七年级英语寒假专题——阅读练习：如何提高英语阅读能力人教版.doc

七年级英语寒假专题——阅读练习：如何提高英语阅读能力人教版
【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容：
寒假专题——阅读训练：如何提高英语阅读能力

［学习过程］
一、阅读重要吗？
阅读能力是英语考试中重点考查的英语语言运用能力。以中、高考英语试题为例，阅读理解题在试题中所占的比重最大，同时听力、完形填空、书面表达、单项填空等题型的答题效果也直接或间接地依赖于阅读能力。如完形填空，也叫缺词阅读，如果学生不能读懂短文的大意，就无法正确地填上所缺的单词。因此，提高英语阅读能力在英语学习中常起着至关重要的作用。
尽管中学英语教学历来重视培养学生的阅读能力，但由于传统的英语课堂教学过多地承担了词汇、语法等语言基础知识的教学任务，英语教师常把大量的时间、精力用于知识点的传授、复习、掌握和操练上，专门的阅读训练，尤其是以语篇能力、思维能力和阅读技巧为核心的阅读能力训练不足，导致学生的阅读能力并没有得到实质性的提高。其外在的表现是，学生参加英语考试时经常在阅读理解和完形填空等题中失分过多。
从提高英语阅读能力的途径看，学生的阅读训练与学习主要有两类：一类以开阔视野、欣赏鉴析为主；另一类是以阅读策略为主要目的的专项训练。仅从应试的角度看，与前者相比，后者更能够使学生在较短的学习时间内大幅度提高英语阅读能力，从而在英语测试中取得理想的成绩。阅读策略的内容主要包括阅读技巧、语篇能力和思维能力。
从全国各地中考英语试题的设计去分析，涉及阅读技巧和语篇能力方面的考点主要有：理解主旨大意与细节、根据上下文线索猜测生词词义、识别具体事实和抽象概念、把握全篇的结构与逻辑关系、理解文章的字面意思与深层含义、理解图表信息等。这方面的训练必须通过学生独立自主的阅读和有针对性的解题实践，才能使他们养成良好的阅读习惯，提高阅读理解能力。
随着近年来中高考英语试题难度和阅读量的不断增加，思维能力的局限越来越成为阻碍学生提高英语考试成绩的一大障碍。如近年来完形填空题的考核已经不再以语法知识为主，而是重点考查学生对文章意思的理解，即所要填写的词只能从一定的语境中找出。这就要求学生学会根据上下文的逻辑关系进行仔细的分析与判断。而阅读理解题更是越来越多地检测学生对文章的隐含意义、逻辑结构等的理解和对主旨大意的概括，例如推断作者的写作态度和意图、猜测生词的词义、确立文章的主题等，这些问题的答案多数隐藏在文章的脉络之中，学生通常无法直接从字面意思中获得，必须开动脑筋、激活思维。因此，要想在英语考试中取得高分，学生必须学会灵活运用分析、综合、归纳、判断、推理等思维方法

二、读什么？
英语语言的能力包括听、说、读、写、译的能力，而对大多数学生来说，学英语将来主要的目的是看懂英语，获取最新的信息，用于我们的工作与研究，提高效率，以作出更大的贡献。因而，在各类英语考试中，英语阅读测试越来越受到重视，难度也逐年提高。
据统计，把以前的中学六年的英语教科书的课文内容全部相加总量不过是一张日报一面的量，这些语言量不管怎么读，也是不可能掌握一门语言的，所以现在新的英语教学大纲要求初中毕业生的英语阅读量为30万单词，高中毕业的量为60万单词，从教学措施上保证学生必须达到这个阅读量的标准，因为我们在学校读的英语课本实质上仅仅是精读，因此我们要补充的应是泛渎，读什么呢？
　　（一）、选一本你感兴趣，且翻最初几页你不查词典也能看懂的英语书，开始可选一些简易或缩写的读物，然后可选一些原著。
　　（二）、订一份英语报纸，报纸的词汇量很大，涉及各个方面，对扩大词汇量，获取信息很有帮助。
（三）、选一本与你教科书程度相近或略难的带有英语练习的英语书。这类书的特点是书中的文章都是短小有趣，可读性很强，因为文章后设置了理解性的练习，读者可读了文章后做这些练习，以检查是否看懂了，看懂多少。
（四）、读所有是英语的东西。如：我们在看报纸时常看到外资公司用英语写的招聘广告，在吃时包装上的英语说明、走进宾馆时所见到的英语告示……，实际上英语已渗透到我们生活的每个角落，要是你有心的话，你可随时学习。

