笑傲总结——GRE作文argument.pdf

1、文章开头 In this analysis the arguer attempts to convince us that it is a wise move(明智之举)for sb to do sth.To substantiate the claim,evidences are presented thatand thatAnother piece of testimony rendered to demonstrate the argument is thatThe argument is also based on the assumption thatAt the first glance,the argument above appears to be appealing and persuasive as a consequence of stating a relatively sound case for the necessity to do sth for the sake of doing sth.Nevertheless,elaborative scrutiny(精心研究)and meticulous deliberation(深思熟虑)of this argument would reveal that it suffers from a certain number of pestilent(致 命 的)fallacies and therefore is unconvincing.The following are the most pivotal ones.2、文章主体 错误类比问题：In the first place,the argument is based on an oversimplified analogy in which the arguer seems to fail to take into account that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction（类比推论）.As a matter of fact,there exist fundamental distinctions between them.For instance/As an illustration It is entirely possible that the same course of action(做法)will make no sense to A,so much so that(甚至)it will exert detrimental impacts due to a myriad of(大量的)distinctions such as environmental,geological（地质的）,dietary（饮食的）,genetic disparity(不同)in life styles,life attitudes,moral ethics of residents.Therefore,even though the approach proved efficacious(有效的)and profitable in A,there is no guarantee that it will work just as well in B.(It is entirely possible that the same position wont take place in A due to a myriad of distinctions such as environmental,geological（地质的）,dietary（饮食的）,genetic disparity(不同)in life styles,life attitudes,moral ethics of residents.)错误假设问题：In the first place,the argument is based on an oversimplified assumption in which the arguer seems to fail to take into account that（In the first place,the arguer seems to fail to take into account the crucial proposition(前提)that）Granted thatit doesnt necessarily mean thatIt is highly possible that Furthermore,the arguer furnishes no testimony that 因果关系问题：Furthermore,the arguer assumes that A is the only reason why B groundlessly(毫无根据地)and indiscreetly(轻率地).The arguer furnishes no evident testimony to demonstrate this,nor does he establish a cause-and-effect relationship between them.There is no denying the fact that a multitude of other factors might contribute to B.For instance,it is highly possible that Moreover,it is also likely B just resulted from _.Without taking into account as well as ruling out(排除)these and other possible factors,it is presumptuous(冒失的)to arrive at the conclusion that A was responsible for B.部分不能说明整体问题：Moreover,the evidence presented by the arguer is insufficient to bolster up the conclusion drawn from it.Based on a specific example that it is logically lame(无说服力的)to arrive at a definite conclusion in all cases.As a matter of fact,in face of such limited evidence,it is fallacious（谬误的）to draw any conclusion at all.Unless it can be shown that A is representative of all,the assertion that is completely unwarranted（没有根据的）.