高级英语-Love-is-a-Fallacy.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Love Is a Fallacy,Max Shulman,Unit 4,1,Teaching,Plan,2,Teaching Objectives,To have a basic knowledge of the terms in logic,To understand what love is in an affluent society,To appreciate the humorous and satirical writing style,To appreciate the language,3,Teaching Focus,The rules of logic:to understand all the eight fallacies referred in the text.,The particular writing style of the author.The light,humorous,yet impressing way of depicting things.Subjective,personal,sensible.,4,Teaching Focus,The self-boasting tone of,“,I,”,.Different adjectives applied to describe,“,I,”,and my,“,rival,”,Petey Burch.,The positive,neutral and negative senses of the similar adjectives.,5,Teaching Methods,Teacher-oriented teaching method,Student-oriented teaching method,The elicited method,6,Teaching Procedure,.Introductory Remarks,.Background Information,.Learning Focus,.Key words and Expressions,.Explanation of the Text,7,.Division of the Text,.The Writing Style,.,The Personality of Dobie,.Exercises,8,Introductory,Remarks,9,.Introductory Remarks,About the title,“,There is deceptive or delusive quality about love,”,.,“,Love can not be deduced from a set of given premises,”,.,10,About the author,Max Schulman,an American,s best-known humorists,a productive writer of many talents,11,His works,Barefoot boy with Cheek,The Feather merchant,Rally Round the Flag,Boys,The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis,12,About the text,The text is excerpted from,The Many loves of Dobbie Gillis,by Max Shulman.It is a piece of narrative writing.,13,The narrator of the story,Dobie Gillis,a self-conceited freshman in a school struggles against Petey Burch,his,stupid roommate,whose girl friend he plans to steal and Polly Espy,the beautiful,dumb,girl,he intends to marry after suitable reeducation.,14,Detailed Study of the Text,15,.Background Information,Explanation of thelogical Fallacies,A logical argument gives evidence to support some conclusion.,two necessary parts,:,a conclusion the thesis argues for,certain premises or facts on which to base the conclusion,16,The conclusion is to be inferred from the premises.,An argument is deductively valid when its premises provide conclusive evidence for the conclusion.An argument that fails to be conclusively deduced is invalid and fallacious.,17,An argument may be fallacious in three ways:,fallacious in its material content,because of the use of a misstatement of the facts;,fallacious in its wording,because of an incorrect use of term;,fallacious in its form,because of the use of an improper process of inference.,18,Fallacies are divided into three groups:,a)material-fallacies of presumption,b)verbal-fallacies of ambiguity,c)formal-a structural pattern of generically incorrect reasoning,The fallacies mentioned in the text are material fallacies:,19,1.Dicto Simpliciter,绝对判断,（,Fallacy of Accident,）,An argument based on an unqualified generalization.The argument applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances makes the rule inapplicable.,20,2.Hasty Generalization,（仓促推断）,The converse fallacy of accident arises when a special case is improperly applied as a general rule.,For instance,a certain food is delicious to some people,but the fact does not imply that it is delicious to all people.,21,3.The Fallacy of Irrelevant Conclusion,It occurs when the conclusion changes the point that is under consideration in the premises.Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are produced by the so-called fallacies of irrelevance,which include:,22,1)Post Hoc ergo propter hoc,牵强附会,/,假性因果,The fallacy of False Cause,The fallacy mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related.,23,2)Contradictory Premises,循环论证,Begging the Question,It comes into being when the premises openly or covertly presume the very conclusion to be demonstrated.,24,3,）,Ad Misericordiam,文不对题,（,appeal to pity),In a law court,a trial lawyer doesn,t argue for his client,s innocence,but he tries to move the jury to sympathy for him,just as applicant for a job doesn,t answer the question raised by the boss.Instead he tries to appeal to the boss sympathy by saying something about the poor situation of his family.,25,4)False Analogy,“,It doe not follow,”,arises when there is not even a deceptively plausible appearance of valid reasoning,because the given premises have virtually nothing to do with the conclusion drawn from them.,26,5,）,Hypothesis Contrary to Fact,The fallacy of many questions consists in asking for or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be separate or refused completely.,27,6)Poisoning the Well,（井中投毒）,Speaking,“,against the man,”,rather than to issue,or the fallacy of Poisoning the Well in the text where the premises may only make a personal attack on a person holding some thesis rather than offer grounds showing why what he says is false.,28,.Learning Focus,Structure