考试说明解读.doc

2010年德阳中考《英语考试说明》解读与复习建议
中江县教育局教研室

    一、了解中考改革趋势、明确命题原则
解读考试说明，和近两年德阳英语中考题。我市中考英语改革逐步与高中教学接轨，由考查语言知识点为主，转向以考查学生语言实际运用能力为主。由于今年我市在3月份举行了毕业考试，一些基础较差学生已毕业，不再参加6月份的高中升学考；09年英语试题难度不大，因此个人推测今年英语试题可能加大难度（6，3，1）。命题以教材、《英语考试说明》（教育周刊 2010年3月24日）、《新课程标准》为依据，试题中体现突出语境，语言的实际性，语言运用能力的考查。我市英语考纲近几年未变。要求掌握1500-1600个单词，200-300条短语及用法。教材单词要求都会认，黑体字四会词会写， 教师要研究中考命题的改革趋势，这可以避免我们作出无谓的牺牲。如虚拟语气，过去完成时，现在完成进行时，不属于考纲范围。（重点知识年年必考，可能换种方式考，同样知识点去年考了，今年一般不会再考，（eg: There will be）。无论高考中考试题在设计上都与学生生活联系密切。选材丰富、新颖有趣、时代感强，近年来的热点(奥巴马，甲流，世博会，地沟油，玉树地震等)体现了人性化、个性化的特点，突出了学生的主体参与。为此，我们要及时了解中考信息，了解中考的命题原则及考查范围，这样才能更有效地搞好中考复习。 语法部分，根据《英语考试说明》及历年考试试题，中考语法共有18个高频考点，包括词汇、固定词组搭配、6种时态等重点内容。在这一阶段的复习中，就应当在准确掌握、熟练运用各语法知识点的基础上，按照18个考点的不同特点分别进行知识要点的梳理和归纳，形成知识系统。在此期间，针对薄弱的知识点强化练习，牢固掌握。把握好深度，但也不能过分拔高，尤其是分流后的乡镇学校。
下面就我市中考题型解读考试说明。单选，完型，阅读，补全对话，单词拼写，首字母填空，书面表达。
（一）单项选择。25小题。主要考查学生对语法知识的掌握及综合运用英语语言的能力，大部分题很基础，情景化，交际化题略占三分之一，知识覆盖面广。2008，2009年德阳中考英语单项选择题中几乎涉及考试说明所有语法知识：名词、代词、冠词、数词、介词、连词、动词涉及常用同义词辨析，常用动词短语、情态动词，动词时态、语态、不定式、动名词、主谓一致、反意疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、宾语从句 状语从句、定语从句 及交际用语。力争你的学生平均得分在18-20分以上。
(二)完形填空 A、B两篇文章， 20小题，共20分。其中A篇较容易文，B篇稍难，在语篇中测试学生英语基础知识、阅读能力、思维能力、判断能力的综合性试题，在中考高考都是学生最害怕和失分最多的题型。从近几年的中考试题来看，完形填空短文绝大多数是以叙事性为主的记叙文。这些文章的特点是：①生动幽默；②触及情感；③富含哲理。根据全国2009年中考英语试题评价课题组的量化统计，多数试题在选材时考虑材料的教育性、趣味性或实用性。许多文章或体现了人世间的亲情、友情，或渗透着爱心、友善、真诚与关怀，或饱含人生哲理，催人奋进、给人自信，读后令人感动，使人深受启发。
中考完形填空题要求填入的词主要有：构成各种时态和用法区别的动词及短语动词；名词和介词；根据上下文意思及结构必须填入的形容词、副词、代词和连词；同义词、近义词等易混词。考查以实词为主，兼顾虚词和语法结构、难点主要集中在根据上下文正确判断词的用法上。突出词汇的“语境化”，极少出现纯语法的现象，因此，考生需熟练掌握所学词汇的词意、用法和搭配，还需具备较强的阅读能力、判断、逻辑推理能力，以及要了解一定的其它西方国家的文化背景知识。
务必要教给学生答题方法：做完形填空首先要通读全文，但通读宜粗、直、快。切忌看一句做一句，看一空填一空，断章取意，那会进入误区，即使所填答案符合本句要求，也未必符合全文的要求。通读的目的仅在于掌握大意，切不可把宝贵的时间浪费在个别字句的推敲上。联系上下文：一篇文章的段与段之间、段落的句与句之间常有关系词将其连接起来，这些词或表示递进、转折，或表示让步、因果，是完形填空的考查重点之一。充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句，这些词可能是同义词或反义词。