三、怎么读？
　1、扫读(skimming) 即通过对文章标题和首尾句的阅读，对文章的内容结构有一个整体的印象，让学生在短时间内了解作者的意图或文章所要涉及的问题。
2、跳读(scanning) 为获得特定的信息而进行的符号辨认的过程，让学生很快能抓住中心句，并能对生词作出猜测，以提高学生自学新单词的能力。
3、细读(close-reading) 指学生在对全文有个整体印象的前提下所进行的深入细致的阅读，要求了解各段落的主要意思和文章的细节，并在此基础上提出新的问题或观点，发展学生的思维能力。
当然，不同的阅读方式应有不同的时间限制和阅读速度，并要求学生在规定时间内完成一定的阅读任务，但教师最终的任务是除了能让学生巩固和表达阅读内容外，更主要的是要让学生利用已有的知识，完成一定的交际任务，或表达出自己的个人观点。
快速阅读文章如同看树林一样，人站在树林前不能把眼睛光看着一棵树，甚至只盯着树上的叶子，一张一张地看，看到最后，还是一张一张叶子，叶子固然要看，但整棵树也要看，整片森林更要看，我们必须迅速把视野扩大，这样才能对森林全貌有所了解。读文章也是如此，如何才能加强对阅读文章的理解呢？那就是在阅读文章材料时要学会快速阅读。快速阅读时综合运用阅读技巧，在快速阅读时通过逻辑思维，获取尽可能多的信息。在整个快速阅读过程中，要高度集中思想，让大脑处于高度兴奋状态中。如果念得很慢，一词一词地读，往往念完全文，很茫然，词都认识，就是不知道文章讲什么。所以现在的英语测试都有一个阅读速度的要求。
　　整体理解 我们常有这样的情况：句子都能看懂，但读完文章印象却不深，这就牵涉到对文章框架结构的整体理解。如何学会对文章的整体理解呢？首先，要重视文章的题目和文章的首句。因为文章的题目就是文章的主题，文章的内容就是环绕主题展开。首句很关键是因为首句是文章的导入，点明作者写文章的意图、背景等。接着的每一段的第一句也很重要，因为每段的第一句实际上多半是每段的主题句，然后进行陈述或论述，逐步展开，给予例证，最后把该段内容用一句话来小结，所以每段的最后一个句子常常是该段的结论句，而整篇文章的最后一句就往往是这篇文章的结论或作者写这篇文章的用意所在。所以我们在阅读文章时要养成这样一个习惯：见了文章的题目，要停顿一下，想一想，如果让你写这篇文章将如何写，或猜一猜，这篇文章大概写什么，然后你会饶有兴趣地读下去。接着在往下阅读时特别注意每段的第一句与最后一句，并用心记往，在读完全文时清晰地将全文的主要内容像看电影似的一幅一幅地印在脑中，记忆很深既把握住了全文的主要内容、论点、论据，又学会了作者的逻辑推理的方法技巧及整篇文章的框架结构，而这是写文章最重要的，也就是文章的构思。
　　积累词语要提高阅读水平，词汇量与短语量非常重要，打个譬方：造房子要砖瓦材料，词汇就是阅读英语的砖瓦材料，没有相当量的英语词汇，阅读英语是无法进行的。所以要提高阅读水平，我们就得学会积累词语。我们不妨这么做：在通读全文后看第二遍，遇到生词尽可能根据上下文来猜，仍猜不出意思的，就把这些生字查好词典，然后抄写在一本可随身携带的小本子上。每天有空时，就拿出这小本子背诵记忆，这样做不费时，效果却很好，因不时接触，反复记忆，词汇量增加得很快。

