2021年专升本英语重点语法及句型.doc

专升本英语重点语法一、名词1、可数名词Countable Noun1.1 规则名词复数形式，如：mapmaps boxboxes storystories1.2不规则名词复数形式1） 以-o结尾名词多数加-es构成复数：heroheroes 英雄 cargocargoes货品 potatopotatoes 土豆 tomatotomatoes西红柿*某些外来词以-o结尾，但只加-s：autoautos 汽车 pianopianos钢琴 photophotos 照片 kilokilos公里*以-oo或元音字母加-o结尾词也只加-s：zoozoos动物园 radioradios收音机 bamboobamboos竹子 studiostudios照相馆2）以-f或-fe结尾名词，多数变f为v再加上-es：thiefthieves小偷 knifeknives刀 wifewives妻子lifelives生命 shelfshelves架子 halfhalves半*但有些只加-s： beliefbeliefs信念 roofroofs屋顶3）常用特殊复数形式：childchildren孩子 footfeet脚，英尺 goosegeese鹅 oxoxen牛toothteeth牙齿 mousemice老鼠 basisbases基本 mediummedia媒介manmen 男人 womanwomen女人 chairmanchairmen主席 datumdata数据4）常用单复数形式相似：sheep绵羊 deer鹿 fish鱼 fruit水果yuan 元 shark鲨鱼 Chinese 中华人民共和国人 Swiss瑞士人5）常用只能用复数形式名词：works工厂 species种类 crossroads十字路口 means手段goods货品 clothes衣服 shoes鞋 thanks感谢 surroundings环境politics政治学 physics物理学 glasses眼镜 outskirts郊区 wages工资*此外某些集合名词如：cattle， mankind， police， people， staff等总是用作复数。2、不可数名词2.1单位词修饰不可数名词：a piece of bread 一片面包 a bag of sand 一袋沙 a bottle of beer一瓶啤酒 a game of chess一盘棋2.2度量词修饰不可数名词：a kilo of rice 一公斤大米 a meter of string 一米带子2.3常用不可数名词：advice 忠告 bread 面包 chalk 粉笔 furniture 家具 meat 肉 damage 损失 progress 进步paper 纸 news新闻 rice 大米 money 钱 grass草 luggage行李 knowledge知识sugar糖 work工作 food 食物 information信息 equipment设备 baggage行李3、名词所有格1）名词 + s： Marys book2） 名词s （复数） + ： the workers library特殊如： the childrens palace 少年宫 Womens day 妇女节3） 如某物为两人所共有，只需在两个名词后加s： Mary and Janes car 共有否则为：Marys and Janes cars 各自4）双重所有格：a friend of my fathers /mine 我（爸爸）一位朋友（某些概念）a photo of Toms 汤姆所拥有一张照片，但照片上未必是她本人*名词和数词构成复合构造：一种为期三天假期 a three-week holiday a three weeksholiday a holiday of three weeksDr. Jones has a five-year-old daughter.二、冠词1、不定冠词a、an：表泛指，用于单数可数名词前，表达任何一种/类。1.1以辅音音素开头名词或词组前用a；以元音音素开头名词或词组前用ana university a European a book an umbrella an hour an error*不可数名词用作可数名词时，可用a/an，如： She was inspired with a new courage.1.2常用使用不定冠词固定搭配：have a cold 患感冒 as a result因而，成果 as a rule 普通 have a good timehave a word with与谈话 have a rest休息一会 in a hurry匆忙地 in a word 总之once in a while偶尔 take a walk 散步 come to an end 结束 all of a sudden 突然make a living谋生 make a fire生火 make a fortune发财a couple of 一对 a great deal of大量 a lot of 许多2、定冠词the：表特指，意为这（些）、那（些）。1） 第二次提到，或双方都已懂得人或事物：There is some water in the cup. The water is hot. Close the door， please.（已知）2） 单数可数名词前，表达种类：The telephone was invented by Bell. The early bird catches the worms.捷足先登3） 世界上独一无二事物，以及表达江河、海洋、山脉等地理名称：the earth the Bible圣经 the Universe 宇宙 the Yangtze River长江the sun the Lord 上帝 the Pacific Ocean太平洋 the Sahara Desert撒哈拉沙漠4）限定意味较强定语： the book you bought yesterday the history of China5）用于具备鉴别意义普通名词前，如： the planet Mercury水星 the play King Lear剧本李尔王6）其她用法：西洋乐器前，表达演奏某种乐器：play the violin （piano）某些形容词前，使其名词化，表达这一类人或事物：the poor， the true姓氏复数形式和民族名称前，表达全家和整个民族：the Turners， the Chinese逢十年份前，表达几十年代：in the 1980s某些计量单位名词前：Apples are sold by the pound.7）常用使用定冠词固定搭配：by the way 顺便说一句 in the future 将来 in the morning在上午 in the end 最后in the meanwhile同步 in the sun在阳光下 on the average平均 on the alert警惕on the contrary相反 on the right在右边 on the increase增长 on the spot 当场play the fool 做傻事 keep the house居家不外出 in the dark 在暗处 at the cost of 以为代价3、零冠词1）不可数名词表达泛指时：Without water man cannot live.2）复数可数名词表达泛指时：Teachers generally like diligent students.3）专有名词前普通用零冠词：China， Asia， Beijing University， Hyde Park（海德公园）4）其她用法： 季节名称前：Summer is coming.