动词的时态.doc

动词的时态
动词的时态
一、一般现在时(The Present Simple Tense)
一般现在时表示现在的状态，如：He is twelve.She is at home.表示经常的或习惯性的动作，如：I go to school at 7:30 every day.表示主语具备的性格和能力等，如：She likes apples .They know English .
1、动词be
肯定式
否定式
I am …
You are …
He /she /It is…
We /You /They are …
I am not …
You are not …
He /She /It is not …
We /You /They are not …

疑问式和简略答语
Am I … ?
Yes ,you are .
No ,you are not .
Are we … ?
Yes ,we/you are .
No ,we/you are not .
Are you … ?
Yes ,I am .
No ,I am not .
Are you … ?
Yes ,We are .
No ,we are not .
Is he/she/it … ?
Yes ,he/she/it is .
No,he/she/it is not .
Are they … ?
Yes ,they are .
No ,they are not .
2、动词do
肯定式
否定式
I like oranges .
You like oranges .
He/She likes oranges .
We/You/They like oranges .
I do not(don’t) like oranges .
You do not (don’t) like oranges .
He/She does not (doesn’t) like oranges .
We/You/They do not (don’t) like oranges .

疑问式和简略答语
Do I like oranges ?
Yes ,you do .
No ,you don’t .
Do we like oranges ?
Yes ,we/you do .
No ,we/you don’t .
Do you like oranges ?
Yes ,I do .
No ,I don’t .
Do you like oranges ?
Yes ,we do .
No ,we don’t .
Does he/she/it likes oranges ?
Yes ,he/she/it does .
No ,he/she/it doesn’t .
Do they like oranges ?
Yes ,they do .
No ,they don’t .
3、当主语是第三人称单数时，动词形式有下列几种变化：
规则
动词原形
第三人称单数形式
一般在动词词尾加-s，在清辅音后读/s/,在浊辅音或元音后读/z/；在t后读/ts/，在d后读/dz/。
help
like
play
helps
likes
plays
以字母s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词加-es，读/iz/。以o结尾的动词也加-es，读/z/。
teach
wash
go
teaches
washes
goes
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i，再加-es，读/z/。
study
fly
studies
flyies
4、注：动词一般现在时常与下列时间状语连用：always ,usually ,often ,
sometimes ,every day/week/month/year .

二、现在进行时(The Present Progressive Tense)
1、现在进行时表示现在（说话）瞬间正在进行或发生的动作。例如：
(1) The students are listening to the teacher .
(2) He is watching TV now .
现在进行时也可表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。例如：
(1) We are working on a farm these days .
(2) I am writing a book this month .
2、现在进行时是由助动词be(am /is /are) 加动词-ing形式构成的。以动词work为例，现在进行时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略答语如下：
肯定式
否定式
I am working .
You are working .
He /She /It is working .
We /You /They are working .
I am not working .
You are not working .
He /She /It is not working .
We /You /They are not working .

疑问式和简略答语
-Am I working ?
-Yes ,you are .
No ,you aren’t .
-Are we working ?
-Yes ,we /you are .
No ,we /you aren’t .
-Are you working ?
-Yes ,I am .
No,I am not .
-Are you working ?
-Yes ,we are .
No ,we aren’t
-Is he /she /it working ?
-Yes ,he /she /it is .
No ,he /she /it isn’t .
-Are they working ?
-Yes ,they are .
-No ,they aren’t .

3、动词-ing形式的构成：
规则
动词原形
-ing形式
一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。
go
ask
going
asking
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e，再加-ing。
write
make
writing
making
以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这一字母，再加-ing。
get ,sit ,put ,
begin ,stop ,shop ,
swim , run ,
getting ,sitting ,
putting ,beginning ,
stopping ,…

三、一般过去式(The Simple Past Tense)
1、一般过去式表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday ,last night ,in 1990 ,two days ago 等。一般过去式也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often ,always 等表示频率的时间状语连用。例如：
(1) I got up at 6:30 yesterday .
(2) He always went to work by bus last year .
2、以be和work为例,一般过去式的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略答语如下：
动词
肯定式
否定式
be
I was …
He(She,It) was …
We(You ,They) were …
I was not(wasn’t) …
He(She,It) was not(wasn’t) …
We(You ,They) were not(weren’t) …
work
I(You ,He ,She ,It ,We ,
You ,They ) worked
I(You ,He ,She ,It ,We ,You ,They )
did not(didn’t) work