整体不能说明部分问题：Furthermore,the arguer assumes that the characteristics of a group apply to every member of that group.The conclusion that_ is based on the assumption that_ However,there is no guarantee that this is the case,nor does the arguer render any convincing evidence to substantiate this assumption.Lacking such essential evidences the arguer will not be in a position（能够）to draw any firm conclusion.过去不能推知现在和将来问题：It is assumed without justification that background conditions（背景条件）have remained the same during disparate（不同的）periods.Nonetheless,the arguer overtly(明显地)neglects that evidence of the past has little worthiness for future construction.It is highly possible that a multitude of pivotal factors such as state policy,economic condition,cultural environment,academic atmosphere,teacher resource，teaching facility,life standard and the like have changed dramatically during the recent years.Any of these scenarios(情景),if true,would serve to undermine the claim that 急于概括，得出结论过早，考虑不周到问题：Furthermore,the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.Even if_,it does not necessarily follow that_.It is highly possible that other factors may have contributed to For instance Moreover,the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning_ Unless_,which is unknown from this argument,there is no guarantee that_ Without taking into account as well as ruling out these and other possible factors that give rise to,the arguer will not be in a position to arrive at the absolute conclusion that 解决方法的唯一性问题：The arguers recommendation is based on the assumption that no alternative approaches to do sth are available.Nevertheless,the arguer seems to fail to offer tenable evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption.It is highly possible that means other than this would be more efficacious to dispose of the puzzle.For instanceWithout taking into account as well as ruling out these and other possible solutions that may play a significant part in,the arguer will not be in a position to arrive at the absolute conclusion that 调查数据的有效性问题：Last but not least,the arguer cites the result of a recent survey thatwithout furnishing sufficient assurances to attest that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable.数量 Lacking information about the number ofsurveyed and the number of respondents,it is impossible to assess the validity（有效性）of the results.For instance,In the event that a substantial number of people were surveyed but only a small portion responded,the conclusion thatwould be highly suspected.时间太短 A six-month period is so short a time frame（时间范围）that we are not capable of acquiring valid and valuable data and information.More time is required in order to make the investigation in depth as well as in an all-round manner.