资源描述
癌性疼痛的处理 WHO 3-阶梯镇痛疗法
Management of Cancer Pain WHO 3 – Step Analgesic Ladder
Terence L. Gutgsell, MD
Hospice of the Bluegrass
Lexington, KY
目标
比较,对比感受伤害性的和神经病性的疼痛
了解癌痛镇痛处理的阶梯
了解阿片类镇痛剂给药的其他途径
讲解维持镇痛时阿片类药物间互相转换的技巧
Objectives
Compare, contrast nociceptive, neuropathic pain
Know steps of analgesic management of cancer pain
Know alternative routes for delivery of opioid analgesics
Demonstrate ability to convert between opioids while maintaining analgesia
总的原则
多因素对患者反应的影响
环境 心理/社会状态 年龄
性别 多系统疾病和障碍 复合用药
General Principles
Influences on patient’s response to Rx
Environment
Psycho/social status
Age
Sex
Multi-system disease and disorders
Polypharmacy
普遍原则
“拇指原则”
诊断可能的机制,个体化治疗
ATC和PRN用药,保持简单
反复评价,注意细节
General Principles
“Rules of Thumb”
Diagnose underlying mechanism
Individualize treatment
ATC and PRN medications
Keep it simple, Reassess
Attention to Detail
疼痛的病理生理学
急性疼痛: 已明确的原因,缓解时间:数日到数周。 通常是感受伤害性的
慢性疼痛:原因常不易确定,多因素的。持续时间不确定。 感受伤害性的和/或神经病理性的
Pain pathophysiology
Acute pain:
Identified event, resolves days–weeks
Usually nociceptive
Chronic pain:
Cause often not easily identified, multifactorial
Indeterminate duration
Nociceptive and / or neuropathic
感受伤害性的疼痛
对健全的伤害感受器的直接刺激
沿正常神经传递
锐痛,酸痛,搏动性疼痛
本体性的
-易于描述和定位
内脏性的
-难以描述和定位
Nociceptive pain
Direct stimulation of intact nociceptors
Transmission along normal nerves
Sharp, aching, throbbing
Somatic
- Easy to describe, localize
Visceral
- Difficult to describe, localize
感受伤害性疼痛
组织损伤明显
治疗:阿片类药物 辅助药物/联合镇痛剂
Nociceptive pain
Tissue injury apparent
Management:Opioids Adjuvant / coanalgesics
神经病性疼痛
外周或中枢神经的功能障碍
压迫,横断,浸润,缺血,代谢性损伤
不同类型:外周的 传入神经阻滞 交感神经介导的
Neuropathic pain
Disordered peripheral or central nerves
Compression, transection, infiltration, ischemia, metabolic
injury
Varied types: Peripheral deafferentation sympathetically mediated
神经病性疼痛
疼痛可能不仅只由可见的损伤引起
描述为烧灼感,麻刺感,射痛,刺痛,电击样疼痛
治疗:阿片类药物 常需要辅助药物/联合镇痛剂
Neuropathic pain
Pain may exceed observable injury
Described as burning, tingling, shooting, stabbing, electrical
Management: Opioids Adjuvant / coanalgesics often required
WHO 3- 阶梯疗法 WHO 3-step Ladder
阿片类的药理学: 在肝脏结合 通过肾脏排泄(90%-95%)
一级动力学
Opioid pharmacology:Conjugated in liver
Excreted via kidney (90%–95%)
First-order kinetics
阿片类的药理学:4-5个半衰期后呈稳定状态,1天(24小时)后呈稳定状态
“即释”剂型作用的持续时间
~每4小时 PO/PR
非肠道的冲击剂量持续时间更短
Opioid pharmacology
Steady state after 4 – 5 half-lives
Steady state after 1 day (24 hours)
Duration of effect of “immediate-release” formulations
