新的视角教学-名词性从句-.doc

变复杂为简单
用新的视角教学“名词性从句”
刘永科

名词性从句，语法书和课本都把它讲得繁琐而又复杂。什么从属连词，连接代词，连接副词，这个“连接词”，那个“引导词”，把学生搞得晕头转向。其实，只要我们把它们进行归类、对比，就发现有规律可循。顾名思义，名词性从句就是具有名词作用的从句。因为它在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语和同位语，所以又称为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句四种。其实，我们换个角度来看，名词性从句一点也不复杂。
名词性从句，不外乎由三种类型的句子充当：陈述句、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句。因此让我们学生时刻记住：陈述性的句子由that引导，一般疑问句由whether引导，特殊疑问句由wh-word引导。这样，基本问题就解决了。下面我们用3组例句进行讲解，每组例句都分别包含一个主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句，看起来这样归纳是很有意思的。

（一）that引导的各种名词性从句

1. That our team had won the match made us excited.
2. The headmaster said that our team had won the match.
3. The fact was that our team had won the match.
4. The headmaster announced the news that our team had won the match.

【特别提示】
在本组句子中，每句都含有that our team had won the match. 它在句1中作了句子的主语，是主语从句。在句2中作了said的宾语，是宾语从句。在句3中作了was的表语，是表语从句。在句4中作了news的同位语，是同位语从句。
1. that 引导的各种名词从句，都是陈述一个事实，没有疑问的含义。而且，that 只起引导作用，本身没有实际意义。
2. that 引导的主语从句，由于句子较长放在句首显得头重脚轻。为了使句子更加匀称，往往用it形式主语引导。例如：
（二）特殊疑问词wh-word引导的各种名词性从句

1. Who will attend the meeting has not been decided.
2. No one knows who will attend the meeting.
3. My question is who will attend the meeting.
4. The question who will attend the meeting remains to be discussed.

【特别提示】
在本组句子中，每句都含有who will attend the meeting. 它在句1中作了句子的主语，是主语从句。在句2中作了knows的宾语，是宾语从句。在句3中作了is的表语，是表语从句。在句4中作了question的同位语，是同位语从句。
1. 英语中有一种wh-word，也叫特殊疑问词（引导名词性从句时，称为连接代词或副词），因为这些引导词都含有wh两个字母。它们是 who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, when, where, how, why, 这些词均可引导四种名词性从句，并且这些引导词仍然具有疑问的含义。
2. 主语从句可以用形式主语it替代，而把主语从句置于句子的最后。如：
It has not been decided who will take the place of the manager.
It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.
3. 上述例句都使用了wh-word引导各种名词从句，由于wh-word具有疑问的含义，所以，无论是主语从句还是宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，其主句也都带有“悬而未决”的意思。例如：“没有决定”，“问题是”等等。因此主句中经常出现这一类词语：wonder, don’t know, no idea, not decided, doubt, question, problem等。
4.当然，有一个词要特别注意，那就是what。如前文所谈，它有时不表示疑问，而是当作复合关系代词使用，表示“说的话，做的事”等含义，相当于the thing(s) that，可以引导名词性从句，例如：What happened there will happen here.这另当别论。

（三）whether引导的各种名词性从句

what引导的名词性从句用法分析
刘永科

在必修三第3单元，有这样一个句子：… his eyes stare at what is left of the brothers' dinner on the table.他的眼睛注视着兄弟俩饭桌上的残羹剩饭。从句子意思看，what不像是疑问，不能译成“什么东西”。那么，what 究竟是什么意思呢？
我们首先看一下what在句中所起的语法作用：
充当疑问代词，引导特殊疑问句：What are you going to talk about?
充当连接代词，引导名词性从句：I don’t know what you are going to talk about.
以上两种情况，what仍然意为“什么”，表示疑问的意思。
what 除了充当“疑问代词”和“连接代词”以外，还有一个非常重要的用法，就是英语语法所说的“复合关系代词”（亦称“复合连接代词”）。但是，当它充当“复合关系代词”时，则没有疑问的含义。… his eyes stare at what is left of the brothers' dinner on the table.句子中的what就具有这种用法。这就是所谓的“复合关系代词”：一个what本身，既充当了先行词，又充当了关系代词两个角色。
该句中，what is left of the brothers’ dinner on the table.是stare at的宾语，而what又作了宾语从句的主语，what的意思相当于the food that，为了更好地理解句子，我们把原句改写一下：...his eyes stare at the food of the brothers' dinner that is left  on the table. 其中，of the brothers’ dinner是定语，修饰food。
再看下面几个句子：
1. We must do what the teacher tells us to do. 我们必须做老师叫我们做的事情。
2. In my opinion, what seems easy at first often turns out to be difficult in the end. 在我看来，开始容易的东西，往往到了最后看起来很难。
3. What we can’t get seems better than what we have. 我们得不到的东西，似乎比现在有的东西要好。
4. What caused the accident was a broken bottle. 导致这场事故的原来是个破瓶子。
What we will do is of great importance. 我们将要做的事情是非常重要的。（what是复合关系代词）
英语中，what作为“复合关系代词”，引导名词性从句时无疑问的概念。再举一些例子，让学生翻译：
1. The old man lived in what was called a small forest.
2. What surprised me most was his good memory.
3. What's in the box is a big jar, and what's in the jar is a kind of wine.
4. What has upset the teacher is that Mike doesn’t even know the difference between the two simple words.
5. That's what you call a cultural difference.
6. They finally reached what is called America now.
7. What I want to know is whether or not he likes the gift I bought.
8. I’ve forgot what you gave her as a birthday gift.
9. China is no longer what she used to be.
10. What happened there will happen here.
11. Whether good ways will be found to solve the problems or not is just what has worried the public.
12. We shouldn’t judge a person only by what he wears.
13. He works too hard. That is what is wrong with him.
14. They found nothing wrong in what I did.
15. He is a kind-hearted man, and what is more, a good teacher.