of the Narration,1.The protagonist:,Dobie Gillis-a self conceited freshman,2.The antagonist:,Petey Burch-his stupid roommate,Polly Espy-the beautiful dumb girl,29,3.The time:during the period of being students,4.The place:on the campus of the university of Minnesota,5.The main theme:love is a Fallacy,6.The plot:Focus on a Raccoon Coat,30,.Key words and Expressions,1.unfetter:,to free from fetters;to free from restraint of any kind;liberate,-free and unfettered trade,2.mumble:,to speak or say indistinctly and in a low voice,mutter,-I wish you wouldn,t mumble.,-I can,t hear you clearly.,31,3.shed:,cast off or lose hair,-All the leaves have shed.,4.covet:,want ardently;long for with envy,-It,s a sin to covet.,32,5.veer:,change direction;shift;turn or swing around,-The wind veered round to the west.,6.swivel:,turn on,-He swiveled the camera on the tripod to follow the riders.,33,7.wax:,to grow gradually larger;increase in strength,intensity,volume,-The moon waxes.,8.wince:,to shrink or draw back slightly,usually with a grimace,as in pain,embarrassment,etc.,-He winced at the insult.,34,9.chirp:,speak in lively way,10.blubber:,weep loudly,like a child,11.fashion:,shape;mold,-He fashioned the clay into a jar.,35,12.croak:,to speak in a low,rough voice as if you have a sore throat,-The crow croaked disaster.,13.reel:,to give way or fall back;sway,waver or stagger as from being struck,-He reeled from the sharp blow.,36,14.bellow:,cry out loudly,as in anger or pain,15.enterprising:,full of energy and initiative;willing to undertake new projects,37,16.flaccid:,hanging in loose folds or wrinkles;soft and limp,17.pedantic:,of or like a pedant,18.calculating:,shrewd or cunning,esp.in a selfish way,38,19.astute:,having or showing a clever or shrewd mind;cunning;crafty,20.unsightly:,not slightly,not pleasant to look at;ugly,21.cerebral:,appealing to the intellect rather than the emotions,intellectual,39,22.pin-up:,designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls,23.greasy:,smeared with or containing grease,40,24.canny:,careful and shrewd in one,s action and dealing;clever and cautious,25.glum:,feeling or looking gloomy,26.fraught:,filled,charged or loaded,41,27.yummy:,very tasty;delicious,28.grueling:,extremely tiring;exhausting,29.well-heeled:,rich,prosperous,-a well-heeled dandy,42,.Explanation of the Text,1.Charles Lamb,Charles Lamb,an English essayist and poet,was born in London in 1775 and died in 1834.His writing was full of gentle humor.His dramatic essay,“,Specimens of English Dramatic Poets,”,established his reputation as a critic.,43,2.Thomas Carlyle,a British historian and essayist,The Revolution,Chartism:,characterized by his trenchant social and political criticism and his complex literary style,Carlyese:a compound of biblical,colloquialisms,and his own coinages,arranged in unexpected sequences.,44,3.Ruskin,-an English writer,art critic and social theorist,-a great painting to be one that conveys great ideas to the viewer,-the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century,45,His works include:,-Modern Painters,(1843-1860),-The seven Lamps of architecture,(1849),-Sesame and Lilies,(1856),-The Crown of Wild Olive,(1866),-Time and Tide,(1867).,46,4.nothing upstairs:,(AmE.slang)empty-headed,a nitwit(BrE.slang)unfurnished in the upper storey,5.surrender oneself to sth.:,to stop trying to prevent yourself from having a feeling,habit,etc.,-She surrendered herself to sleep.,-He finally surrendered himself to his craving for drug.,47,6.in the swim(of things):,(informal)involved in things that are happening in society or in a particular situation,7.tear:,make sb.feel very unhappy or worried,-His distress tore me apart.,8.have at ones figure tips:,to be completely familiar with,48,9.bat one,s eyes/eyelashes:,open and close one,s eyes quickly,in a way that is supposed to be attractive,not bat an eyelid:(BE)/not bat an eye(AE):,10.knock sb.out:,to surprise and impress sb.very much,-,The movie just knocked me out.,49,11.exasperate:,to annoy or irritate sb.very much,-,Her moods exasperated him.,Exasperation:,n.,He shook his head in exasperation.,12.knit one,s brow(s):,to move/draw one,s eyebrows together,to show that you are thinking hard,feeling angry,50,13.hammer away(at):,keep emphasizing or talking about,14.patronize:,-,Some television programs tend to patronize children.,15.have by the throat:,attack by seizing and squeezing one,s throat,51,16.rat:,mouse,rat poison,(informal)an unpleasant person,esp.one who is not loyal or trick sb.,52,.Division of the Text,Part I Paras 1-3,It serves as a brief introduction to,and a,comment,on the story.,Part II Paras 4-59,It humorously depicts how the promise of,exchanging a girlfriend for a raccoon coat is,made and fulfilled.,53,Part III Paras 60-125,It vividly describes the incredibly tough project of making dumb Polly smart,and the seeming success.,Part IV Paras 126-154,It ironically represents the seemingly