第十四节：巴赫.docx_咨信网zixin.com.cn

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第七单元：宗教复调音乐的顶峰——巴赫一：巴赫的生平了解约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫（Johann Sebastian Bach，1685年3月21日－1750年7月28日），巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家，被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方近代音乐之父”，也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。巴赫出生于德国中部图林根州小城艾森纳赫的一个音乐世家，在有生之年是一位著名的宫廷乐长，在德国莱比锡圣多马教堂度过了最后27年的时间。巴赫把西欧不同民族的音乐风格融为一体。他集意大利、法国和德国传统音乐中的精华，曲尽其妙，珠联璧合，天衣无缝。巴赫自己在一生中并未享有盛名，而且在死后五十年中就已被世人遗忘。但是在近一个半世纪中他的名气却在不断地增长，一般认为他是西方音乐史中最伟大的两三位作曲家之一，而且有些人认为他是其中最伟大的作曲家。二：什么是复调音乐概念：复调音乐（polyphony music）【复调音乐】“主调音乐”的对称。多声部音乐的一种，旧称对位。它是以两个、三个或四个在艺术上有同等意义的各自独立的曲调，前后叠置起来，同时协调地进行为基础。在横的关系上，各声部的节奏、力度、强音、高潮、终止、起讫以及旋律线的起伏等，不尽相同而且各自有其独立性；在纵的关系上，各声部又彼此形成良好的和声关系。原指由几个声部构成的多声部音乐，相对于单声部音乐而言；后指按照对位法则结合在一起的多个旋律性声部的音乐，相对于主调音乐而言。复调音乐注重每个声部的旋律性，声部间形成对比或相互补充，没有主次之分。复调音乐最早产生于9世纪的西欧，奥尔加农为其最早形式发展至15世纪后半期～16世纪达到高峰，可谓其黄金时代，杰出代表为帕莱斯特里纳的无伴奏合唱；到18世纪，在复调音乐创作在结构、技法上趋于完善的情况下，J．S巴赫将器乐赋格曲形式发展至极，树立了器乐复调音乐技术的典范；进入18世纪后半叶，复调音乐的主导地位开始逐渐被主调音乐代替。重要的复调音乐体裁有经文歌、轮唱曲、复调弥撒曲、卡农、复调尚松、坎佐纳、赋格曲等。分类： ⑴用对比方法所写的复调音乐称“对位音乐”，简称“对位”，即对位式的复调音乐。如钢琴独奏曲《牧童短笛》； ⑵以模仿的方式为基础所写的复调音乐，通称“卡农”，即二部、三部、四部的轮唱或轮奏。如《黄河大合唱》中的四部轮唱曲《保卫黄河》；德国作曲家，管风琴大师帕赫贝尔（JohannPachelbel，1653-1706）脍炙人口的《D大调卡农》。 ⑶用衬托的方法所写的复调音乐，称“支声复调”或“衬腔式复调”。在民族民间音乐中，常用衬托、填充、呼应、加花等手法，使音乐更为丰富多彩。最著名的作品集是巴赫的《赋格的艺术》，这套作品可以称为赋格曲的圣经。我国的作品有侗族民歌《向阳花开朵朵红》，女声二重唱《遵义会议放光辉》等。三：宗教音乐的起源宗教音乐，又称圣乐。它既传达上帝给人们的启示，又表现信徒对上帝的崇敬、赞美、信靠和祈求。宗教音乐是欧洲艺术音乐的源头。在18世纪以前，欧洲音乐主要以教会音乐为主，而教会音乐则以圣咏为主。圣咏是指单声调，没有固定节拍的基督教歌曲，分东方圣咏和西方圣咏，前者例如亚美尼亚圣咏，拜占庭圣咏等，后者例如安布罗西圣咏，格里高利圣咏等。18世纪启蒙时期以后，音乐开始向世俗化发展，进入蓬勃发展的时期。但教会音乐仍然占据着中心地位。从巴洛克时期、古典时期到浪漫时期，众多的音乐大师们给我们留下了极其丰富的宗教音乐遗产。四：巴赫作品赏析巴赫的作品的目录中，使用的BWV，是德文“Bach Werke Verzeichnis”的缩写，意译即“巴赫作品目录”。这个分类体系由沃尔夫冈-史密德（Wolfgang Schmieder）完成于1950年。此分类法依据是体裁，而非作品的创作年代。 Title BWV Op. No. Inst. Type » Overture in the French style in B Minor, BWV 831 831 - - - Piano Solo Overture » Partita No. 1 in B♭ Major, BWV 825 825 - - - Piano Solo Partita » Partita No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 826 826 - - - Piano Solo Partita » Partita No. 3 in A Minor, BWV 827 827 - - - Piano Solo Partita » Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 850 850 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 857 857 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 846 846 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 847 847 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C♯ Major, BWV 848 848 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C♯ Minor, BWV 849 849 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 851 851 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E♭ Major, BWV 852 852 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in E♭ Minor, BWV 853 853 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 854 854 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 855 855 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 856 856 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F♯ Minor, BWV 858 858 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F♯ Minor, BWV 859 859 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 860 860 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 861 861 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A♭ Major, BWV 862 862 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G♯ Minor, BWV 863 863 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 864 864 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 865 865 