　　　重视无空格段落：有相当一部分考生只重视有空格的段落，对没有空格的段落就忽略不计，这是大错特错，因为很多信息和答案就隐藏在这些段落中。考生要特别注意对首句、尾句、首段、尾段的理解，可以反复多读几遍，而且至少要看三遍全文，第一遍跳过空格了解全文大意，第二遍边看边做题，第三遍将空格填上，通读全文。
（三）阅读理解：阅读是中高考的重头戏，占了总分三分之一的比分。与高考一样，我市的阅读题5篇文章，20小题，共40分 一般前三篇较为简单，后两篇逐渐加大难度。体裁多样，有记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文；所选材料内容广泛，注重励志，健康，情感，涉及文化、环境、科普、社会、政治、经济、历史等众多领域。政治中西方文化对比，知识性短文及具有教育意义的故事短文等。文章的体裁富于变化。其特点是：时气息浓，（08中考涉及与地震，09涉及甲流H1N1和奥巴马）可读性强，理解难度较高。每段文章一般不超过300字，和三个生单词。处理生僻词汇的对策有二：跳，换。　主要是考查学生通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力，试题设置为5种：1、查找事实细节，占70% 2、猜测词义；1-2小题，3、逻辑推理2-3小题；4、主旨大意1-2小题。
完型、阅读题分值在试题中占了半壁江山，因此，在复习中，一定要加强完形填空及阅读理解题训练频度，提高训练难度，加大每日的阅读训练量，提高学生的阅读速度及理解水平，并注重解题技巧：快速看题，把握文章侧重点；做阅读题时，要求学生养成在文章中勾划出与所选答案的信息句重点阅读，这样既可避免干扰，又可提高速度和正确率。复习中学生除了每天课外完成2篇阅读理解和1篇完形填空任务外，每周应开设一节阅读专练课，在老师的监督下，限时限量完成，可检测一份由A、B、C三篇阅读理解和一篇完形填空组成的测试卷，后期应按中考要求在30分钟内完成5篇阅读，18-20分钟内完成两篇完形，老师当堂课讲评，点评典型题例。也可让做得好的学生讲，评讲阅读题切忌句句翻译，这样会误导学生也费时间。重点讲答题方法、选该答案的依据及理由，找出学生错误的原因。这样长期坚持使学生的阅读能力阅读速度得到提高。
（四）口语应用：（5小题，共10分）该题属基础题，容易得分。力争你的学生平均得分在8分以上。
该题主要考察以打电话、购物、看病、约会、餐馆、图书馆、车站、商店、问路等为主题的对话，辅以考查问候、介绍、告别、感谢、祝愿、请求允许、表示同意等日常交际用语的掌握和运用情况。因而，在做题时，应在理解全篇对话内容的基础上，准确地把握语言环境，把自己“置身”于语境之中，理解双方谈话的意图抓好关键词，进行推断，考查的形式是在Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ５句话中选择，补全对上句问题的回答或者是补全对下句所要回答问题的提问。因此一定要注意前后照应，关注上下文之间的密切关系。做题时，根据上句的信息推断下句的信息，通过下句的信息推断上句的信息。
(五)单词拼写：5个小题，共5分。
根据汉语写出单词的正确形式。5个单词一般考查教材四会词即黑体字。主要涉及动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词及数词。五个小题可能会有1-2个需要变换词形。（如过去式，名词单复数，三单，-ing形式，形容词副词是否用比较级。）2009年德阳中考
71. My favorite __________________ (歌手) is Jay Zhou.
72. I ___returned__(归还) the book to the library yesterday. （
73. Shanghai is one of the most __________________ (著名的) cities in the world.
74. I received many _postcards__ (明信片) before New Year’s Day.
75. Time is money. Don’t __________________ (浪费) time.
另：1. We believe _scientists_(科学家)will come up with a way to solve the problem.
2.So I thank you for __ supporting __( 支持)my project.