疑问式和简略答语
be
-Was I … ？
-Yes ,you were .
No ,you weren’t .
-Were we … ?
-Yes ,you/we were .
No ,you/we weren’t .
-Were you … ?
-Yes ,I was .
No ,I wasn’t .
-Were you … ?
-Yes ,we were .
No ,we weren’t .
-Was he /she /it … ?
-Yes ,he /she /it was .
No ,he /she /it wasn’t .
-Were they … ?
-Yes ,they were .
No ,they weren’t .
work
-Did I work ?
-Yes ,you did .
No ,you didn’t .
-Did we work ?
-Yes ,you/we did .
No ,you/we didn’t .
-Did you work ?
-Yes ,I did .
No ,I didn’t .
-Did you work ?
-Yes ,we did .
No ,we didn’t .
-Did he /she /it work ?
-Yes ,he /she /it did .
No ,he /she /it didn’t .
-Did they work ?
-Yes ,they did .
No ,they didn’t .
3、动词过去式的规则变化：
构成规则
原形
过去式
读音
一般在动词原形末尾加-ed。
look
looked
清辅音后面读作/t/；浊辅音、元音后面读作/d/；/t/,/d/后面读作/id/。
结尾是e的动词加-d。
live
lived
末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。
stop
plan
shop
stopped
planned
shopped
以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，先变y为i再加-ed。
study
worry
studied
worried

四、一般将来时(The Simple Future Tense)
1、一般将来时由“助动词will + 动词原形”构成，表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常反复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如：tomorrow ,next week ,next year ,in the future 等。例如：
(1) We will come to see you next week .
(2)Will people use money in 100 years ?
注：(1)在口语中，will在名词或代词后常缩略为’ll，will not常缩略为won’t
(2)在表示“带意愿色彩的将来”时，常用助动词will。
例如：I will tell you all about it
(3)在问对方是否愿意，或表示客气的邀请或命令时，也常用助动词will。
例如：Will you please open the window ?
(4)在疑问句中，主句为第一人称( I和we )时，常用助动词shall。
例如：When shall we have the party ?
(5)在书面语中，主语为第一人称( I和we )时，也常用助动词shall。
例如：I shall write you a letter next month .
但在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。
2、现在进行时可以用来表示按计划或安排将要进行的动作，有“意图”或“打算”等含义。例如：
(1)-When are you going ?-I’m going on Monday .
(2)-What are you doing for vacation ?
-I’m visiting my friend in Hong Kong .
3、“be going to + 动词原形”表示将要发生的事或打算、计划、决定要做的事情。例如：
(1)We’re going to the Great Wall on Sunday morning .
(2)I’m going to study computer science .

五、过去进行时(The Past Progressive Tense)
1、过去进行时由“was /were + 动词-ing”构成，表示在过去某一时刻或某一时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间除有上下文暗示以外，一般用时间状语来表示。例如：
(1)-What was he doing when the UFO arrived ?
-He was sleeping late when it arrive .
(2)Many people remember what they were doing on April 4 ,1968 .
2、以work为例，过去进行时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式以及简略答语如下：
肯定式
否定式
I/He/She/It was working .
We/You/They were working .
I/He/She/It was not working .
We/You/They were not working .
疑问式和简略答语
Was I working ?
Yes ,you were .
No ,you weren’t .
Were you working ?
Yes ,I was .
No ,I wasn’t .
Was he/she/it working ?
Yes ,he/she/it was .
No ,he/she/it wasn’t .
Were we/you/they working ?
Yes ,you/we/they were .
No ,you/we/they weren’t .

六、现在完成进行时(The Present Progressive Tense)
1、现在完成进行时由“have(has) been + 动词-ing”构成，表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。现在完成进行时有时也用来表示经常反复的动作。例如：
(1) I have been sitting here for an hour .
我在这儿坐了一小时了。（我一小时以前在这儿坐下，现在还坐在这儿。）
(2)The children have been watching TV since six o’clock .
孩子们从六点起一直在看电视。（孩子们六点开始看电视，现在还在看）
(3)I’ve been doing morning exercises for years .
几年来，我一直做早操。（几年前我开始做早操，现在还在坚持做）
2、以work为例，现在完成进行时的肯定式、否定式、疑问式和简略答语如下：
肯定式
否定式
I/We/You/They have been working .
He/She/It has been working .
I/We/You/They have not been working .
He/She/It has not been working .
疑问式和简略答语
Have I been working ?
Yes ,you have .
No ,you haven’t .
Have we/you/they/been working ?
Yes ,you/we/they have .
No ,you/we/they haven’t .
Has he/she/it been working ?
Yes ,he/she/it has .
No ,he/she/it hasn’t .

七、现在完成时(The Present Tense)
1、现在完成时的用法：
(1)表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成；如：
I have just finished my homework .
(2)表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态；如：
He has lived here since 1998 .
(3)表示过去已经发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。如：
I have already posted the photos .
2、现在完成时由“助动词have(has) + 过去分词”构成。下面以动词work为
例，将现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式以及简略答语列表如下：
肯定式
否定式
I/You have worked .
He/She/It has worked .
We/You/They have worked .
I/You have not worked .
He/She/It has not worked .
We/You/They have not worked .
疑问式和简略答语
Have I/you worked ?
Has he/she/it worked ?
Have we/you/they worked ?
Yes ,you/I have .
Yes ,he/she/it have .
Yes ,you/we/they have .
No ,you/I have not .
NO ,he/she/it has not .
No ,you/we/they have not .