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B♭ Major, BWV 866 866 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B♭ Minor, BWV 867 867 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 868 868 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 869 869 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 1 in C Major, BWV 870 870 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 19 in A Major, BWV 888 888 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 20 in A Minor, BWV 889 889 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 21 in B♭ Major, BWV 890 890 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B♭ Minor, BWV 891 891 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B Major, BWV 892 892 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 24 in B Minor, BWV 893 893 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G♯ Minor, BWV 887 887 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 17 in A♭ Major, BWV 886 886 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 16 in G Minor, BWV 885 885 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 15 in G Major, BWV 884 884 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 14 in F♯ Minor, BWV 883 883 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F♯ Major, BWV 882 882 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 12 in F Minor, BWV 881 881 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 11 in F Major, BWV 880 880 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 10 in E Minor, BWV 879 879 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 9 in E Major, BWV 878 878 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 8 in D♯ Minor, BWV 877 877 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 7 in E♭ Major, BWV 876 876 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 6 in D Minor, BWV 875 875 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 5 in D Major, BWV 874 874 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 4 in C♯ Minor, BWV 873 873 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in C♯ Major, BWV 872 872 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Prelude and Fugue No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 871 871 - - - Piano Solo Prelude and Fugue » Partita No. 4 in D Major, BWV 828 828 - - - Piano Solo Partita » Partita No. 5 in G Major, BWV 829 829 - - - Piano Solo Partita » Partita No. 6 in E Minor, BWV 830 830 - - - Piano Solo Partita » Invention No. 14 in B♭ Major, BWV 785, No. 14 785 - 14 - Piano Solo Invention » Toccata No. 1, BWV 910 910 - - - Piano Solo Toccata » Toccata No. 2, BWV 911 911 - - - Piano Solo Toccata » Toccata No. 3, BWV 912 912 - - - Piano Solo Toccata » Toccata No. 4, BWV 913 913 - - - Piano Solo Toccata » Toccata No. 5, BWV 914 914 - - - Piano Solo Toccata » Toccata No. 6, BWV 915 915 - - - Piano Solo Toccata » Toccata No. 7, BWV 916 916 - - - Piano Solo Toccata » Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue in D Minor, BWV 903 903 - - - Piano Solo Fantasy » Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 939, No. 1 939 - 1 - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 941, No. 3 941 - 3 - Piano Solo Prélude » Invention No. 1 in C Major, BWV 772, No. 1 772 - 1 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 784, No. 13 784 - 13 - Piano Solo Invention » Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 925 925 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Sinfonia No. 6 in E Major, BWV 