(六) 首字母填空：5小题，共 5分
首字母填空类短文题是近年来我市采用的新题型，属于能力测试的范畴，这种题难度相对较大，考生失分现象严重。它要求考生在充分理解短文的基础上将单词拼写出来，并且单词形式合理，符合语法规范，符合短文需要。常用的答题技巧如下：
⑴先跳过空格，通读全文，掌握文章大意。
⑵理清文章的脉络和大意后再认真复读短文，利用所给的首字母提示，结合上、下文的内容，先确定所填词的意义。
⑶根据单词在句子中的位置，判断其词性，再考虑其正确的形式，名词是否用复数，形容词是否要用比较级，动词是否要变时态、语态。
⑷将完成后的短文再细读一遍，检查上下文是否顺理成章，所填词是否正确无误。
I (09德阳)
根据短文内容和首字母提示，把所缺单词的正确形式完整地填写在短文后面的横线上。
I’m a middle school student. I found more doctors and n 1 are needed after the big earthquake.
I was born in a doctor’s family. My parents are both doctors. They are always busy working for patients’ health. They s 2 many people’s lives. They are great in my h 3 . So I decide that I am going to be a doctor like my parents when I g 4 up. Now I must study h 5 to make my dream come true.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
I.1. nurses 2.saved 3.heart 4.grow 5.hard
（从这次基地班和上期末考试分析，单词拼写和首字母填空题得分率最低，不少学生单词记忆模糊，一些常用词汇不会写，或写出的单词错误多，教师务必加强学生单词的记忆，听写，尤其四会词，常用常错单词，要教给学生记忆方法，举一反三，强化训练。单词的复习要贯穿整个英语教学中。）
（七）书面表达。（15分，80个字）
书面表达是是考查学生交际能力的一个重要组成部分。 体裁包括书信、电子邮件，
日记、通知、留言、假条；考查形式.根据 汉语提示（含表格）或看图作文。

分析德阳市近几年中考书面表达，主要考查的题型：根据汉语提示（5-6个要点），或将提示列入表格。08年：有关志愿者打扫公园的日记，09年写一段学生评语。 无论是那一种书面表达形式，考生所写的短文都要紧扣主题，文理通顺，要点完整，语言准确、得当，格式正确，无大、小写和拼写错误，标点符号正确，能达到交际目的。
一. 训练方法
1. 记:词汇是写作的基础，尤其是四会词；许多学生书面表达得分低，就是因单词汇不过关，不会写，或拼写错误多。认真系统复习和背诵基础知识（单词，短语和优美的句子、句型，短文）。许多同学写出来的语言根本不符合英语的语言习惯，相当一部分人有对照中文逐字翻译的不良习惯，不去理会中英文的差异。大量的背诵和阅读是提高写作能力的有效办法，若有大量的现成语言积累在脑海里，自己写起文段来，就可以做到脱口而出，或是模仿、套用，甚至发挥。
2. 练:每练一篇书面表达题，都要真正学到一点东西，不可贪多而边学边忘。从根据提示词写单句开始，到写单句，然后到写几句话，最后到写流利的文段。尽量尝试多种形式的写作，
3. 写:要进行实战写作。要求学生在20分钟内写出80个词的短文，并且质量高、内容全、形式正确。这样形成习惯，考试时就能得心应手。
二. 应试指导
1. 审题目：要切中题意。《中考考试说明》指出，书面表达要切中题意。就是要认真审题，看到考题后，先不要急于动笔，要仔细看清题目要求的内容，避免遗漏要点。审题要审格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。
2. 圈要点：防止遗漏要点。要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点，同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力，把情景中给出的各个要点逐条列出。
3. 列提纲：为写作做好准备。根据文章要点短文的中心思想将主要句型、关键词语记下，形成提纲。
4. 定基调：定出时态、人称、顺序、开头、结尾。
5. 写全文：写短文时要做到以下六个方面：
(1)避免使用汉语式英语，尽量使用自己熟悉的句型。长短句型可交替使用，避免重复和呆板。
(2)多用简单句型，记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型，但可以适当使用复合句、含非谓语或情态动词等较复杂的句型。
(3)注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。
①语态、时态要准确无误。②主谓语要一致；③注意人称代词的主格宾格形式。
④注意冠词用法。⑤注意拼写、标点符号和大小写。
重视开头句和结束句的写作，那是阅卷老师重点阅的部分。一定要养成草稿，修改的习惯，按照以上5点检查修改。每周练习一个作文题目。
附：初中英语作文常写常错句
1.、通用句式：
1）英语句式：（状语）+主语+（状语）+谓语+宾语+（地状）+（方状）+（时状）
2）.中文句式：主语+（时间状语）+（地点状语）/（方式状语）+谓语+宾语
例如：我和爸爸上周星期天乘飞机去了北京。
[误] I last Sunday with my father by plane went to Beijing. (中文句式)
[正] I went to Beijing by plane with my father last Sunday.