~ 4 hours PO / PR
Shorter with parenteral bolus
常规口服剂量
即释剂型:吗啡,氢可酮,羟考酮,氢吗啡酮,(芬太尼)
剂量 Q4H,每天调整剂量
25%–50%é - 轻度/中度疼痛
é - 重度/难以控制的疼痛 50%–100%
对于严重的难以控制的疼痛需要较快地调整剂量
Routine oral dosing immediate-release preparations
Morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone hydromorphone, (fentanyl)
Dose q 4 h
Adjust dose daily
25%–50%é - mild / moderate pain
- severe / uncontrolled 50%–100%épain
Adjust more quickly for severe uncontrolled pain
缓释剂型:增加依从性与合作性
按 q8,12,或24h给予药物,不要压碎或咀嚼药片,可以通过鼻饲管将缓释颗粒注入,每2-3天调整剂量
extended-release preparations
Improve compliance, adherence
Dose q 8, 12, or 24 h
Don’t crush or chew tablets
May flush time-release granules down feeding tubes
Adjust dose q 2 – 3 days
突破性剂量
使用即释阿片类
应用24小时总量的10%-15%
在达最高浓度后使用 PO q 1 h»
q 30 min» SC
q 10–15» IV min
不要使用缓(控)释阿片类
Breakthrough dosing
Use immediate-release opioids
10% – 15% of 24-h dose
Offer after Cmax q 1 h»reached PO
q 30 min» SC
q 10–15 min» IV
DO NOT use extended-release opioids
对阿片类反应欠佳的疼痛
不良反应↑® 如果剂量增加
需要更复杂的疗法来拮抗不良反应
替代方法
- 给药途径
- 阿片类轮换
联合镇痛剂
使用非药物方法
Pain poorly responsive to opioids
adverse effects® If dose escalation
More sophisticated therapy to counteract adverse effect
Alternative
- route of administration
- opioid rotation
Coanalgesic
Use a non-pharmacologic approach
给药的替代途径 Alternative routes of administration
Enteral feeding tubes 置管喂饲
Transmucosal 经粘膜
Rectal 经直肠
Transdermal 经皮
Parenteral 胃肠外
Intraspinal 脊柱内
Epidural 硬膜外
Intrathecal 鞘内
更换阿片类药物
交叉耐受
按已公认的等效剂量原则,从相应剂量的50%-75%开始使用
如果疼痛不能控制,追加剂量
如果不良反应明显,减少剂量
Changing opioids
Cross-tolerance
Start with 50%–75% of published equianalgesic dose
More if pain not controlled
less if adverse effects prominent
阿片类镇痛剂的等效剂量 Equianalgesic doses of opioid analgesics
po / pr (mg) Analgesic SC / IV (mg)
30 Morphine吗啡 10
30 Hydrocodone氢可酮 -
20 Oxycodone羟考酮 -
7.5 Hydromorphone氢吗啡酮 1.5
( 300 Meperidine度冷丁 75 )
( 200 Codeine可待因 120 )
阿片类镇痛剂的等效剂量
透皮芬太尼
25 mg/张 ≈ 50 mg PO 吗啡 / 24 h.
50 mg/张≈ 100 mg PO 吗啡/24 h.
Equianalgesic doses of opioid analgesics
Transdermal fentanyl
25 mg patch ~ 50 mg PO morphine / 24 h.
50 mg patch ~ 100 mg PO morphine/24 h.
etc . . .
阿片类镇痛剂的受体亲和力 Receptor Affinity of Opioid Analgesics
Receptor Type 受体类型
mu kappa delta ***A
Morphine吗啡 A - - -
Fentanyl芬太尼 A - - -
Hydromorphone氢吗啡酮 A - - -
Oxycodone羟考酮 A A - -
Methadone美沙酮 A - A Ant
A = strong agonist强激动剂 Ant = strong antagonist强拮抗剂
- = negligible activity 低活性
Twycross R et al. Palliative Care Formulary. 1998.