四、如何提高阅读速度？
做英语阅读，就我自己的切身体会而言，最重要的一点就是要提高自己的阅读速度，阅读的速度越快，从整体上把握一篇文章的脉络的能力就越强。以下我将根据自己的经验，列出几点提高阅读速度的方法。
1、多背单词。词汇量的大小是进行阅读的基石，很难想象没有词汇量如何能完成阅读任务，更不要谈速度了。如果我们积累了足够多的词汇量，看一篇文章的时候碰不到几个生词，可想而知，速度的提高是难以避免的，因为你在陌生单词上停留的时间越少，对整个句子，乃至文段，就更能把握好。
2、注意力高度集中。看一篇文章的时候，要撇开其他的私心杂念，做到心无旁骛，也就是说要把自己思想融入自己在看的文章之中。提高自己的注意力不是说出来的，而是练出来的，一定要在平时自己做阅读练习的时候严格要求自己。看一篇文章的时候要做到一口气看完，不要断断续续，更不要养成边看边默念的习惯。
3、用英语的方式思维。看英语文章的时候，有些同学要把看到的东西先暗暗转译成中文才能理解，这说明他们的阅读能力还没有产生质的飞跃。避免这种思维方式的途径只有一个，那就是提高自己的英语综合能力。
4、试着连句或是一目几行。看一篇文章的时候，注意不要逐字逐字地看，或是一句句的看，要把两个或三个句子连起来，一气呵成，把它们看完，形成这种能力的关键，就是要加宽自己阅读时的视幅，这个能力的形成要下很大的苦功，送大家一句话吧：勤与不畏难是关键。
5、进行大量的阅读。这是最后一点也是最重要的一点。我的阅读速度的提高在根本上是个潜移默化的过程，也就是通过大量的阅读英语文章、书籍，使自己的阅读速度乃至阅读能力有了一个质的提高。可以说我的阅读速度的提高过程是不知不觉的。举个例子，我一度连续半年保持每天8-10篇英文散文或文论的阅读量，这样坚持下来，阅读的速度就上来了。
总之，提高阅读速度，没有捷径，要看大家的毅力有多强，勤奋度有多大。半年之内通过自己持之以恒的努力是可以使自己的阅读速度有个质的提高的。
通过自己的努力获得的飞快的阅读速度，会使自己在英语阅读时得到巨大的享受，希望大家也能达到这一步，共同享受阅读的快乐。

【模拟试题】
（一）At the Barber's Shop(理发店)
Jack went to a barber's shop and had his hair cut, but when he came out, he was not happy with the result(结果). When his friend Bob saw him, he laughed and said, “What has happened to your hair, Jack?” Jack said, “I tried a new barber's shop today, because I wasn't quite satisfied with my old one, but this one seems even worse.” Bob agreed(同意). “Yes, I think you're right, Jack. Now I'll tell you what to do when you go into a barber's shop next time: look at all the barber's hair, find out whose hair looks worst, and then go straight to him.”
“Why shall I go to him?” Jack asked. “But that would be foolish!”
“Oh, no, it wouldn't,” answered Bob. “Who cut that man's hair? Just think it. He couldn't cut it himself, could he? Another of the barbers cut it. So you know he can't be the worst barber.”

1. When Jack went out of the barber's shop, he was not happy because ____.
A. nobody had cut his hair
B. the barber hadn't cut his hair well
C. the barber had cut his hair carefully
D. he was not satisfied with his old barber
2. “I tried a new barber's shop today.” means ____.
A. this barber's shop was a new one
B. this was the only barber's shop in this town
C. Jack often went to this barber's shop
D. Jack had not been to this barber's shop before
3. After Jack had his hair cut, he thought ____.
A. the new barber's shop was the best one
B. the old barber's shop wasn't so good as the new one
C. the new barber's shop was worse than the old one
D. the old barber's shop was the worst one
4. Bob told Jack to find out which barber's hair looked the worst and then go straight to him. Why?
A. Because he was certainly the best barber.
B. Because he was free all the time.
C. Because he was the worst barber.
D. Because he wasn't the worst barber.
5. From the story we know that ____.
A. it's foolish to have one's hair cut at a barber's shop
B. barbers cut each other's hair
C. barbers never have their hair cut
D. a barber always cuts his hair by himself