【解析】答案：B本题考查介宾从句连接词的选择。句意：在购物之前，我先列一张孩子们在下个季节所需的东西的清单。介词of后是个不完整的句子，首先没有引导词，其次从句缺少宾语，且表示“物”，故用what引导。why与how在宾语从句中作状语，分别表示原因和方式；which在宾语从句中可作宾语，但表示选择，不符合句意。
解答此类题目的思路：首先通读全句，考虑是不是某种句型，到底考查何种从句；然后仔细观察空格处的前前后后，确定相关从句的性质。确定从句性质后，回忆相关从句的用法特点，从而进行取舍；最后将选项代入句子，看前后是否语意通顺，合乎逻辑，并最终确定答案。
3. (上海高考) When changing lanes,a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know _________.
A.he is entering which lane B.which lane he is entering
C.is he entering which lane D.which lane is he entering
【解析】答案：B 本题考查宾语从句的语序。句意：当司机改变车道时，应该使用转向指示灯告知其他司机要往哪条车道拐。四个选项中都有which,又在题干中作宾语从句，所以which应该是从句的引导词，需放在从句句首，故排除A项和C项；宾语从句应用陈述语序，故B项为正确答案。
解答此类题目的关键是仔细研读四个选项。通读全句后，很容易判断该题考查宾语从句，作及物动词know的宾语。再看选项就能很快断定应是考查宾语从句的语序，即“连接词+陈述语序”。
4. (上海高考) One reason for her preference for city life is _________ she can have easy access to places like shops and restaurants.
A.that B.how C.what D.why
一、单项填空：（难度★★★★★）
1. As a new graduate, he doesn't know _________ it takes to start a business here.
A.how B.what C.when D.which
2. Part of the reason why Charles Dickens loved his own novel David Copperfield was _________ it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
A.what B.that C.why D.whether
3. _________some people regard as a drawback is seen as a plus by many others.
A.Whether B.What C.That D.How
4. —I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays.
—That's _________ I don't agree. You should have a more active life.
A.where B.how C.when D.what
5. We should respect food and think about the people who don't have _________ we have here and treat food nicely.
A.that B.which C.what D.whether
6. —How about camping this weekend, just for a change?
—OK,_________you want.
A.whichever B.however C.whatever D.whoever
7. It is uncertain_________side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.
A.that B.what C.how D.whether
8. —Have you finished the book?
—No.I've read up to _________ the children discover the secret cave.
A.which B.what C.that D.where
9. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew _________ she was so angry.
A.where B.whether C.that D.why
10. _________ was known to us all that Johnson had broken his promise _________ he would give each of us a small gift.
A.As;which B.What;that C.It;that D.It;which
19. Many experts hold the view _________ teacher development is _________ the key to better education lies.
A.which;where B.that;where
C.which;in which D.that;in which
20. A warm thought suddenly came to me _________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday.
A.if B.when C.that D.which
21. We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know_______ she’ll accept it.
A.where B.what C.whether D.which
22. It was never clear_________the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.