药代动力学概况 Pharmacokinetic Profile
Peak onset Duration Potency
Analgesic of Action of Effect Ratio
____镇痛剂__________峰值作用时间___ 作用持续时间________效能比___
morphine 吗啡 30 - 60 m 3 - 4 h and 8 - 12 h -
oxycodone 羟考酮 30 - 60 m 3 - 4 h and 8 - 12 h 1:1
methadone 美沙酮 30 - 60 m 8 - 12 h 5 - 20:1
hydromorphone 氢吗啡酮 45 m 4 - 5 h 4:1
fentanyl TTS芬太尼 16 - 24 h 48 - 72 h 100:1
美沙酮转换指南 Methadone conversion guidelines Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milan, Italy
24小时吗啡总量 与吗啡的对比率
Dose of morphine q 24 h Ratio to Morphine
< 100 mg 4:1
101 mg to 299 mg 8:1
> 300 mg 12:1
Ripamonti C. Cancer Pain and Palliative Care. IASP, 1999.
药理学
半衰期范围为10-60小时
达稳态时间从2-10天不等
等效镇痛剂量难以预测
连续使用美沙酮可能造成的蓄积是个体化的
Pharmacology
Half life ranges from 10 - 60 hours
Time to steady state varies from 2 - 10 days
Equianalgesia very difficult to predict
Accumulation with continued use may occur of methadone must be individualised
美沙酮初始剂量的计算
第一步:停用吗啡(或其他强阿片类药物)
第二步:给予美沙酮的固定剂量,即当口服吗啡24小时总量<300mg时,
给予24小时口服吗啡总量的1/10,或
24小时吗啡用量>300mg时,固定剂量应该是30mg。
第三步:必要时给予口服的固定剂量,但给药频数不能超过q3h。
Calculating the starting dose of methadone
Step #1: Stop morphine (or other strong opioid)
Step #2: Give a fixed dose of methadone that is 1/10 of the 24 h
oral morphine dose when 24 h dose is < 300 mg., OR
when the 24 h morphine dose is > 300 mg., the fixed dose
should be 30 mg.
Step #3: The fixed dose is taken PO prn but not more frequently
than q 3 h. b Morley JS, Makin MK. Pain Reviews. 1998.
美沙酮起始剂量的计算
第四步:第六天,计算前两天美沙酮的平均口服用量,并转换为定时的q12h用
量(和q3h prn)
第五步:如果持续需要临时给药,每4-6天一次增加1/2-1/3的美沙酮用量
(即,10mg bid 变为15mg bid;30mg bid变为40mg bid)
Calculating the starting dose of methadone
Step #4: On day 6, the amount of methadone taken over the
previous 2 days is averaged and converted into a regular q 12 dose (and q 3 h pr n).
Step #5: If prn medication continues to be needed, increase the dose of methadone 1/2-1/3 every 4-6 days (i.e., 10 mg bid to 15 mg bid; 30 mg bid to 40 mg bid).
Morley JS, Makin MK. Pain Reviews. 1998.
不推荐……
度冷丁:口服吸收少,半衰期短(2-3小时)
去甲度冷丁:(去甲哌替啶)是一种毒性代谢产物:
- 长半衰期(6小时),没有镇痛作用
- 拟精神病的不良反应,肌阵挛,惊厥/抽搐
- 如果以q3h给药用于镇痛,去甲哌替啶蓄积增加
- 肾功能不全时蓄积增加
Not recommended . . .
Meperidine:
Poor oral absorption
Short half-life (2 - 3 hours)
Nor-meperidine is a toxic metabolite:
- Long half-life (6 hours), not analgesic
- Psychotomimetic adverse effects, myoclonus, seizures
- If dosing q 3 h for analgesia, nor-meperidine builds up
- Accumulates with renal insufficiency
不推荐
混合性激动-拮抗剂:喷他佐辛,布托啡诺,纳布啡,地佐辛
- 撤药状态®与激动剂竞争
- 镇痛的天花板效应
- 喷他佐辛和布托啡诺的拟精神病性不良反应的风险高
Not recommended
Mixed agonist-antagonists
Pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine, dezocine
® - Compete with agonists withdrawal
- Analgesic ceiling effect
- High risk of psychotomimetic adverse effects with pentazocine, butorphanol
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