3、现在完成时中常出现的标志性词语有：already ,never ,ever ,just ,before,
yet等，或者是由for ,since引起的短语或从句。
4、(1)have been to + 地点 ；表示曾经去过某地，现在已经回来了。
We have been to Shanghai .我们去过上海。（现在不在上海）
(2)have gone to + 地点 ；表示到某地去了，现在还没回来，可能在那里或在
去的途中，反正不在这里。
They have gone to Sydney .他们去悉尼了。（现在在悉尼或在途中）
5、非延续性动词变为延续性动词的方法：
非延续性动词
延续性动词
例句
come/go
be at/in
I came here two days ago .
I have been here for two days .
arrive/reach
be
He arrived here yesterday .
He has been here for two days .
begin
be on
The film began five minutes ago .
The film has been on for five minutes .
borrow
keep
He borrowed the book last Sunday .
He has kept the book since last Sunday .
buy
have
My brother bought this book yesterday .
My brother has had this book for two days .
close
be closed
The shop closed last week .
The shop has been closed for two weeks .
die
be dead
His grandpa died in 1999 .
His grandpa has been dead for 18 years .
get up
be up
He got up two hours ago .
He has been up for two hours .
join
be(in)
His brother joined the amy in 2003 .
His brother has been in the amy since 2003 .
leave
be away from
His father left home last month .
His father has been away from home for two months .
lose
not have
I lost my pen three days ago .
I haven’t had my pen for three days .
open
be open
The shop opened last month .
The shop has been open for two months .
put on
wear
I put on my glasses in 1998 .
I have worn my glasses for 19 years .

八、过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)
1、过去完成时由“助动词had（用于各种人称和数）+ 过去分词”构成。
2、过去完成时的用法：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by ,before等构成的短语，也可用when ,before 等引导的从句或者通过上
下文表示。例如：
(1) When I got to school ,Amy had finished her homework .
(2) I realized I had left my backpack at home .
(3) By the time I got outside ,the bus had already left .
(4) By the time I was five ,I had started learning English .

九、过去将来时(The Past Future Tense)
1、过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用在宾语从句中，和主句过去时态相呼应。
2、过去将来时的构成：(1) would/should +动词原形
(2) was/were going to +动词原形
不规则动词分类表
1、AAA 型（现在式、过去式和过去分词同形）
现在式
过去式
过去分词
cut ; hit ; let ; put ; read ;hurt
2、AAB 型（现在式和过去式同形）
beat
beat
beaten
3、ABA 型（现在式和过去分词同形）
become
became
become
come
came
come
run
ran
run
4、ABB 型（过去式和过去分词同形）
（1）在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t构成过去式或过去分词。
burn
burnt
burnt
hear
heard
heard
learn
learnt
learnt
mean
meant
meant
（2）把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母d改成t构成过去式或过去分词。
build
built
built
lend
lent
lent
lose
lost
lost
send
sent
sent
spend
spent
spent
（3）其他。
feel
felt
felt
smell
smelt
smelt
keep
kept
kept
sleep
slept
slept
sweep
swept
swept
leave
left
left
meet
met
met
get
got
got
win
won
won
hang
hung
hung
sit
sat
sat
hold
held
held
bring
brought
brought
buy
bought
bought
catch
caught
caught
teach
taught
taught
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
sell
sold
sold
pay
paid
paid
say
said
said
stand
stood
stood
understand
understood
understood
have
had
had
make
made
made
5、ABC 型（现在式、过去式和过去分词都不相同）
（1）在动词原形后加-n或-en构成过去分词。
eat
ate
eaten
see
saw
seen
fall
fell
fallen
give
gave
given
drive
drove
driven
rise
rose
risen
ride
rode
ridden
write
wrote
written
mistake
mistook
mistaken
take
took
taken
grow
grew
grown
know
knew
known
throw
threw
thrown
draw
drew
drawn
show
showed
shown
（2）过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。
break
broke
broken
speak
spoke
spoken
wake
woke
woken
choose
chose
chosen
forget
forgot
forgotten(forgot)
（4）变单词在重读音节中的元音字母i分别为a（过去式）和u（过去分词）。
begin
began
begun
swim
swam
swum
drink
drank
drunk
ring
rang
rung
sing
sang
sung
（4）其他不规则动词的变化。
be(am ,is)
was
been
be(are)
were
been
do
did
done
go
went
gone
lie
lay
lain
fly
flew
flown
wear
wore
worn

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