代表性 Another momentous aspect that shouldnt be ignored is the representativeness and the randomness of the surveys sample.A series of questions that are pivotal to the results are as follows.Were the respondents statistically representative of the overall population in that district?Were they chosen randomly or in subjectivity（主观性）for the survey?Did the investigation method have a scientific nature(有 科 学 性)？Lacking such essential evidences,the arguer is not capable of taking advantage of the survey to draw any firm conclusion.盈利问题 Even if,it wont necessarily make a substantial profit（be economically feasible(经济上合算)）.The argument provides no information about the costs involved in manufacture（制造），process（加工），distribution（分配），transportation（运输），management（管理）and so forth.The consumers might be insufficient in number to ensure a profit for the company.And it is equally possible that there are a myriad of formidable（强大的）competitors in the area.In short,without more information about supply（供应）,demand（需求）,investment（投资），production cost（生产成本）,maintenance charge（维护费用）and market quality（市场质量）,it is unrealistic to determine whether the company will earn a profit by adopting such measures.3、文章结尾 To put all in a nutshell,this argument has a series of patent（明显的）flaws which render（致使）it logically unpersuasive as it stands(按照目前状况).For the sake of fortifying（加强）the argument,further investigation and analysis are of the essence(极其重要的).In order to make me under the impression that the course of action（做法）has feasibility（可行性）,the arguer feels obliged to furnish（提供）tenable（站的住脚的）evidences to attest that Furthermore,to better evaluate the claim we require to make sure that the survey was conducted in depth as well as in an all-round manner.Only in this way can we look forward to drawing a more authentic(可信的)and veracious（准确的）conclusion.Argument 题目单词 名词 备忘录 memorandum=memo 私屋房主 homeowner 律师事务所 law firm 激励 incentive 房地产 real estate 讨论区 discussion site 关节炎 arthritis 奶牛 dairy 垃圾 garbage 剥夺 deprivation 摄取量 intake 胆固醇 cholesterol 垃圾 trash 电动自行车 moped 出租 rental 装配车间 assembly plant 愚蠢 folly 商品 merchandise 目录 catalog 壶 pot 遗迹 site 骨折 bone fracture 骨质疏松症 osteoporosis 附近 vicinity 花费 expenditure 陨星 meteorite 恢复 recuperation 学徒身份 apprenticeship 卫生 hygiene 常规 routine 薄荷 mint 牙线 gloss 牙床 gum 车道 lane 模子 mold 溃疡 ulcer 比率 ratio 蝌蚪 tadpole 抑郁症 depression 药物治疗 medication 零工 chore 地形 terrain 地层 level 过敏症 allergy 皮炎 rash 发生率 incidence 存在 presence 水龙头 fountain 刺激 irritant 皮屑 dander 体育馆 gymnasium 陶器 pottery 海报 poster 药店 pharmacy 中风 stroke 探针 probe 血小板 plaque 营养学家 dietician 建筑 construction 冲浪 whirlpool 浴缸 tub 工厂 plant 选择 chose 中心 hub 弯道 curve 视野 visibility 病毒 virus 检修 upkeep 码头 dock 广场 plaza 避难所 sanctuary 裁员 downsizing 讨论会 seminar 全体人员 crew 大使 ambassador 酶 enzyme 大豆 soy 眩晕 dizziness 恶心 nausea 嗜睡 drowsiness 失眠 insomnia 薰衣草 lavender 骨质 bone mass 骨折 bone fracture 臀部 hip 牡蛎 oyster 谷类 cereal 校友 alumni 人造黄油 margarine 树脂 resin 松树 pine 扩散 proliferation 管理员 supervisor 小费 gratuity 宣传 publicity 强度 intensity 破坏行为 vandalism 巡逻 patrol 隔离 insulation 解雇补偿金 severance package 存货 inventory 蓄水池 reservoir 定量供给 rationing 好处 bonus 美食家 gourmet 配件 