792, No. 6 792 - 6 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 793, No. 7 793 - 7 - Piano Solo Invention » English Suite, BWV 806, No. 1 806 - 1 - Piano Solo Suite » English Suite, BWV 807, No. 2 807 - 2 - Piano Solo Suite » English Suite, BWV 808, No. 3 808 - 3 - Piano Solo Suite » English Suite, BWV 810, No. 5 810 - 5 - Piano Solo Suite » English Suite, BWV 809, No. 4 809 - 4 - Piano Solo Suite » English Suite, BWV 811, No. 6 811 - 6 - Piano Solo Suite » Fantasia and Fugue in A Minor, BWV 904 904 - - - Piano Solo – » Italian Concerto, BWV 971 971 - - - Piano Solo Concerto » Suite in A minor, BWV 818 818 - - - Piano Solo Suite » French Suite in E Major, BWV 817, No. 6 817 - 6 - Piano Solo Suite » French Suite in G Major, BWV 816, No. 5 816 - 5 - Piano Solo Suite » French Suite in E♭ Major, BWV 815, No. 4 815 - 4 - Piano Solo Suite » French Suite in B Minor, BWV 814, No. 3 814 - 3 - Piano Solo Suite » French Suite in C Minor, BWV 813, No. 2 813 - 2 - Piano Solo Suite » French Suite in D Minor, BWV 812, No. 1 812 - 1 - Piano Solo Suite » Invention No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 773, No. 2 773 - 2 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 3 in D Major, BWV 774, No. 3 774 - 3 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 775, No. 4 775 - 4 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 5 in E♭ Major, BWV 776, No. 5 776 - 5 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 6 in E Major, BWV 777, No. 6 777 - 6 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 7 in E Minor, BWV 778, No. 7 778 - 7 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 8 in F Major, BWV 779, No. 8 779 - 8 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 780, No. 9 780 - 9 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 10 in G Major, BWV 781, No. 10 781 - 10 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 12 in A Major, BWV 783, No. 12 783 - 12 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 786, No. 15 786 - 15 - Piano Solo Invention » Invention No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 782, No. 11 782 - 11 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 15 in B Minor, BWV 801, No. 15 801 - 15 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 12 in A Major, BWV 798, No. 12 798 - 12 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 14 in B♭ Major, BWV 800, No. 14 800 - 14 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 13 in A Minor, BWV 799, No. 13 799 - 13 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 11 in G Minor, BWV 797, No. 11 797 - 11 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 10 in G Major, BWV 796, No. 10 796 - 10 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 8 in F Major, BWV 794, No. 8 794 - 8 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 9 in F Minor, BWV 795, No. 9 795 - 9 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 5 in E♭ Major, BWV 791, No. 5 791 - 5 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 4 in D Minor, BWV 790, No. 4 790 - 4 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 3 in D Major, BWV 789, No. 3 789 - 3 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 2 in C Minor, BWV 788, No. 2 788 - 2 - Piano Solo Invention » Sinfonia No. 1 in C Major, BWV 787, No. 1 787 - 1 - Piano Solo Invention » Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 940, No. 2 940 - 2 - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 942, No. 4 942 - 4 - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 943, No. 5 943 - 5 - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 938 938 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in E Major, BWV 937 937 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in D Major, BWV 936 936 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 928 928 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in C Minor, BWV 934 934 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in D Minor, BWV 926 926 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Capriccio sopra la lontananza del suo fratello dilettissimo (Capriccio on the Departure of his Beloved Brother), BWV 992 992 - - - Piano Solo Caprice » Fugue in C Major, BWV 952 952 - - - Piano Solo Fugue » Fugue in C Major, BWV 953 953 - - - Piano Solo Fugue » Fantasia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 906 906 - - - Piano Solo – » Little Prelude in F Major, BWV 927 927 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 929 929 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in G Minor, BWV 930 930 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in A Minor, BWV 931 931 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in E Minor, BWV 932 932 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Little Prelude in C Major, BWV 924 924 - - - Piano Solo Prélude » Suite for Orchestra No. 1 in C Major, BWV 1066 1066 - - Orchestra Suite » Violin Concerto in A Minor, BWV 1041 1041 - - Violin & Orchestra Concerto » Violin Sonata No. 1 in G Minor, BWV 1001 1001 - - Violin Solo Sonata » Violin Partita No. 1 in B Minor, BWV 1002 1002 - - Violin Solo Partita » Violin Sonata No. 2 in A Minor, BWV 1003 1003 - - Violin Solo Sonata » Violin Partita No. 2 in D Minor, BWV 1004 1004 - - Violin Solo Partita » Violin Sonata No. 3 in C Major, BWV 1005 1005 - - Violin Solo Sonata » Violin Partita No. 3 in E Major, BWV 1006 1006 - - Violin Solo Partita » Violin Sonata in E Minor, BWV 1023 1023 - - Violin & Piano Sonata » Concerto for Violin and Oboe in C Minor - - - – Concerto » Great Fantasia and Fugue in G Minor, BWV 542 542 - - Organ Prelude and Fugue » Suite for Cello No. 3, BWV 1009 1009 - - – Suite » Goldberg Variations, BWV 988 988 - - - Piano Solo Variation » Chorale, BWV 514 514 - - - Piano Solo – [6] 六：作品风格巴赫的作品深沉、悲壮、广阔、内在，充满了18世纪上半叶德国现实生活的气息。他笃信宗教，是个路德教徒。他希望他的乐曲为教会服务，他的大多数作品都是宗教音乐。他的音乐体现了生活在18世纪德国普通市民的思想。他深受着生活给他带来的痛苦，有丰富而深刻的生活感受，虽然他消极、屈服，但也还没有看到改变生活的途径。他觉得一个人必须有坚强的意志、崇高的信念、自我牺牲的精神。这就是巴赫在他的艺术中所反映的主要内容。他的作品从不同角度、用不同的形象反映了十八世纪德国市民之间的这种人文主义的思想。他是最后一位伟大的宗教艺术家，他认为音乐是“赞颂上帝的和谐声音”，赞颂上帝是人类生活的中心内容。他的音乐最初就是从被称作赞美诗的路德圣咏而产生的。通过旋律可以看出作曲家结合了当时流行的通俗之声。在音乐形式上他无意创新，而是把现有的形式推上顶峰。巴赫的作品含有一定的哲学伦理的意义，但他的表现形式却不是抽象的、教条的。相反，在他的作品中，哲学伦理思想是和抒情、写景紧密结合的‘，他虽然不像亨德尔那样大量运用造型手法，但是为了烘托一定的内心情绪，巴赫也不避免借助于自然景物的描绘（如风吹、河流)。巴赫的音乐内容的舰极性决定了他的音乐风格的版活性和综合性。巴赫的声乐风格和器乐风格之间没有截然的区别，他创造了声乐器乐综合的新风格。七：人物评价卡拉扬曾经说过：“每天清晨第一件事就是聆听巴赫的音乐，这好似清泉流淌经过心灵的音乐有助于我校正听力。” 如果您是位音乐爱好者的话，不听巴赫的音乐就好像错过了整个巴洛克。 [4] 巴赫的音乐如其人，清泉一般的音调总是含蓄地表达感情，当你在仔细分析其乐式时，感情也许在你还没有反应过来时已经到了你的心底。巴赫的音乐创作更是为后人做了铺垫，就好像哲学家或数学家一般。当贝多芬第一次听到巴赫的音乐时，他说：“这哪是小溪（Bach）啊，这明明是大海呀！” 法国音乐评论家保罗·朗杜尔所言：“巴赫创作的目的并不是为后代人，甚至也不是为他那个时代的德国，他的抱负没有越出他那个城市、甚至他那个教堂的范围。每个星期他都只是在为下一个礼拜天而工作，准备一首新的作品，或修改一首旧的曲子；作品演出后，他就又把它放回书柜中去，从未考虑到拿来出版，甚至也未想到保存起来为自己使用。世上再也没有一首杰作的构思与实践像这样天真纯朴了！” [4] 歌德有段对巴赫音乐的评论十分精辟：“就如永恒的和谐自身的对话，就如同上帝创造世界之前，在心中的流动，我好像没有了耳、更没有了眼、没有了其他感官，而且我不需要用它们，内在自有一股律动，源源而出。” [10] 德国大剧作家、政论家莱辛曾经这样讲道：“天才即使不是生在极端贫困的阶层，也是生在生活非常艰苦的阶层里。” 授课教师：李倬

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