（二）
Mr Perkin's New Car
Mr Perkin stood at the bus-stop and watched the cars go by. Many of the cars were new Beta 400s, and most of them were yellow. Mr Perkin always wore the same clothes as other men, ate the same food as other people, and did the same things after work, and at the end of the week, Mr Perkin did not like to be different.
The following week, Mr Perkin bought a new, bright yellow Beta 400s. He was satisfied with it, and drove to work in it the very next day. He was even more satisfied with his new car, when he saw all the other Beta 400s, in front, behind, and on both sides of him.
Mr Perkin parked(停车) his car in a big car-park(停车场) near his office, and walked the rest of the way. But when he came back at five o'clock, there were so many bright yellow Beta 400s in the car-park that he did not know which car was his. He tried his key in some of the cars, but people passing by gave him a look he didn't like. So he stopped. Poor Mr Perkin had to wait nearly two hours until his was the only yellow Beta 400s in the car-park.

1. Mr Perkin wanted a new yellow Beta 400s because _________________________
A. the bus did not come.
B. he liked new clothes, food and cars.
C. he liked to do the same as other people.
D. he liked to be different from others.
2. He drove to work in his new car________________________
A. the very next day.
B. the day he bought it.
C. a week he bought in.
D. on the day he first watched the cars passing.
3. He was satisfied with his new car because________________________
A. no one else had a yellow one.
B. it was the same as other cars all around him.
C. he was in front of all the other cars.
D. other cars were not as bright as his.
4. At five o'clock Mr Perkin________________________
A. walked home.
B. drove his car out of the car-park.
C. came back to the car-park.
D. did not know which was his car-park.
5. People gave him a look because________________________
A. he had a nice new car.
B. he could not open the door of his car.
C. he was in the wrong car-park.
D. he was trying to open more than one car.
6. Mr Perkin had to wait until________________________
A. there was only one yellow Beta 400s in the car-park.
B. there was only one car in the car-park.
C. there were no bright yellow cars in the car-park.
D. there was no one about to look at him.

（三）
Once James Thornhill, a famous English painter, was asked to paint some pictures on the walls of the king's palace in English. Then workers were sent for and a big platform(平台) was made. With the help of a worker, Thornhill started painting on the platform. They worked for a whole year and at last the pictures were ready. Thornhill was happy when he looked at the pictures, for they were really beautiful. He looked at them for a long time, and then took one step back and looked again. Now the pictures were even more beautiful. He took another step, then another. Finally he was at the very edge(边缘) of the platform, but he did not know it because he was thinking of his pictures. The worker saw everything. “What should I do?” he thought. “Thornhill is at the very edge of the platform. If I cry out, he will take another step, fall off it and surely be killed.” So the worker quickly took some paint(颜料) and threw it at the picture. “What are you doing?” cried the painter, running quickly forward to his pictures.
1. What was Thornhill? He was an English ____.
A. writer B. king C. worker D. artist
2. What was he ordered to do? He was ordered to ____.
A. paint a picture for the king
B. paint some pictures on the walls of the king's palace
C. have his pictures painted in the king's palace
D. have his pictures painted on the walls
3. The story leads us to believe that________________________.
A. the worker had to pay for the picture
B. the painter could not forgave(原谅) the worker
C. the worker was really sorry for what he did
D. the painter thanked the worker for what he did when he got to know why