法定节日前： National Day New Years Day球类运动和棋类游戏前：play football， play chess（bridge）下棋（打桥牌）餐名前：When will lunch be ready？5）零冠词固定短语：at first at desk（table） 在办公（吃饭）at last on purpose故意 on foot徒步 in debt负债in trouble陷入困境 at night at sea在海上 at home by accident偶尔 in bed 卧床by chance碰巧 in order of 以顺序 go to school go to bed in common 相似in detail详细地 in hospital住院 in/ after class take place 发生 in return作为回敬in sight of 看见 on fire在燃烧 make friends with keep in mind记在心里三、代词1、人称代词主格 I you he，she，it we you they宾格 me you him，her，it us you them1.1排序普通为：第二人称，第三人称，第一人称：you，he and I；you，John and I1.2 it 用法代事物、动物、婴儿以及未知人或事：Who is that？ Its my friend.用于引出非人称句，表达天气、时间和距离等：Its cloudy today.形式代词：It is quite right that you did that.引导强调句：It was his father that made him a lawyer.2、物主代词形容词性 my your his，her，its our your their名词性 mine yours his，hers，its ours yours theirs2.1形容词性物主代词属限定词范畴，注意避免人称和数误用。2.2名词性物主代词可作主语、宾语和表语。Ours is a socialist country. This dictionary is mine. a friend of mine no fault of yours3、反身代词myself yourself himself，herself，itself ourselves yourselves themselvesTake care of yourself. He was teaching himself English.The man in the photo is myself. She herself was a doctor.4、批示代词：this、that、these、those4.1关于that固定用法：（1）Jack helped finish my work and that was kind of him.杰克协助我完毕了任务，她（那样做）真是太好了。（2）He told me only part of the story and that was that. 她只跟我讲了这个故事一某些，就那些。4.2关于that 和those：（1）Its a different kind of car from that （kind of car） （which） Im used to.这种汽车和我所习惯那种不同。（2）The president and his wife were among those （who were） present at the ceremony.出席那个典礼有总统和她夫人。5、互相代词：each other（两者）和one another（两者以上）（1）The two parties， the Democratic Party and the Republic Party often attack each other.（2）The boys in this class like to bully one another. 这个班上男孩子喜欢互相打斗。6、不定代词6.1 all和both（1）前者表达两个以上；后者表达两个。 （2）都位于行为动词之前，be动词后：They all （both） agreed with me. They are all （both） quite wealthy.6.2 no one和 none（1）no one只用于指人，none可指人也可指物。None of后接谓语可用复数也可用单数。No one told us that he was there. I want some milk but there was none in the house.How many elephants did you see at the zoo? -None.None of them have （has） arrived yet. None of this money is mine.7、some / any/ no/ every+（thing， one ，body）7.1 everyone和 every one前者意思为每个人，与everybody同义，用于泛指，不可跟of短语；后者意思是每个人或物，用于特指，可跟of短语。everyone in the village 村子里所有人（泛指） every one of the children 这些孩子中每一种（特指）7.2 anybody，everybody和every（each）+单数名词正式英语 Anybody can do it if he or she tries. 寻常英语 if they tryEverybody started waving his flag. their flagsEverybody has arrived， hasnt he？ havent they*Everything is all right，isns it？7.3 something， anything， nothing等被形容词修饰时，该形容词后置： nothing wrong8、否定1）某些否定：当all，both，each和every（body，thing）等表达整体意义代词与否定词连用时，普通只表达某些否定。All of the students did not turn up.不是所有学生都出席。当代英语惯用作：Not all of the students turned up.2）所有否定：none， no one， neither，nobody，nothing 等对整体意义具备否定作用代词或副词。None of the students turned up.没有一种学生出席。