accessory 提及 reference 市场 plaza 停顿 stoppage 改造 renewal 地穴 pothole 营业税 corporate tax 刺激物 inducement 顾问 counselor 宵禁 curfew 违法犯罪 delinquency 形容词 副的 vice 制药的 pharmaceutical 市长的 mayoral 呼吸的 respiratory 手持型 handheld 绝对的 sheer 邮寄的 mail-order 陶器的 ceramic 史前的 prehistoric 编制的 woven 灰色的 grizzly 油腻的 greasy 临床的 clinical 前额的 prefrontal 完全的 outright 空前的 unprecedented 最佳的 optimal 超声的 ultrasound 热烈的 strenuous 臭名昭著的 notorious 感染性的 contagious 精力充沛的 vigorous 不满意的 disgruntled 慢性的 chronic 强制性的 mandatory 苦恼的 distressed 麻醉的 anesthetic 壮观的 spectacular 繁忙的 hectic 动词 翻三倍 triple 期满 expire 充满 abound 培养 rear 怀孕 conceive 犯罪 perpetrate 数目超过 outnumber 挖掘 excavate 引起 trigger 决定 dictate 提供 feature 检测 screen 合成 synthesize 建造 erect 偿还 reimburse 发起 sponsor 保证 pledge 打鼾 snore 呼吸暂停 apnea 补充 replenish 对应 parallel 表明 warrant 事与愿违 backfire 做成表 tabulate 重新繁荣 revitalize 损伤 deface 聚集 congregate 刺穿 puncture 通知 notify 破裂 crack 损毁 mar 迁移 relocate 闲荡 loiter 虚度 idle 证明 substantiate=testify=attest=demonstrate 支持 bolster up=support 提供 furnish=render=provide=offer 提出 present=state=propose=put forward 证据 testimony=evidence=proof=justification 争论 argument=claim=controversy 断言 assertion=affirmation 体能 physical capability 创新，创造，技术技能，商业判断 innovation，creativity，technical skills，business judgment 毫无根据的 groundless=unwarranted=unfounded=without foundation 拥有主要的市场股份 hold the major share of the markets 表面上 on the surface 句型 Even assuming that 很/完全/同样有可能的是 It is highly/entirely/equally possible that The mere fact thatis inefficient evidence to arrive at the conclusion that The argument simply equates sth with sth,which is unwarranted.Common sense brings home to us that While this may be true in some cases,it is equally possible that 这种假设提出了错误的矛盾，因为这两种媒体互相之间没有必然的排他的替代性。This assumption presents a false dilemma,since the two media are not necessarily mutually exclusively alternatives.The arguer is presenting a false dilemma by imposing an either-or choice between two courses of action that need not be mutually exclusively.In any event,the advertisement provides no justification for the mutually exclusively choice that it imposes on the writer.The major problem with the argument is that the stated similarities between Company A and B are insufficient to bolster up the conclusion that Company A will suffer a fate similar to Company Bs.Lacking more specific information concerning how these other employees responded,it is impossible to assess(评定)the reliability(可靠性)of the surveys results or to make an informed recommendation.It is unlikely that the brief one-week periods under comparison are representative of longer time periods.Nevertheless,this is not necessarily the case.Those who pursue for fashions always feel that they are behind the fashions.Reputation is easy to destroy but hard to regain.Argument 考点 1、过去不能推知现在和将来；盈利 2、错误类比；过去不能推知现在和将来 3、过去不能推知现在和将来；调查 4、过去不能推知现在和将来；急于概括 5、错误假设；盈利 6、错误假设；盈利 7、错误假设；错误假设 8、过去不能推知现在和将来；部分不能说明整体 9、错误类比；因果关系 10、错误假设；急于概括 11、过去不能推知现在和将来；调查 12、错误类比；因果关系 13、错误假设；盈利 14、调查；盈利 15、调查；盈利 16、错误类比；调查 17、错误假设、调查 18、错误类比、因果关系 19、部分不能说明整体；因果关系 20、错误类比；因果关系 21、错误假设；盈利 22、错误假设；盈利 23、调查、盈利 24、错误假设、盈利 25、错误类比；错误假设 26、错误类比；错误假设 27、错误假设、因果关系 28、调查；因果关系 29、错误类比；错误假设 30、因果关系；急于概括 31、错误假设；错误假设 32、错误假设；因果关系 33、错误假设：不同坛子旁的骨头都属于童年时居住在同一个地方的人 错误假设：即使不同坛子旁的骨头都属于童年时居住在同一个地方的人，也不能保证骨头是因为移民而出现在不同地方的。