（四）
Your Passport(护照) Please!
Mr Hill arrives at London Airport, at the end of a three week holiday in France. Usually he wears a beard(留胡须). Since it has been hot there, he has taken it off(剃掉). But his passport photo shows him with his beard. An office looks at the photo for a moment, and says: “Will you excuse me? Please sit down. I shan't keep you long.” With this, he walks away, shows the photo to a second office, and says: “I know that face.” The second officer looks at the passport and asks where Mr Hill has come from. When he hears that Mr. Hill has arrived back from Paris, the second officer smiled and says: “An Englishman with a beard stole a painting in Paris on Friday, And that man looks just the kind of man ...”
Suddenly it comes to the first officer who Mr Hill is. He returns to him, and asks: “Did you teach at the No.2 High School?” When Mr Hill answers, in surprise, that he did, the first officer smiles and says: “I thought so. I'm Jack Smith. You taught me French. You haven't changed a bit.”

1. Mr Hill ____.
A. has just come back from the airport
B. is on his way to Paris
C. spent three weeks in Paris before he went to France
D. has been in France for three weeks
2. Mr Hill ____.
A. has a beard on his face but not in his photo
B. grew a beard while he was on holiday
C. has a beard in his photo but not on his face
D. took his beard off long before he went on holiday
3. The first officer is sure ____.
A. Mr Hill stole the painting
B. he has seen the face in the photo before
C. he knows the second officer's face
D. a man without a beard stole the painting
4. The second officer says that ____.
A. Mr Hill stole the painting
B. a man with a beard, from France, stole a painting in English
C. an Englishman took his beard off and stole a painting
D. a man with a beard, from England, stole a painting in Paris
5. Mr Hill taught ____.
A. Jack Smith French at the No. 2 High School
B. Jack Smith to be a first officer
C. at the No.2 High School, in France
D. French some years ago and his name was Smith, not Hill

（五）
A long time ago people thought that the sun went round the earth. In some countries people even said that the sun was a god(神). They thought the god drove across the sky each day on a golden horse. Now we know the earth goes round the sun. It takes the earth a year to go all way round the sun. Today men even know how far it is for the earth to go round the sun. They tell us that the earth travels over a thousand miles a minute on its journey round the sun. The sun is really a star. It is much bigger than the earth and it is very hot. Some people have been to the moon but we know that no one can ever go to the sun. It is far too hot for people to live anywhere near it. The sun is three hundred thousand times heavier than the earth and more than million times larger.

1. A long time ago, people said the sun was ____.
A. a golden horse of god B. a god on a golden horse
C. a god with golden dress D. a god and a golden horse
2. The earth travels over ____ miles an hour.
A. 1,000 B. 100,000 C. 6,000,000 D. 600,000
3. One year is ____
A. the time for the earth to turn round.
B. the time the earth travels one thousand miles.
C. one circle the earth goes round the sun.
D. the journey of the earth.

（六）
The Farmer, His Horse, and His son
Once there was an old farmer, with a horse which was almost as old as himself. He set out one morning with his son to sell the horse before it died. Father and son walked, because the farmer did not want the horse to be too tired. They met two men on the road who said, “Why are you walking, farmer? You have a horse, It's a long way to market(市场). “The farmer know that this was true, so he rode on the horse, while his son walked. Then they met two old women, “What are you doing up there, farmer? Can't you see how tired boy is?” So the farmer got down, and his son rode instead.
Next, three old men stopped them, one said, “Why are you walking, farmer? Get up, It's too hot for an old man like you to walk today,” So the farmer got up behind his son, and they rode on.
Some time later, a young woman passed them, “Why aren't you walking?” she asked, “It isn't far to the market. Give your poor horse a rest.” So the farmer, and his son, got down once again. It is a fact that you cannot please all the people all the time.

1. The farmer wanted to sell the horse ____.
A. before it was dead
B. before it become too tired
C. before it market was over
D. before it was as old as he was
2. The two men on the road ____.
A. asked how far it was to the market
B. said they thought the horse looked very tired
C. asked why the farmer was not riding on his horse
D. told the farmer's son to get off the horse and walk
3. The two old women said it was wrong for ____.
A. the farmer to ride such a tired horse
B. the farmer to ride while his young son walked
C. the boy to ride ins