Pygmalion effect,which turns out to be a Frankenstein tragedy and forms the climax of the story.,54,Summary,55,.The Writing Style,a piece of narration of light,humorous satire,Its theme:,“,Love is a Fallacy,”,“,love,”,is an error,a deception and emotion that does not follow the principles of logic,56,summary,The purpose of the story,to demonstrate that logic is a living,breathing things,full of beauty,passion and trauma,far from being a dry,pedantic subject.,57,The logical link of passage ideas,“,logic-a living thing,”,“,exchange of a raccoon coat for a pretty but foolish girl,”,“,teaching her to be logical and clever,”,“,a Pygmalion becomes a Frankenstein,”,58,Affluence has replaced love,thus there is no question of taking brilliance,talent,or education into consideration when choosing a boyfriend and a husband.It has reduced the search to a matter of seeking wealth and keeping up with the Joneses.Indeed,this kind of love is a fallacy.,59,The climax:paras.147-150,Polly refuses to go steady with Dobie because she already promised to go steady with Petey Burch.,60,The end:,in a very ironic note,Dobie ignores the fact that love is the sincere attachment which arises naturally from both hearts,and he fails to win Polly because he has been too clever for his good.,61,The Features of Writing Style,American colloquialism and slang,a large lexical spectrum,the ultra learned terms,the infra clipped vulgar forms,figurative language,inversion for special emphasis,62,many figures of speech,simile,metaphor,hyperbole,metonymy,antithesis,63,short sentence,elliptical sentences,dashes,topic-centered paragraph,64,.,The Personality of Dobie,a smug,self-conceited freshman,smugly boasting and singing praises of himself,heaping on himself all the beautiful words of praise:,cool,logical,keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute,powerful,precise and penetrating.,65,taking every opportunity to downgrade Petey Burch&Polly Espy:,Petey:dumb,nothing upstairs,unable,impressionable and faddist,Polly:she is,“,a beautiful dumb girl,”,who would smarten up under his guidance,66,giving Polly a course in logic,Dobie has got what he deserved,He has been too clever for his own good,so he ends up in lying on the bed that he,makes himself.,67,Exercises,68,.Exercises,Oral Presentation,Make a five-minute presentation in class based on your research.,Suggested Topics:,1.Max Shulman,2.Charles Lamb,69,Discriminate between these synonyms.,1.keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute,2.intelligent,bright,brilliant,clever,smart,70,1.keen,calculating,perspicacious,acute,astute,These words refer to unusual mental agility or perceptiveness.,Keen suggests both these attributes,adding to them a vigorous and forceful ability to grapple with complex or obscure problems.,a keen mind for fine distinctions,71,Sometimes by analogy with good vision,the word may suggest an ability to observe details and see them as part of a larger pattern.,a keen understanding of the problems facing the conservation movement,72,Acute suggests a finely honed sensitivity or receptivity to nuances that might escape others;it might also imply a high-keyed state of nervous attention that is not sustainable for long.,an acute awareness of the slightest ambiguity in each statement made by his opponent,an acute alertness,heightened by the strange silence in the enemy trenches,73,Astute suggests a thorough and profound understanding,stemming from a scholarly or experienced mind that is in full command of a given field.,an astute assessment of the strengths and weakness of the plans for reorganizing the department,an astute evaluation of the gaps in our knowledge of how life evolved,74,Perspicacious is the most formal of these words;it stresses intensity of perception,without being very rich in other connotations.,a perspicacious remark that illuminated the whole problem for all of them,Calculating means shrewd or cunning,especially in a selfish way,75,2.intelligent,bright,brilliant,clever,smart,Intelligent implies the ability to learn or understanding from experience or to respond successfully to a new experience.,Clever implies quickness in learning or understanding,but sometimes connotes a lack of thoroughness or depth.,76,Alert emphasizes quickness in sizing up a situation.,Bright and smart are somewhat informal,less precise equivalents for any of the preceding.,Brilliant implies an unusually high degree of intelligence.,77,READ,THINK AND COMMENT,Read the following passage and respond to these questions:What is the main idea of each paragraph?What methods are used to develop these paragraphs?,78,The main idea of Paragraph 1 is that wit and humor are similar for both are associated with the laughable.However,the distinction between them is hard to draw.The main idea of Paragraph 3 is about the differences between wit and humor.,The methods of definition,comparison and contrast are used in developing these paragraphs.,79,