（狩猎、贸易、远行）34、错误假设；调查 35、错误假设；调查 36、过去不能推知现在和将来；因果关系 37、过去不能推知现在和将来；错误假设 38、错误类比；错误假设 39、错误类比；因果关系 40、调查；盈利 41、错误类比；盈利 42、错误类比；盈利 43、错误类比；调查 44、错误假设；盈利 45、因果关系；整体不能说明部分 46、错误假设：民族的语言和传说中两种不同名称不同特征的熊中有一个是 G 错误假设：十九世纪的探险者的判断是真实的。47、错误假设、因果关系 48、错误假设；因果关系 49、错误假设；调查 50、错误假设：在地球达到目前体积，重力足够留住气体和水蒸汽后，有彗星撞击过地球 因果关系：海水起源于彗星撞击（元素化学变:chemical transformations of disparate elements）51、错误类比；错误假设 52、过去不能代推知在和将来；错误假设 53、因果关系；调查 54、因果关系；盈利 55、错误类比；调查 56、错误假设；急于概括 57、错误类比；调查 58、错误假设：石头不是 14 世纪的（可能石头产生于 14 世纪，埋葬于 100 年前；可能 S 人之后带石头到 W；可能 W 人 14 世纪把石头从 S 带回来）错误假设：石头是这群人的玩笑 59、因果关系；急于概括 60、因果关系；调查 61、错误假设；急于概括 62、急于概括；调查 63、因果关系；错误假设 64、因果关系；调查 65、部分不能说明整体；调查 66、过去不能推知现在和将来；急于概括 67、错误类比；急于概括 68、错误假设；急于概括 69、因果关系；部分不能说明整体 70、错误假设；调查 71、错误假设：新技术会被广泛应用 错误假设：新技术比老技术用电少（可能铜矿中铜含量低；）72、错误假设；调查 73、过去不能推知现在和将来；盈利 74、错误假设；错误假设 75、错误假设；因果关系 76、因果关系；调查 77、错误假设；因果关系 78、错误假设；因果关系 79、因果关系；调查 80、部分不能说明整体；因果关系 81、因果关系；调查 82、错误假设、盈利 83、急于概括；盈利 84、错误假设；盈利 85、错误类比；因果关系 86、错误假设；盈利 87、错误假设；盈利 88、因果关系；过去不能推知现在和将来 89、错误类比；错误假设 90、错误假设：生活方式改变能减少中风 因果关系：中风减少导致医疗费用下降（预防中风；其它病症）91、错误假设：吃维生素 N 和纤维素能提高人的耐力（可能分别吃维生素 N 和纤维素不能提高人的耐力；可能不是所有的维生素 N 和纤维素都能提高人的耐力）因果关系：吃坚果导致运动员提高耐力（本身耐力就好）92、错误类比；因果关系 93、过去不能推知现在和将来；错误类比 94、错误类比；调查 95、错误假设；调查 96、因果关系；调查 97、错误类比；调查 98、错误假设；因果关系 99、错误类比、错误假设 100、过去不能推知现在和将来；急于概括 101、调查；盈利 102、错误类比；调查 103、错误假设；因果关系 104、错误假设；急于概括 105、因果关系；调查 106、因果关系；急于概括 107、错误假设；过去不能推知现在和将来 108、错误类比；解决方法的唯一性问题 109、错误类比、过去不能推知现在和将来 110、错误类比；因果关系 111、部分不能说明整体；调查 112、错误假设；因果关系 113、错误假设；调查 114、因果关系；调查 115、部分不能说明整体；调查 116、错误类比；盈利 117、调查；盈利 118、错误假设；急于概括 119、错误假设；错误类比 120、错误类比；调查 121、部分不能说明整体；急于概括 122、因果关系；过去不能推知现在和将来 123、因果关系；调查 124、错误假设；错误类比 125、错误类比；错误假设 126、急于概括；调查 127、错误假设；盈利 128、错误假设；错误假设 129、错误假设；调查 130、错误假设；盈利 131、错误假设；错误类比 132、错误类比；调查 133、错误类比；错误假设 134、过去不能推知现在和将来；错误假设 135、错误假设、因果关系 136、过去不能推知现在和将来；因果关系 137、错误假设；调查 138、错误假设：目前公交车够用 错误假设：学生不喜欢公交车（活动针对的是有骑车的学生）139、错误假设；调查 140、过去不能推知现在和将来；错误假设 141、错误假设；急于概括 142、因果关系；调查 143、过去不能推知现在和将来；调查 144、过去不能推知现在和将来；错误假设 145、错误假设；调查 146、错误假设；因果关系 147、错误假设；盈利 148、错误假设；调查 149、错误类比；盈利 150、部分不能说明整体；因果关系 151、错误类比；急于概括 152、错误类比；错误假设 153、错误假设；调查 154、错误类比；调查 155、错误假设；盈利 156、因果关系；调查 157、错误假设；盈利 158、错误假设；调查 159、因果关系；调查 160、错误类比；错误假设 161、错误假设；调查 162、错误类比；因果关系 163、解决方法唯一性问题；盈利 164、错误假设；盈利 165、错误假设；调查 166、错误假设；错误假设 167、因果关系；调查 168、因果关系；调查 169、错误假设；调查 170、错误假设；盈利 171、错误类比；盈利 172、错误假设；错误假设 173、因果关系；错误类比 174、错误假设；调查 175、解决方法唯一性问题；因果关系 176、因果关系；调查 177、错误假设；错误类比 178、错误假设；盈利 179、错误假设；部分不能代表整体 180、错误类比；部分不能说明整体 181、错误假设；调查 182、错误假设；错误类比 183、错误假设；调查 184、过去不能推知现在和将来；错误假设 185、错误假设；盈利 186、错误假设；调查 187、错误类比；因果关系 188、急于概括；调查 189、错误假设；错误假设 190、因果关系；错误假设 191、错误假设；错误类比 192、错误假设；错误类比 193、错误类比；调查 194、急于概括；调查 195、因果关系；解决方法唯一性问题 196、错误假设；调查 197、错误假设；错误假设 198、错误假设：本身是作家的翻译家能翻译好（翻译家无法理解原著的真谛；翻译家不习惯用第二语言）错