A.that B.how C.when D.why
23. Modern science has given clear evidence________smoking can lead to many diseases.
A.what B.which C.that D.where
24. When the news came_____ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.
A.since B.which C.that D.because
25. His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out _____ it is he is trying to express.
A.that B.how C.who D.what
26. ______Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.
A.Which B.What C.That D.Whom
27. The shocking news made me realize______terrible problems we would face.
A.what B.how C.that D.why
28. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious_____the problem itself is.
6. 答案：C　句意：“这个周末我们改变一下，去野营怎么样？”“好的，你想做什么都可以。”whichever无论哪一个；however无论怎么样；whatever无论什么；whoever无论谁，指人。want为及物动词，缺少宾语，whatever一般在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语，符合题意。
7. 答案：B　句意：尽管已经有约两千名病人服用了这种药，但是，这种药会带来什么副作用还不明确。本题设空处需引导主语从句；that无实际意义，在从句中不作成分；what什么，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语，还可修饰名词作定语；how如何，多么，在从句中作方式状语或修饰形容词；whether是否，在从句中作状语，不修饰名词。side effect为名词短语，故需用what修饰。
8. 答案：D　句意：“你读完那本书了吗？”“没有，我已经读到孩子们发现秘密山洞的地方了。”本题考查宾语从句的用法。宾语从句中不缺少主语或宾语，排除A、B、C三项，选择D项。
9. 答案：D　句意：Cindy重重地关上门，放声大哭。办公室里没人知道她为什么如此生气。本题考查宾语从句的用法。根据句意可知用why引导宾语从句，故答案为D项。
10. 答案：C　句意：众所周知，约翰逊没能遵守他给我们每人一份小礼物的承诺。第一个空it作形式主语，真正的主语是that Johnson...;第二个空that引导同位语从句，用以解释promise的内容。
11. 答案：B　句意：你注意到他现在情绪低落这一问题了吗？怎么回事啊？第一个空that引导同位语从句，用以说明problem的内容；后面的How come?“怎么回事?”为固定搭配。
12. 答案：C　句意：我父母不关心我的零花钱的去向，但有一点是肯定的：我花的钱必须值。本题考查宾语从句的用法，从句中的goes为不及物动词，因此设空处应该是副词，21. 答案：C 本题考查宾语从句的连接词，弄清连接词的不同含义及句意即可作出判断。句意：我们给她提供了那份工作，但我不知道她是否会接受。where哪儿;what 什么;whether 是否;which 哪一个。只有whether 符合句意，故选C。
22.答案：D 本题考查名词性从句的连接词。句意：那个人为什么没尽快地报道那场意外事故还没弄清楚。由句意知只有D项符合题意。如果掌握了名词性从句连接词的句法功能及其在从句中所作的成分，那么此类题目就迎刃而解了。
23. 答案：C本题考查名词性从句中同位语从句的用法。句意：现代科学对于吸烟能导致多种疾病已经给出了明确的证据。这是一个主从复合句，evidence后的从句是evidence的同位语，对evidence起解释说明的作用，且该从句语意完整，故用that引导同位语从句。而what，which，where均在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
24. 答案：C 本题考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：当传来战争爆发的消息的时候，他决定去参军。the war broke out是news的具体内容，因此这是同位语从句，作news的同位语，且从句中不缺少句子成分，所以用连接词that。that引导同位语从句虽不作任何成分，但不能省略。
弄清从句的成分是解题的关键。
25. 答案：D 本题考查名词性从句的连接词。句意：“他的字迹如此混乱以至于很难理解他在试图表达什么。” that在连接名词性从句时没有任何意义，不作任何成分；how 如何，怎么；who谁；what什么，在名词性从句中可以作主语、宾语等。在这个what引导的宾语从句中what又作了express的宾语，表示 “表达什么”, 所以选D项。做好这类题首先要分清是什么类型的从句，其次是看这个从句缺少什么成分，再根据各个连接词的用法来作最后的选择。
26. 答案：B 本题考查名词性从句。解题时应从名词性从句引导词的用法着手。句意：芭芭拉·琼斯为其粉丝带来的是诚实和幸福。分析主语从句可知，句中缺少宾语成分，故选30. 答案：C 本题考查名词性从句的引导词。句意：村民们已经知道我们要做的事是重修这座桥。分析句子结构可知，known后的宾语从句中含有一个主语从句，该从句缺少引导词并且从句中do缺少宾语，故用what,意为“……的事情”。this不能引导从句;that在名词性从句中不作句子成分;which强调哪一个，不符合句意。把握从句类型并分析句子结构，找准从句所缺成分，弄清引导词的句法功能至关重要。

