高中英语选修课教案——阅读理解题答题技巧.doc

英语阅读技巧指导
高中英语选修课教案
——阅读理解题答题技巧
教师:陈云
课时:18
Teaching aims: Help students get to know some useful reading strategies so that their reading skills can be improved.
Period 1 and period 2
阅读理解题答题技巧
1、抓住文章首句
　　文章头一句话往往是短文中关键的语句，即文章的主题句，是探察全文内容的窗口。了解首句含义，就可以顺着提供的主要线索去捕捉文章的关键词语，从而获得解决问题的答案。
2、细察段首段尾
　　每段首句和尾句，一般是表达文章中的主题和段落中心思想的，各段的段落大意往往概括在一个主题句中，其它句子只是对主题句的补充、说明、解释或引申。因此，起读之后，视域内首先要搜索目标，即段落中的主题句。英语短文的主题句一般都在段落末尾或开头。
3、进行合理推断
　　对文章有了详细、全面了解之后，就要按照文章要求，上下文的逻辑关系，作出推进判断。阅读理解涉及词汇、语法、句型、段落结构、文化背景等各方面因素。答题时要领会句子之间的逻辑关系，特别是相邻句子之间的关系，这样有利于理解全文。表示逻辑关系的标志词是连接词、副词、代词、介词、关系词、插入语，通读时应特别注意。如：if, because,though,as,which,it,and,but,however,therefore,so,for,example,I’m afraid ,so that ,so……that等词语。它们在上下文中具有条件、原因、让步，指代、递进、对比、列举、结果、目的、承上启下等作用分布在文章中的各个位置，起着指示路灯的作用，正确理解并掌握这些词汇的作用，对阅读理解短文是大有好处的。
　　 例：Mr. Black gave his wife money every Friday evening, but she always spent it before the next Wednesday, for the next three days she had none. Every Tuesday evening Mr. Black asked her, “But what did you spend all that money on?” and she always answered, “I don’t know”. One Friday Mr. Black brought home an exercise book and a pencil and gave them to his wife along with the money. “Now look!” he said to her, “When you get money from me, write it down on this page, and on the next page write down what happens to the money.” When Mr. Black came home the next Tuesday, his wife came to him and showed him the book, “I have done what you told me”, “When you get money from me, write it down on this page, and on the next page write down what happens to the money. ” When Mr. Black came home the next Tuesday, his wife came to him and showed him the book, “I have done what you told me”, she said happily. On the first page she had written“Friday,28th June I got ＄18 from John” and on the next page,“Tuesday,2nd July, I have spent it all.”

　　 解题：
　　 通读全文可知故事发生的时间： 每星期五晚上；下星期三之前；星期五的一天；6月28日 (星期五) ； (7月2日)(星期二)
　　 地点：布莱克先生家里；
　　 人物：布莱克先生和他的妻子；
　　 事件：布莱克先生每星期五晚上给他妻子钱，他妻子总是在星期三之前花完；接着可根据上述提供的线索进一步分析可知：星期三、四、五他妻子没花钱；星期五的一天，布莱克买回一个练习本和一支铅笔，并随同钱一起交给妻子；布莱克告诉妻子，“当你从我这拿钱时，记在第一页上，下一页记钱是怎么花的。”布莱克先生下星期二回家时，她妻子告诉他：6月28日 (星期五) 她收到18英磅；7月2日 (星期二) 把钱花完； 经过综合分析，了解了文章的详细内容，这样就可按照要求进行判断回答了。　
按要求回答下面五个问题：
　　 1. Mr. Black ________ how she had spend the money.
　　　　A wanted to know
B knew quite well
C had no idea
D often asked herself
　　　　 从上述分析可容易地找了答案应为C。
　　 2.By ________ evening there was no more money left for Mrs. Black.
　　　　 A Tuesday
B Wednesday
C Thursday
D Friday
　　　　 从上面分析可排除C、D，经推测到星期二晚上，她已没有更多的钱了，因为星期三已没钱花了，故选择答案A。
　　 3.Mr.Black told his wife to write down on the next page.
　　　　 A When she spent the money;
B where she spent the money;
　　　　 C why she spent so much money;
D What she bought with the money
　　　　 分析后应选择答案D，因为D说明她用钱买什么东西，正是短文中所谈及的内容。
　　 4.Mrs.Black began to write down how much her husband had given her.
　　　 A At the beginning of July
B By the end of June C On Friday evening
D Every weekend.
　　　　 分析应选择答案B，因为6月28日正是6月末。
　　 5.In the end Mr. Black was sure
　　　 A that his wife had hit if saving money.
B that most of the money had been spent on food.
C about how the money had been spent
D that his wife spent her money without much care or thought
　　　　 经分析可排除A、B、C，只剩D“她妻子花钱”为正确答案。
4、丰富常识储备 多了解些常识性知识很有利于阅读理解。如果对有关文章的情况有所了解，读起文章一定既省时又省力。因此，在学习过程中，了解各方面的背景知识是十分重要的。所以考生平时对教材内容所涉及的历史背景知识应该掌握。最低也要了解基本常识。中学初一至高三册教材中，包含着广泛的背景知识。
　　 考生应了解下列知识：
　　 ①主要作家、艺术家及其主要作品；
　　 ②科普常识：生态平衡、环境污染、自由落体理论、水的三态变化、相对论、计算机应用、人造地球卫星、登月纪实、诺贝尔奖金等。
　　 ③了解西方社会风土人情、社交活动、新年、圣诞节活动、宗教信仰、罢工斗争、失业现象、风俗习惯等；
　　 ④了解教材、阅读材料及课后短文；
　　 ⑤博览群书，扩大视野，拓宽知识面； 考生应多读一些课外阅读材料，如外国文艺、英语画刊、世界知识画报、中学英语各类刊物等。多看一些新闻联播，世界各地和各类英语讲座；
　　 ⑥使用各种工具书，查阅各类名词、术语、重大事件；
　　 ⑦记熟常用的缩略词语。
5、猜测推敲生词 阅读短文时，常常遇到一些生词。这时，考生要沉着、冷静，细心思考。首先要把整段、整篇文章看完。通过对全篇短文的阅读理解，很可能猜测出生词的大意。还可以从生词的上下句子，以及句子和段落之间的关系来判断、理解生词以求获得其真正含意。 猜测生词的另一种方法是，根据词型推测。遇到生词后，可从构词法角度分析判断生词。例如： unforeseeable一词，其中词根see, fore的含意是“先前、预的”意思，un前缀是“不”的意思，因此可以猜知，此词是“未能预见”的形容词。
6、细扣题目要求 纵观历年高考试题，阅读理解试题一般有以下几种答题法：一是完形填空法；二是多项选择法；三是短文内容直接回答who、whom、which、what、where、when、why、how等疑问词的问题；四是综合概括回答法。 在阅读文章时，有时试题内容恰好是你所熟悉的题材，但不能立刻就答，一定要仔细看完、看清楚试题要求再回答。因为试题的要求往往与你所想象的有出入，不能马虎。
Period 3