[正] Last Sunday, my father and I went to Beijing by plane.
2、There be 与have
[误] The table have some flowers. [正] There are some flowers on the table.
[误] There will have a film this evening. [正] There will be  a film this evening.
3.人称代词和物主代词
[误] I have a pet. A pet is called Polly. [正] I have a pet. It is called Polly.
[误] This is my new friend. You can call she Lily. [正] This is my new friend. You can call her Lily.
[误] This is my bike. That is she's bike.[正] This is my bike. That is her bike.
[误] Your shoes are older than my. [正] Your shoes are older than mine.
4、be, do, does, did 混用
注意：1）.不少学生不知道怎样使用动词，导致两种错误：①凡是句子都用be动词；②该用be动词不知道用；教师要帮助总结。
2) 下列情况使用 be动词
①汉语表达“是”，英语用be动词
他是个著名的科学家。He is a famous scientist.
②在进行时，被动语态用be动词
They are playing football on the playground. English is widely used in the world.
③形容词，副词，介词短语作表语时即系表结构用be动词
The sofa is comfortable to sit on. My father isn’t at home and he is outside.
[误] He is live in Canada. [正] He lives in Canada.
[误] Mr. Green is/does sometimes read newspaper. [正] Mr. Green sometimes reads newspaper.
[误] I am not like dogs. [正] I don't like dogs.
[误] Jenny wasn't call me last night. 正] Jenny didn't call me last night.
[误] Our English teacher in the office. [正] Our English teacher is in the office.
5、can, may, must, should, could
I can sing and dance. [误]He can swims.
6、will, shall, be going to
[误] Jack will comes to China next week. [正] Jack will come to China next week.
We shall go for a picnic next week. . Green is going to buy a car next month.
7、and, but, or, too, also
My favorite holidays are spring and fall . My father likes watching TV. I like watching TV, too.
[误] October is not too cold and cold in Quanzhou.
[正] October is not too cold or  cold in Quanzhou.
[误] I like English, and I don't like math. [正] I like English, but I don't like math.
8、以事物作主语的句子
[误] I hope I will come true my dream. [正] I hope my dream will come true.
[误] Tom happens a traffic accident. 正] A traffic accident happened to Tom.
9、时间状语(位于句首或句末)
at 6 o'clock,      at 7:15=at a quarter past seven            at 9 a.m.=at nine in the morning  
at 6:30 p.m.= at half past six in the afternoon   at night/noon,   at breakfast,
in the morning/afternoon/evening/； in April, in spring, in 2007,     in May, 2007
in two hours
on May19th, 2007      on Saturday         on a rainy day
on Sunday morning     on the morning of June1st for three years
I will keep this book for two weeks.
since five days ago=for five days
[误] I have been on the football team since five days.
[正] I have been on the football team since five days ago.
before/after supper,       after school/class
前面不加介词的时间状语:
yesterday,  today,  tomorrow,  then, the day before yesterday,       the day after tomorrow
just now=a moment ago,  from now/ then on,      last/this/next week
[误] He hurt his leg on last week. [正] He hurt his leg last week.
at first        at the end of the party     at last=in the end=finally
10、方式状语
by bike/taxi/car/bus/train/plane/ship/boat/air/sea in a/the car/taxi
on a bike/motorbike/bus/train        on foot
[误] He by bike to school every day. [正] He goes to school by bike/on a bike every day.
[正] He rides a bike to school every day. [误] He by train to Beijing yesterday.
[正] He went to Beijing by train/on a train yesterday.
[正] He took a train to Beijing yesterday.

附2 初中英语作文常用句型（必背）
一． 写人
1. His name is Jack. 2. He was born in London in 1982.
3. He is 1.68 meters tall and weighs 52 kilos.
4. He is 20 years old. 5. He comes from England.
6. He is a good ping-pong player. 7. He is medium build.
8. He has short hair. 9 He teaches English very well.
10.He is outgoing.Every one likes to talk with him. He gets on well with us.