9、其她限定词1） 常用修饰可数名词限定词：（a） few， a couple of， both， many， many a， a great many， several， a number of2） 常用修饰不可数名词限定词：（a）little， much， a （large） amount of， a great deal of， a bit of3）some/any/no any：非必定句（否定、疑问、条件句） no：否定句some：必定句和具有必定意味场合，特殊如：Can I have some coffee？祈求或但愿得到必定回答时。Some idiot parked his car outside my garage. 表达某一种= a certain4） many/much many接可数名词复数，much接不可数名词，在必定句中常和so和too连用I have met （so）many people who share your view. （So） Much time has been wasted.*many a +单数可数名词相称于many+复数名词She has been to Beijing many a time. （many times） Many an accident has happened here.5）each/everyeach用作名词或形容词，every用作形容词，背面必要跟名词。咱们中每个人应为every one of us或each of us.6）both/eitherboth为两者都，后接复数动词，either为两者中任何一种，接单数动词。两者否定形式为neither.Truth may lie on both sides，on either side，or on neither（side）。7）either/any either为两者中任何一种；any为两者以上中任何一种。Come on Tuesday or Wednesday. Either day is OK. You will find me at my desk at any hour of the day.*either后接end，side等词有时可指两个都： There are trees on either side of the street. = both sides8）neither/none表达两者都不，用neither；表达两者以上都不，用none（of）。Neither接单数可数名词，none of 接复数名词。Neither book is mine.None of the books on the shelves belong to me. （用复数动词，强调都不是）*Of all the books on the shelves， none belongs to me. （用单数动词，强调没有一本是.）9）all/whole区别：all可接复数可数名词或不可数名词，whole普通接单数可数名词。语序：all用于冠词、所有格或其她限定词之前，whole只用于冠词等限定词背面。He ate all the vegetables. He ate the whole pie.The whole book is interesting. All the chapters are interesting.10） another/otherThis book is too difficult. Show me another one.Of the three books on the desk， two are written by Dickens， the other one is written by Mark Twain.*other前面可带some， any， every， many， one， his等其她限定词。Will you come some other time？ 改日 Please write on every other line.隔行*the rest of the money 不可数名词 the rest of the workers可数名词11）a number of/ the number of前者为：许多，后接复数名词，谓语用复数。后者为：总数，谓语用单数。A number of comrades were absent from the meeting.The number of comrades absent from the meeting was surprising.12） few/ a few few表否定， a few表数量不大，表必定。quite a few 表相称多，为必定。 only a few表否定，同few.13）little/ a little用法同上四、介词1、介词短语according to ahead of apart from by means of but for because of due to except for for the sake of in addition to instead of in front of in spite of in the name of on behalf of prior to with regard to owing to由于2、分词介词concerning including past regarding3、介词用法比较3.1 表达时间介词at， on， in， after， for， since， by， till， until， duringat表达确切时间点或较短一段时间；in表达一天中各某些时间或较长时间；on表达详细某天或某天上午或下午；during表达一段时间，强调时间延续。at 4：30 （noon， dawn， midnight） on Sunday （Oct.1）on Saturday afternoon （an autumn evening） *in the afternoon on Sundayat Christmas in （during） 1987 （December， the 19th century）during my military service （the trip） The job was done in a week.He will be back in two hours. He will be back after two oclock.I stayed in London （for） two days on my way to New York. since 1950 （then）By noon， everybody had （will have） arrived there. 到中午时候，人们都（将）到那儿了。from 1985 to 1996He waited till（until）5 oclock. They stayed until （till）after the meeting.（必定句中表达：直到时候）Until now I knew nothing about it. Jack didnt come home until / till about 11. （否定句中表达：直到才）3.2表达地点、位置介词in， at， round， around， beyond， on， beneath， over， under， above， below， up， down， before， behind， between， among， amid（st）The car pulled up at the gate.