定语从句讲解与归纳.doc

定语从句讲解与归纳一.定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2. 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词， 根据它在定语从句中所充当的成分将引导4.定语从句的关系词分为：关系代词和关系副词.Eg. He is the boy who often goes to school late. 关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语(whose)等成分。关系副词有where,when,why等在定语从句中充当状语成分。关系词常有3个作用：1.引导定语从句。2.代替先行词。3.在定语从句中担当一个成分。 （关系词在从句中代替先行词1. 关系词本身没有词义，代替先行词的词义2. 必须充当定语从句中的一个成分。 ）二.关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人，在从句中做主语 (1)TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne. (2)YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwholosthisway. 2.whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 (1)Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus. (2)Mr.LingisjusttheboywhomIwanttosee. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 (3)Themanwho/whomyoumetjustnowismyfriend. 3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 (1)Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys. (2)Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday. 4.that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (5)Thenumberofthepeoplethat/whocometovisitthecityeachyearrisesonemillion. (6)Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning? 5.whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语 (1)Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor. (2)Ioncelivedinahousewhoseroofhasfallenin. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3)Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. (4)Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired. (5)Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow? (6)Doyoulikethebookthecolorofwhichisyellow? 三. 关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句的谓语动词形式要与先行词保持人称与数的一致。 (1) Those who want to the English party must be at the school gate . 要参加英语晚会的人到校门集合。 (2)He who doesnt reach the Great wall is not a true man . 不到长城非好汉。四. 定语从句的先行词是“one of.”结构时，先行词为of 后的复数名词或代词，从句的谓语动词用复数形式；定语从句的先行词是“the only very one of.”结构时，先行词为one,从句的谓语动词用单数形式 This is one of the rooms that are free now.Professor Johnson is the only one of the experts who knows a little Chinese.五介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 1.关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导 (1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous. （2)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazine(that/which)youaskedfor. (4)TomorrowIwillbringhereamagazineforwhichyouasked. (5)Wellgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/that/who)wehaveoftentalkedabout. (6)Wellgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked. 2.意含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，因为这些介词存在于关系密切的固定短语中，常见的如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等 (1)Thisisthewatchwhich/thatIamlookingfor.(T) (2)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(F) 3若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that； (1)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedismyfriend.(T) (2)Themanwho/thatyoutalkedwithismyfriend.(F) (3)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadaisverycomfortable.(T) (4)TheplaneinthatweflewintoCanadaisverycomfortable.(F) 4.介词的选定介词的选用要根据从句中v.adj. adv等与的习惯搭配而定，及把关系词所代表的先行词放在从句谓语动词后，看在动词与先行词之间用什么介词合适。根据先行词在从句中的词意决定。He stood by the window ,through which he could see what was happening outside .In the dark street ,there wasnta single person to whom she could turn for help.六关系副词引导的定语从句 1.when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 (1)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametotheschool. (2)Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallycame. 2.where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 (1)ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn. (2)ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown. 3.why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 (1)Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane. (2)Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday. 注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 (1)Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisnotclear, (2)Fromtheyearwhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoschoolhebegantoknowwhathewantedwhenhegrewup. (3)Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecityinwhich/whereIwasborn. 4当先行词虽然是表示时间、地点、和原因的词而关系词在定语从句中作主语、宾语,仍然用thatwhich.(1) I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing . （我永远也忘不了第一次到北京的那一天。） I will never forget the day thatwhich we spent together . （我永远也忘不了我们一起度过的那些日子。 ）七以下词做先行词时注意：situation (情况，情形),point (点),即可表示时间也可表示地点，case (情况，状态)，occasion (场合，情形)表示抽象时间.(1) Lets think of a situation where this idiom can be used .(2) We are just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit together and talk .(3) We had reached the point when there was no money left .(4) Please underline the points where you understand .(5) Today ,well discuss a number of cases where beginers of English fail to use the language properly .八.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句举例： (1)TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon. (2)Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory. 非限制性定语从句举例： (1)Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim. (2)China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful. 要注意区分以下几个句子的不同 (1)Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege. 他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥） (2)Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege. 他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥） 九. 难点分析 （一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some词时，或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时 (1)HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lihassaid? (2)Thereseemstobenothingthatseemsimpossibleforhimintheworld. (3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone. (4)ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (5)Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywontdosuchathing. 2.当先行词被序数词修饰 (1)ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen. 3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1)ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen. 4.当形容词被thevery,theonly修饰时 (1)ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy, (2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who (3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting/ 5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时 (1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere? (2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost? 6.当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 (1)Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned? （二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 1As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。 (1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural. (2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee. 2.as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如，正像”的意思 (1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry. (2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent. (3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter. (4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdontbelieve. 注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which (5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry. 3.当先行次受such,thesame修饰时，常用as偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是表达的意义不同 。 (1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells. (2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks. (3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek. (4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMaryswedding.（ 和是同一类 ） 她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。 (5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.（和是同一物） 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。 （三）以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich或that通常可以省略。 (1)Thewayinwhich/thatheansweredthequestionwassurprising. (四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 (1)Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea.(but=whodont) (五)在定语从句中表示整体与部分，所属关系时，用不定代词数词名词+of which(指物) whom（指人）.常见有some,manymuch,none,both,neither,most,each,few,Little, all,several,half等代词或者数词. (1)Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim. (2)Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad. (3)Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities. （六）区分定语从句和同位语从句1定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系 (1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句 (2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位于从句 2定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导，充当成分 (1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue. which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。(2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue. (3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定语 (4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve. 3.同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以. (1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful. (2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice. (3)Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall. (4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.