定语从句典型错误例析.doc

定语从句典型错误例析 1.我给他看了我上周在杭州的照片。【误】 I showed him the photos I took them in Hangzhou last week.【正】 I showed him the photos I took in Hangzhou last week.【析】 关系代词或关系副词既代替先行词，又在定语从句中充当一定的成分。例句为省略了关系代词（that/which）的定语从句，that/which 指代 the photos，在定语从句中充当 took的宾语，故them多余，应去掉。2.那个正在修理汽车的人是我的叔叔。【误】 The man is mending the car is my uncle.【正】 The man who/that is mending the car is my uncle.【析】 关系代词在定语从句中充当主语时不可省略，只有作宾语时才能省略that。本句还可以译为The man mending the car is my uncle.（-ing形式短语mending the car作the man的后置定语。）3.这只风筝是你父亲昨天为你扎的吗？【误】 Is this kite your father made for you yesterday?【正】 Is this kite the one (that) your father made for you yesterday?【析】 若把this看作kite的修饰语，短语this kite为主句的主语，这时我们可以看出主句中缺少表语，即定语从句的先行词，所以应该加上代词the one。如果我们把this看作代词，作句子的主语，那么kite应该为句子的表语，则可以看出先行词kite前缺少定冠词the。故本句还可改为：Is this the kite (that/which) your father made for you yesterday?4.她告诉我的就这些。【误】 This is all which she told me.【正】 This is all (that) she told me.【析】 当先行词为all, none, one, any, few, little, everything, anything, nothing等或先行词前有序数词，形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词只能用that。另外，本句还可以译为This is what she told me. 不过此时 what引导的是表语从句，而不是定语从句。5.这是我们明天要讨论的问题。【误】 This is the problem about that well talk tomorrow.【正】 This is the problem about which well talk tomorrow.【正】 This is the problem (that/which) well talk about tomorrow.【析】 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；指物时，关系代词用which。另外，有些固定短语如look after, listen to 等，一般也不能将介词提到关系代词之前。6.他是今天早晨迟到的学生之一。【误】 He was one of the students who was late this morning.【正】 He was one of the students who were late this morning.【析】 在 “one of+复数名词”结构中，定语从句的先行词是复数名词，故谓语动词应用复数；在 “the only one of+复数名词”的结构中，定语从句的先行词是one，故谓语动词应用单数。如：She is the only one of the students in our class who has ever been to Beijing. 她是我们班唯一去过北京的学生。7.我还记得我在北京度过的日子。【误】 I still remember the days when I spent in Beijing.【正】 I still remember the days (which/that) I spent in Beijing.【析】 定语从句中引导词的选择关键词是看先行词在定语从句中充当什么样的成分，或者说定语从句中缺少什么成分。如果从句缺少主语，表语，宾语，则引导词通常为which, that, who, whom, as；如果缺少定语则用关系代词whose；如果缺少状语，则用关系副词when, where, why. 分析例句的成分可以知道，从句中缺少谓语动词spent的宾语，故应用关系代词which 或that来引导定语从句。若把例句变为： I still remember the days _ I enjoyed myself in Beijing。则定语从句中缺少时间状语，故此时应用关系副词 when。8. 昨晚送你回家的那个人是谁？【误】 Who is the man who sent you home last night?【正】 Who is the man that sent you home last night?【析】 当主句为含有who/which的疑问句，关系代词用that，而不用who或which。如：Which is the book that you bought yesterday? 哪本书是你昨天买的？9. 他们谈了许多他们所知道的人和事。【误】 They talked about a lot of things and persons what/who/which they knew.【正】 They talked about a lot of things and persons that they knew.【析】 先行词既有人又有物时应该用that来引导。What不可以引导定语从句。10. 我的家乡已不再是十年前的样子。【误】 My hometown is no longer the town which it used to be ten years ago.【正】 My hometown is no longer the town (that) it used to be ten years ago.【析】 当先行词在定语从句中充当表语时关系代词一般只能用that。另外，先行词是there be 中的主语时，关系代词也常用that，口语中这两中情况的关系代词that也可以省略。如： There is a park (that) we often visit on Sundays.由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下五种：一、在定语从句中加了多余的定语。1误：Some of the boys I invited them didnt come 正：Some of the boys I invited didnt come 译：我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。 析：应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom， who或that。 2误：The book that you need it is in the library 正：The book that you need is in the library 译：你需要的书在图书馆里。 析：应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。 二、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。1误：Anyone who break the law will be punished 正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished 译：任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。 析：应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。 2误：Those who has finished may go home 正：Those who have finished may go home 译：做完了的人现在可以回家。 析：应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。 3误：He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school 正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school 译：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。 析：应改know为knows，因为one前有the only之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是the only one，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。 4误：This is one of the rooms that is free now 正：This is one of the rooms that are free now 译：这是目前空着的房间之一。 析：应改is为are，因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the rooms，而不是单数one。 三、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词。1误：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 正：Children who？that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth 译：吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。 析：应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 2误：The key opens the bike is missing 正：The key thatwhich opens the bike is missing 译：开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。 析：应加上关系代词that或which，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 四、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。1误：The house where he lives in needs repairing 正：The house where he lives needs repairing 或：The house he lives in needs repairing 译：他住的房子需要修理。 析：应保留where，删去从句中的in，因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在这里的意思是in which，否则介词in就重复了。 2误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing 正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing 或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing 译：我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。 析：应删去on，因为when在这里的意思是on which，否则介词on就重复了，或把when改为which。五、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词。 1误：I still remember the day when we spent together 正：I still remember the day thatwhich we spent together 译：我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。 析：应改when为that或which，因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。 2误：This is the house where we lived in last year 正：This is the house whichthat we lived in last year 译：这是我们去年住过的那个房子。 析：应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。