主旨概括（一）

Passage 1
Mike is a freshman（新生） in college. He is also trying to earn the money he needs to live on.
As a result, he works forty hours a week at a gasoline station. But this work must be done at night because Mike is a full-time college student. Mike also tries to make time for things he enjoys doing that are not related to college and work. He likes to ski in winter and play in summer. However, he is finding less and less time for these pleasures.
Question: Which sentence best expresses the main idea?
A. Mike is very busy.
B. A freshman has to work many hours all week.
C. Mike has pleasures in his spare time.
D. Mike has a lot of homework.

Passage 2
Telephone, television, radio, and the telegraph all help people communicate with each other.
Because of these devices, ideas and news of events spread quickly all over the world. For example, within seconds, people can know the results of an election in Japan or Argentina（阿根廷）. An international soccer match comes into the home of everyone with a television set. News of disaster such as an earthquake or a flood can bring help from distant countries. Within hours, help is on the way. Because of modern technology like the four thousand satellites that travel around the world, information travels fast.
Question: The main idea of the passage is that _____.
A. News of a disaster travels quickly and help can come quickly from distant countries.
B. Election results can be known almost immediately.
C. Election results can be known almost immediately.
D. Information travels very fast because of technology.

Passage 3
It doesn't matter when or how much a person sleeps, but everyone needs some rest to stay alive. That's what all doctors thought, until they heard about Al Herpin. Al Herpin, it was said, never slept. Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves.
Al Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey. They thought for sure that he got some sleep of some kind. So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made. But they were surprised. Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw Herpin sleeping. In fact, he did not even own a bed. He never needed one.
The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers. The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness. They asked him many questions, hoping to find an answer. They found only one answer that might explain his condition. Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured several days before he was born. But that was all. Was this the real reason? No one could be sure.
Herpin died at the age of 94.
1. The main idea of this passage is that _____.
A. large numbers of people do not need sleep
B. a person who actually didn't need any sleep was found
C. everyone needs some sleep to stay alive
D. people can live longer by trying not to sleep
2. The doctors came to visit Herpin, expecting _____.
A. to cure him of his sleeplessness
B. to find that his sleeplessness was not really true
C. to find out why some old people didn't need any sleep
D. to find a way to free people from the need of sleeping
3. After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that Al Herpin _____.
A. needed some kind of sleep
B. was too old to need any sleep
C. needed no sleep at all
D. often slept in a chair
4. One reason that might explain Herpin's sleeplessness was _____.
A. his mother's injury before he was born
B. that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit
C. his magnificent physical condition
D. that he hadn't got a bed
5. Al Herpin's condition could be regarded as _____.
A. a common one
B. one that could be cured
C. very healthy
D. a rare one

