.China Offshore Oil and Gas(Engineering),1998,10(3):36-44.张 波.开发海上深水边际油田的尖端技术设备(一)J.石油机械,1999,27(4):46-50.Zhang Bo.Most Advanced Technologies and Equipment for Deepwater Marginal Field Development(I)J.China Petroleum Machinery,1999,27(4):46-50.王春升.水下生产系统在南海流花 4-1 油田开发中的研究和应用J.中国造船 2010,51(增刊 2):174-178.Wang Chunsheng.Research and Application of Subsea Production Systems in the South China Sea Liuhua 4-1 OilfieldJ.Shipbuilding of China,2010,51(Supplement 2):174-178.张 亮,张玺亮,孙子刚,等.深水油田立式水下采油树安装操控技术J.石油钻采工艺,2012,34(增刊):117-120.Zhang Liang,Zhang Xiliang,Sun Zigang,et al.Installation and Control of Underwater Vertical Christmas Tree in Deepwater Oil FieldJ.Oil Drilling&Production Technology,2012,34(Supplement):117-120.王 玮,孙丽萍,白 勇.水下油气生产系统J.中国海洋平台,2009,24(6):41-45.Wang Wei,Sun Liping,Bai Yong.Investigation on Subsea Production SystemsJ.China Offshore Platform,2009,24(6):41-45.廖谟圣.世界海洋石油海底完井系统发展近况评析J.中国海洋平台,1995,10(5):179-182.Liao Mosheng.Comments about the Recent Developments of World Offshore Oil Subsea Completion SystemJ.China Offshore Platform,1995,10(5):179-182.9101112131415(上接第 35 页)王 琴,王九泉,朱维华,等.超声检测技术应用及其发展概况J.科技信息,2006,(9):284.Wang Qin,Wang Jiuquan,Zhu Weihua,et al.Ultrasonic Testing Technology and Its Development SituationJ.Science,2006,(9):284.朱 杰,郭 连 红,黄 立 波,等.超 声 衰 减 法 研 究C15H32/TritonX-100/水三元体系的稳定性J.生命科学仪器,2008,6(3):49-51.Zhu Jie,Guo Lianhong,Huang Libo,et al.Ultrasonic Attenuation Method of C15H32/TritonX-100/Stability of Water Ternary SystemJ.Life Science Instruments,2008,6(3):49-51.冯 涛.低温破乳剂的研制及应用D.大庆:大庆石油学院,2007.Feng Tao.Formulation and Application of Demuslsifiers for Breaking Crude Oil Emulision Low TemperatureD.Daqing:Daqing Petroleum Institute,2007.张春玲,林梅钦,宗 华,等.破乳剂浓度对聚合物驱原油乳状液破乳及界面性质影响J.应用化工,2006,35(1):24-26.Zhang Chunling,Lin Meiqin,Zong Hua,et al.The Influence of Dismulsifiers Concentration on Destabilization and Interfacial Property of Crude Emulsion Formed by Polymer HoodingJ.Applied Chemical Industry,2006,35(1):24-26.檀国荣,邹立壮,王金本.破乳剂结构对原油破乳效果影响的研究J.钻采工艺,2006,29(1):74-81.Tan Guorong,Zou Lizhuang,Wang Jinben.The Influence of Dismulsifiers Concentration on Destabicization and Interfacial Property of Crude Emulsion Formed by Polymer Flooding J.Drilling&Production Technology,2006,29(1):74-81.张黎明,何利民,吕宇玲,等.油包水乳状液电导率与电破乳研究J.油田化学,2008,25(2):158-161.Zhang Liming,He Limin,Li Yuling,et al.A Study on Electrical Demlsificatioy/Dehydration and Electric Conductivity for W/O EmulsionsJ.Oilfield Chemistry,2008,25(2):158-161.5678910Application of Undersea Christmas Tree In Domestic Deep Sea Oil and Gas Field Development Yu Chenglong(CNOOC Energy Technology&Service-Oil Production Services Co.,Zhanjiang,Guangdong,524057,China)Li Huimin(CNOOC Energy Development Co.,Ltd.Engineering Technology Co.,Zhanjiang,Guangdong,524057,China)NGO,2014,32(2):53-56ABSTRACT:Conducted is investigation and study on practical application situation of undersea Christmas tree at home and abroad and results show that undersea Christmas tree is a very mature technology and has been widely used in international oil and gas field exploitation,its maximum installation depth may be deeper than 2700m.At present,the technology is applied in a handful of oil and gas fields in China,its design,manufacture,installation and construction techniques are grasped by not many foreign oil companies.Up to now,there is no example of application of domestic undersea Christmas tree in offshore oil and gas field exploitation.Domestic oil companies shall seize the opportunity of cooperating with foreign oil companies and improve the abilities in design,manufacture,installation and maintenance of undersea Christmas tree so as to meet the demand of deep sea oil and gas