二、单项填空：（难度★★★）
1. ______ surprises the teacher most is that Mike doesn’t even know ______ the difference between the two simple words lies.
A. What; where B. What; what
C. That; where D. That; what
2. Though most of them don’t doubt ______ he will pass the test, I have some doubt ______ he has really got everything ready.
A. whether; that B. that; whether
C. that; that D. whether; whether
3. The rich man made a promise______ anyone broke the record he would give him one million dollars.
A. that B. if C. whether D. that if
4. He often writes to us expressing his hope ______ he’ll come to see us some day.
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
5. Henry is pleased with ______ you told him and ______ you gave him.
A. that; that B. which; which
C. what; all what D. what; all that
6. _______I want to know is ______ Jack likes the gift we bought for him.
A. What; that B. That; if
C. What; whether D. That; that
7. The reason why the traffic was stopped was ______ the bridge was damaged by the flood.
A. because B. why C. how D. that
8. ______ the young student will go to work in a mountain village has surprised all of us.
A. What B. That C. Whether D. If
15. ______ good ways will be found to solve the problem is just ______worries the public.
A. Whether, what B. What, what
C. That, that D. If, how
16. ______you don’t like him has nothing to do with me.
A. What B. That C. Who D. How
17. Although most of them have no doubt______he will pass the exam, I still think there is some doubt______he has really got everything ready.
A. whether; that B. that; whether
C. that; that D. whether; whether
18. Father made a promise ______ I passed the examination he would buy me a bicycle.
A. that B. if C. whether D. that if
19. The order ______ the prisoner be set free arrived too late.
A. which B. whether C. that D. when
20. She is pleased with ______ you have given him and ______ you have told him.
A. that; that B. which; which
C. what; all what D. what; all that
21. ______ I want to know is ______ he likes the gift given by us.
A. What; that B. That; if C. What; whether D. That; that
22. The reason why the traffic was stopped was ______ the bridge was broken.
A. because B. why C. how D. that
23. ______ he will go to work in a mountain village surprises all of us.
A. What B. That C. Whether D. If
24. —What about the speech he made this afternoon?
—______he said so must be quite encouraging, I think.
A. What B. That C. 不填 D. All
25. ______seems easy at first often turns out to be difficult.
31. —Don’t you believe me?
—______, I’ll believe ______ you say.
A. No; whatever
B. Yes; no matter what
C. No; no matter what
D. Yes; whatever
32. ______ we can’t get seems better than ______ we have.
A. What; what B. What; that
C. That; that D. That; what
33. They decided to turn to ______ can help them out of difficulty.
A. who B. whoever C. anyone D. someone
34. —Do you remember ______ he came?
—Yes, I do. He came to attend a meeting.
A. how B. why C. if D. when
35. The question came up at the meeting ______ we had not enough money to do the research.
A. whether B. that C. if D. what
36. I’ve forgot ______ you gave her as a birthday gift.
A. what B. when C. how D. that
37. —Could you tell me where I can find the station?
—Yes, I can tell you ______ you want to know.
A. what B. which C. that D. whether
38. —We never know ______ he is.
—He is said to be a sailor.
A. who B. what C. which D. whoever
48. The boss came out to see ______.
A. what the matter was B. what was the matter
C. when was the matter D. how was the matter
49. She told me ______ a bad day she was having.
A. what B. that C. how D. whether
50. It is still a question ______ we will hold our sports meet.
A. when B. that C. which D. if
51. I am interested in ______ you have told me.
A. all B. all that
C. what D. all the three
52. China is no longer ______ she used to be.
A. what B. that C. which D. when
53. ______ happened there will happen here.
A. That B. Which C. What D. Whether
54. I have no idea ______.
A. what is the Chinese for this word
B. what the Chinese is for this word
C. what Chinese is for the word
D. what the Chinese for is this word
55. ______ good ways will be found to solve the problems or not is just worried the 63. They found nothing wrong ______ I did.
A. that B. what C. in what D. in that
64. He is a kind-hearted man, and ______ is more, a good teacher.
A. all B. that C. what D. which
65. Is ______ Mary told you to do when she left?
A. this what B. what C. that D. this
【答案解析】
1. 答案：A。此题考查主语从句和宾语从句的引导词。本句意思为“使老师最吃惊的是，麦克竟然不知道这两个简单的单词之间的区别。”that 只能引导主语从句。
不能在句中做成分，只起连接作用，本句主语为主语从句______ surprises me most，句中缺主语，故用what, 而宾语从句_____the difference between the twosimple words lies缺地点状语。
2. 答案：B。此题考查宾语从句和同位语从句的引导词。此句意思为“尽管他们绝大部分都确信他会通过考试，我仍然有些怀疑是否他已经准备好了一切。”doubt 作谓语动词时如用否定形式，则其后的宾语从句应用陈述语序。第二个doubt后接的是同位语从句。
3. 答案：D。此题考查同位语从句的引导词。that引导整个的同位语从句做a promise