Period 4

主旨概括（二）

Passage 1
Americans use more water than any other people in the world. If we continue to use
water at the rate we do now, we will soon not have enough to meet our needs. In 1900,
40 billion gallons（加仑）were used each day in the United States. In 1980, 700 billion
gallons were used. The average American uses almost 90 gallons of water a day for
personal use. And much more water is needed to make the things American people like
to have. For example, it takes thousands of gallons of water to make one pound of beef
for the dinner table. It takes more than 100,000 gallons of water to make a car. If we
includes these uses of water, the average American uses about 2000 gallons of water
a day.
Question: The best title for the passage is _______.
A. Water Use in the United States
B. The Problem of Water Use
C. Water Use in the World
D. Water Use in the Twentieth Century

Passage 2
Halloween is an autumn holiday that Americans celebrate every year. It means "holy evening", and it comes every October 31, the evening before All- Saints Day. However, it's not really a church holiday; it's a holiday for children.
Every autumn, when the vegetables are ready to eat, children pick large orange pumpkins. Then they cut faces in the pumpkins and put lights inside. It looks like there is a person looking out of the pumpkin!
The children also put on strange masks（面具）and frightening clothes every Halloween. Some children paint their faces to look like monsters（怪物）. Then they carry boxes or bags from house to house. Every time they come to a new house, they say, "Trick or treat! Money or eat!" The adults（成年人）put a treat ---money or candy --- in their bags.
Some children think of other people on Halloween. They carry boxes for UNICEF (The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund). They ask for money to help poor children all around the world. Of course, every time they help UNICEF, they usually receive a treat for themselves, too.
Question: The best title for the passage probably is ______.
A. An Autumn Holiday
B. A Church Holiday
C. A Holiday for Children
D. All-Saints
Passage3
Thirty children from China and eight from other countries and regions who won prizes in an international competition（竞赛）received their rewards in Beijing at the Great Hall of the People yesterday. The nine-month 1989 Sea-Ball Cup International Children Drawing Competition started last April.
It received more than 6,000 works including 300 pieces of art from countries and regions outside China--- the United States, the Soviet Union, the Philippines, Chili, Romania and Japan.
"All the paintings express children's longing for a peaceful world, their love for nature and dreams for the future," said Fan Zeng, the well-known Chinese painter and chairman of the evaluation commission（评委会）of the competition.
The Gold Prize was granted to five works, one of them is from the Soviet Union. Another 10 children were awarded the Silver Prize. "The prizewinning works are outstanding in the imagination and creativity," Fan said. A Chinese boy at the age of five was the youngest prize winner, who won a Bronze Prize.
Marjorie Michelle Villa, a Philippine girl at the age of thirteen, who won a Silver Prize, flew to Beijing for the award ceremony and gave a speech to an audience which included senior Chinese leaders and foreign diplomats（外交官）who received prizes on behalf of the winners from their countries.
1. No children from ____ sent their paintings for the competition.
A. Asia B. Africa C. Europe D. America
2. From their works we can see the children ______.
A. love their own countries
B. have a strong good feeling for peace and nature, and they dream of a happy future
C. are proud of their own paintings
D. are sure of their bright future
3. A girl prize winner _______.
A. took a plane to Beijing to tell the Chinese leaders about her paintings
B. attended the ceremony and visited Beijing
C. was absent from the ceremony
D. was present and spoke at the ceremony
4. The competition is ______.
A. a full success
B. a successful experiment
C. a pleasant surprise
D. a good imagination
5. The best title for the passage is ______.
A. Boys and Girls Are Fond of Paintings
B. Children Are Praised for Their Love of Paintings
C. Children Painters Receive Their Prizes
D. Children Come to Beijing from Different Countries
Period 5

主旨概括（三）

Passage 1
Who are these people rushing by you in the street? More than 215 million people now call America "home", but most of them can trace their families back to other parts of the world. If you look at the names on shop windows, you will see that Americans come from many different lands. The idea that these people, who once were strangers to the United States, have lost the customs and cultures of their original countries and have become "American" is really not true. In fact, what exists in America is more often a kind of "side-by-side" living in which groups of people from other countries often have kept many of their customs and habits. They join the general American society only in certain areas of their lives--- such as in schools, businesses, and sports--- but they keep many of their own native customs and manners socially and at home. This living "side-by-side" has both advantages （长处）and disadvantages. Sometimes it may cause disagreements to develop between groups whose ways of life are very different from one another. However, there are also great advantages that come from the variety of cultures brought by settlers from other lands.
There is great freedom of choice among ideas and dress, food, and social customs in America. Everyone can find some part of his or her familiar world in the United States, in churches, music, food, national groups, or newspapers.
Question: Which is the best title for this passage?
A. Advantages and Disadvantages
B. Different Customs and Habits
C. Home for the people
D. "Side-by-side" Living Style in America

Passage 2
Kleptomania（盗窃癖）is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. Such a person is not really a thief. They are sick and cannot help themselves. All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions.
People with Kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them. With medical help they may become normal citizens again. The things that a Kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value. They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them.
Questions: What is the topic of the text?
A. Young thieves
B. An unusual illness
C. Reasons for stealing
D. A normal child's actions

Passage 3
Young people and