field exploitation.KEYWORDS:Undersea Christmas tree;Wet Christmas tree;Horizontal Christmas tree;Electro-hydraulic control;Full-electronic controlAnalysis on Factors Affecting Fracturing Horizontal Well Production Capacity in Shale Gas Reservoir Yuan Lin,Li Xiaoping,Cheng Ziyang,Xie Weiyang,Liu Peng(State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation,Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu,Sichuan,610500,Chnia)NGO,2014,32(2):57-61ABSTRACT:Development of shale gas by using horizontal well fracturing measure has become a trend in shale gas development all over the world.However,because shale gas presents an occurrence state in shale substrate and artificial fractures and has a unique seepage,its production capacity analysis is more complicated.On the basis of conventional fracturing horizontal well productivity research theory,conducted is analysis on shale gas reservoir adsorption,desorption,gas high-speed non-darcy flow in fractures and coupling of fractures with shaft and applied is the method of conformal transformation for derivation and obtained is the semi-analytical model for fracturing horizontal well productivity analysis.Example analysis results show that horizontal wellbore pressure drop has less effect on shale gas reservoir fracturing horizontal well productivity,horizontal wellbore pressure drop can be neglected if yield is low.Along with increase of reservoir thickness,fracture half length,fracture diverting capacity,number of fractures and substrate concentration difference inside and outside,shale gas reservoir fracturing horizontal well production will increase gradually,but increase trend will be more and more gentle and tend to be stable in the end.Therefore,fracture parameters shall be optimized in shale gas development in order to achieve the optimum development effect.KEYWORDS:Shale gas;Fractured horizontal well;Stable productivity;Coupling;Adsorption desorption;High-speed non-darcyAssessment on Test Effect of Organic Plugging Removal Technology Used in Gas Wells of Shapingchang Liu Shichang,Chen Zuobai,Xiao Renwei,Wu Yang(PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company Chongqing Gas Well Area,Chongqing,400021,China)NGO,2014,32(2):62-64ABSTRACT:Implementation of organic plugging removal in gas well can remove plugging in wellhole and stratum and improve gas well production capacity effeciently.Conducted is organic plugging removal with no shutdown after four wells in Shapingchang Gas Field were continuously filled with corrosion inhibitor for many years.Direct corrosion inhibitor filling into oil set of annulus with no compatibility test resulted in poor plugging removal efect.Conducted is deep analysis on plugging removal process and proposed is an important work in next step for organic plugging removal popularization and application in Shapingchang Gas Field:selection of suitable plugging removal agents and filling ways of plugging removal agents according to different gas well bore structues.KEYWORDS:Shapingchang;Gas well;Plugging;Organic plugging removal;Effect assessment;Popularization and applicationCORROSION AND CORROSION PROTECTIONSelection of 3PE Field Joint Coatings and Mending Coatings of Buried Pipelines in Service Li Junzhong(CNOOC Fujian LNG Co.,Ltd.,Putian,Fujian,351100,China)NGO,2014,32(2):65-67ABSTRACT:In order to improve quality of 3PE field joint coatings and mending coatings in buried pipelines in service and reduce the risk of pipeline corrosion perforation,it is very important to select appropriate field joint coatings and mending coatings.Through analysis and NATURAL GAS AND OILSELECTED ABSTRACTS(BIMONTHLY)Vol.32 No.2 Apr.2014
展开阅读全文