11. He works very hard. He works in No.5 Middle School.
12. He loves watching football games after work.
13. He often helps me with my English. 14. At the age of six, he began to play table tennis.
15.He makes his class lively and interesting.
16.He has made great progress in math this term. 17.He gets on well with us.
二、 生活
1. Jim got up very early. 2. Jim cleaned the room and do the housework.
3. Jim went to shop and did some shopping. 4. Jim did some cooking.
5. Jim fed the cat. 6. Jim sweeps the floor.
7. He washes the dishes. 8. He has lunch at school.
9. It is a busy day. He is very tired. But he feels happy.
三、 环保
1. It's our duty to protect our environment.
2. It is very important to take care of our environment
3. We should not throw litter onto the ground
4. We should not spit in a public place/  cut down the trees
5. We should plant more flowers and trees.
6. We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin
7. If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful.
四、 学科
1. My favorite subject is English.
2. More than three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.
3. It is used by travelers and business people all over the world.
4. China has joined the WTO and the Olympic Games will be held in China. English becomes more and more useful.
5. So English is very important and I like English very much.
6. We have a lot of fun in the English class.
7. Our English teacher often makes us happy in the English class.
8. I hope I can go abroad one day, and then I can speak to foreigners in English.
9. I like English and try my best to learn it.
五、 节日
1. In China the most important holiday is the Spring Festival.
2. It comes in January or February.
3. On the Spring Festival Eve people have a big dinner. They have a lot of nice food to eat.
4. During the Spring Festival people have a lot of interesting things to do.
5. People visit their relatives and friends.
6. They greet each other with a hug and say, "Happy New Year".
7. As China is a big country, people in different places celebrate this holiday in different ways.
六、 旅游
1. Last Sunday(Saturday,…) ,it was sunny(rainy, windy, foggy,)
2. I got up very early (late). After breakfast I went to …with my friends by bike, bus，…
3. We enjoyed ourselves/had a good time in the park.
4. We forgot the time. We didn't come back until 5 o'clock.
5. We all felt very tired, but we were happy.
6. I thought I would never forget this trip.
7. Last summer, my parents and I went to Beijing for our holidays.
8. We visited a lot of places of interest(名胜).
9. He showed us around his factory.
10. We bought a lot of things. The clothes here are good and cheap.
11.It took us half an hour to go there by bus.
七、 比赛
1. Last Sunday, Class One had a football match with Class Two.
2. All of us went to watch it. 3. The match was very exciting.
4. In fact, I have never seen such an exciting match before.
5. The score was 5-3. Our team scored three goals in the last fifteen minutes.
6. Class One won this match. Class Two lost.
7. Class One played well. They deserved to win.
8. Their PE teacher was very pleased with their performance.
八、 健康
1. It is very important to keep healthy. 2. How can we keep healthy?
3. We can't go to sleep too late. We can't get up too late.
4. We should eat the food healthily. 5. We should do more exercise.
6. Last Tuesday I got a cold and had a pain in my head.
7. I didn't feel like eating anything. 8. I decided to see the doctor.
9. In the doctor's office, the doctor looks over me carefully.
10. He said :"Nothing serious." And he told me to take a rest and drink more water.
11. The doctor asked me to take the medicine three times a day.
12. A few days later, I felt better. From then on I believe that keeping healthy is the most important thing in the world.
9.开头句 （开头句和结束句务必要写好，那是阅卷老师重点阅的部分。）
It's our duty to protect our environment.
It is very important to keep healthy.
My favorite holiday is Spring Festival.
In China the most important holiday is the Spring Festival.
Everyone has his dreams. So do I. My dream is to be a famous doctor.
Last Sunday, it was sunny(rainy, windy, foggy,).
Last summer, my parents and I went to Beijing for our holidays.
Last Sunday, Class One had a football match with Class Two. All of us went to watch it.
I' like to tell you something about the out- of-class activity in our school. We usually have activities from 4:50 -- 5:50 in the afternoon.
I'm glad/happy to hear your good news! If you come to Canada, I will be very excited.
I'd like to invite you to my birthday party.
Thank you for your invitation. Thank you for inviting me to your party.
10、结束句
If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful.
I think it is important to protect animals. I hope my dream will come true in the future.
I hope every day can be Spring Festival. I thought I would never forget this trip.
We enjoyed ourselves. = We had fun. =We had a good time.
What a happy trip! How happy we are! I love this tr