车停在大门口 She lives at No. 52 Hazel Avenue.They have arrived in Peking. What is in the box？He put a necklace （a）round her neck. He is making a trip round the world.beyond表达在以外： There is a village beyond the hill.on：在（平面）上；beneath：在（平面）下：There is a book on the desk. The submarine can run very fast beneath the sea.over：在（垂直）上方； under：在（垂直）下方：There is a lamp over the table. The peasants are having a rest under the tree.above：在上方； below：在下方：The plane is flying above the clouds. The sun sank below the horizon.before：在前面；after：在背面 （两者具备动态意义）Dont put the cart before the horse.莫本末倒置。 The object should be placed after the verb.*in front of和behind表达静态意义位置。The car was parked in front of the building. There is a garden behind the house.between：在（两者）之间：Is there any difference between the two words？among：在（两者以上）之间：They visited the temple among the hills.amid（st）：在之间（具有被不同之物包围之意），可接复数名词或不可数名词：The soldiers charged forward amid（st） the enemy bullets.3.3表达方向、方位介词to，in，for， at in在面（包括在其中）： Shanghai lies in the east of China.to在部（不包括在其中）： Japan lies to the east of China.on 两地接壤： Vietnam lies on the south of China.leave， start， depart等词后加for，表达目地：He will leave for Shanghai tomorrow.3.4表达空间运动介词along， across， through， over， up， down， from， to， into， out ofalong沿着： They are taking a walk along the street.across横过： Dare you swim across the river？through（从中间穿过）： They drove through the city （tunnel）over越过： The plane flew over the city.up向上方： He ran up the stairs. down向下方： The ship is sailing down the river.He received a letter from abroad. She stood up and walked to the window.3.5表达工具、办法和手段介词with， by， in， through， on1）with表达工具，方式（抽象），也可表达材料：Wood is often cut with a saw. We should face the situation with great courage.2）by表达途径或手段：Babies learn to speak by imitation. We can get energy by burning fuel.3） in表达方式： Can you do the experiment in another way？ Cloth is often measured in metres.4） through表达途径，手段，与by接近： He became rich through hard work.3.6表达因素介词because of， owing to， due to（普通不位于句首）， on account of， at， for， from， with， ofThe flight was cancelled due to the fog. We rejoiced at their great achievements.He was punished for stealing. They are suffering from starvation and disease.She was red with shame. The man died of lung cancer.直接因素 The soldier died from a bad wound.间接因素3.7除了：besides， except， except for， but， apart from（意思较广）Besides English， they also study math， physics and chemistry.He answered all the questions except （but） the last one.Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.整体中除去一种细节The enemy had no choice but to surrender.*but for表达：要不是由于，倘若没有，惯用于虚拟语调表达含蓄条件。3.8表达让步介词in spite of， despite， after all， for all， with allThe children continued to play in the garden despite the rain.With all his achievements， he remains modest and prudent.谦虚谨慎 For all his faults， we still like him.五、形容词和副词5.1系表构造，应用形容词作表语：The dish smells good. He looks very serious. She felt bad at the news.5.2某些形容词与副词同形，如：clean direct firm likely quick close early hard long slow clear enough highlow straight dead far kindly much tight deep fast late near wrong wideJohn drives very fast.