初中英语语法专题讲座.docx

初中英语语法专题讲座名词可数名词复数：英语名词有可数与不可数之分，可数名词通常是个体名词和集体名词，可以计数，例如：tree trees, child children, familyfamilies, class classes。不可数名词通常是物质名词和抽象名词，不可以计数，在句中视为单数，例如：water, paper, work, health。可数名词复数规则：1.一般在复数名词后加s，如：dogdogs。2.以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watchwatches。请注意：stomachstomachs3.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es，如：country-countries。请注意：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s。如：monkey-monkeys。 4.以o结尾的名词：zero，zoo，radio，photo，piano无生命的词变复数时，加-s，tomato，potato，hero，Negro（黑人）等有生命的词变复数时加-es。5.以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es，如：knifeknives。 6.单复数形式相同的词：sheepsheep，fishfish ChineseChinese，JapaneseJapanese 7.特殊变化的单词有：toothteeth，footfeet childchildren mousemice manmen，womanwomen，policemanpolicemen, FrenchmanFrenchmen请注意：German(德国人)Germans 8.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。例如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours. 9.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理) 10. how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any, a number of等来修饰可数名词复数。 11.复合名词的复数形式：.将最后部分变为复数形式，例如：afternoon afternoons 下午，policewoman policewomen 女警察，girl-friend girl-friends女朋友，schoolboy schoolboys 男生，school teacher school teachers 中小学教师。.将两个部分都变为复数形式，只限于man, woman为第一部分的复合名词。例如：man doctor men doctors 男医生，woman singer women singers 女歌手。四、名词的所有格：名词的所有格有三种形式：s所有格、of所有格、双重所有格。1、s所有格：s所有格通过在名词后加s构成，主要用于表示人或有生命的东西的名词后。例如：Johns father 约翰的父亲，the teachers desk 老师的办公桌，the dogs food 狗的食物。有时，也用在表示时间、距离、国家等的名词后，例如：New Years Day 元旦，Chinas future 中国的未来。请比较以下两个短语的不同意思：Jack and Janes mother 杰克和琼（两人）的母亲Jacks and Janes mothers 杰克和琼（各自）的母亲s所有格有时可以独立使用（即它的后面不跟名词），表示商店、诊所、家宅等。例如：Mrs. Smith went to the doctors yesterday afternoon. (= the doctors clinic) 史密斯夫人昨天下午去看医生了。Where are you going? Im going to my uncles. (= my uncles house) 你去哪里？我去我叔叔家。2、of所有格：of所有格用of短语表示，主要用于表示无生命物品的名词以及名词化的形容词。例如：the cover of the dictionary 词典的封面，the life of the poor 穷人们的生活，the name of the student (= the students name) 这个学生的姓名。3、双重所有格：双重所有格的结构是：of + s。例如：a book of Toms (= one of Toms books) 汤姆的一本书。双重所有格主要用来表示全体中的一部分，例如：a book of my brothers 我哥哥的一本书（许多书中的一本）two coats of my friends 我朋友的两件外衣（许多外衣中的两件）请比较以下两组短语的意思：a friend of my fathers （强调我父亲不只有一位朋友）a friend of my father（强调对我父亲友好）a picture of Mr. Wangs （王先生许多照片中的一张）a picture of Mr. Wang（王先生本人的肖像）【考题分析】1 Would you like some _? Thank you, but Im not thirsty. A. sandwichesB. mooncakes C. orangesD. orange分析：本题既考了名词的可数与不可数，又考了词义。从题目上看，Im not thirsty一句是关键。thirsty意为“口渴的”，与饮料有关。候选项中的oranges（橘子）是可数名词（复数），而orange（橘子汁）是不可数名词，正好可选。答案：D2How far is your school from here? Its about twenty _ walk. A. minutesB. minutesC. minutesD. minute分析：“二十分钟的行走（路程）”的英语说法既要考虑到复数形式，又要考虑使用名词的所有格。应当选用候选项中的 (twenty) minutes（该词已以s结尾，不可再加s）。 答案：C 再如：We will have a _ holiday after the exam. A. two month B. two-month C. two months D. two-months 答案: B3Have you _ your new classmates yet? A. had friends withB. made friend withC. got friend toD. made friends with分析：本题四个选项虽然是动词短语，但是其中有一个名词复数的问题。“与某人交朋友”的英语说法是make friends with sb。其中的friends一定要用复数形式，表示相互关系。 答案：D4. What can I do for you? Id like two _.A. box of appleB. boxes of applesC. box of applesD. boxes of apple分析：box 和apple都是可数名词，应用复数。 答案: B.5. Help yourself to _. A. some chickens B. a chicken C. some chicken D. any chicken分析：chicken当鸡肉讲时不可数，故不能选A,B 答案: C6._ it is today! A. What fine weather B. What a fine weather C. How a fine weather D. How fine a weather答案: A.选择B的同学要注意weather不可数. 选择C和D的同学要注意weather是名词, 要用what来感叹.)7. Which is the way to the _? A. shoe factory B. shoes factory C. shoes factory D. shoes factory答案: A. 选择C,D的同学注意这里不是指名词所有格, 而是名词作形容词的用法.类似的用法如: pencil box; school bag等. 例如：误：Please tell me where the shoes shop is?正：Please tell me where the shoe shop is.分析：在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时，这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式，如：a shoe shop 鞋店 a fruit shop 水果店 a book shop 书店a post office 邮局 a police station 警察局 a bus stop 汽车站8. This class _ now. Miss Gao teaches them. A. are studying B. is studying C. be studying D. studying答案: A. 选择B的同学要注意, 当这种概念名词当 “人”讲的时候要做复数处理.类似的还有: the police are running after the thief等 9. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A. earth and stone, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions解析：earth 是不可数名词，因此删除B D,数以百万的应为millions of . 因此选A。10. “Would you like _?” “_ , please.” A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, Coffees C. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees解析: drink 和coffee是不可数名词, 可以用of来表示数量, 例如, three cups of coffee, 当前面加a 时,则表示“一杯”因此选C。11. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C.12. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。13. The team _ having a meeting. A. is B. are C. am D. be解析: team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复数), 此题意为后者, 因此选B。14. An old _ wants to see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 解析: person 与people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一个人”用 “a person”,“两个人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一个民族”. 应选B。15. Help yourself to _.A. chickens and apples B. chickens and appleC. chicken and apple D. chicken and apples解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选D。16. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers解析: room number 房间号码. room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词. 类似的还有my physics teacher, two bus drivers 等. 应选C。17. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而home 指的是家, 因此选C.18. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters解析: 此句中 “mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。19. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 解析: 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词.因此选B。20. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot experience解析: experience作 “经验” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选B。21. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。22. A group of _ are talking with two _. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans, Frenchmans C. Frenchmans, Germen D. Germen, Frenchmen 解析: Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选A.【巩固练习】一、写出下列名词的复数形式。1bag _ 2orange _ 3family _ 4wish _ 5leaf _ 6knife _ 7key _ 8baby _ 9tooth _ 10foot _ 11woman _ 12sheep _ 13Indian _ 14Japanese _ 15potato _16radio _ 17child _ 18fish _ 19Frenchman _ 20man doctor _二、根据句意填入适当的名词（首字母已给出）：1.They live in Paris and speak F_.2.They will go on a p_. Please tell them not to forget to take water with them.3.We Chinese use c_ when we have meals.4.China has larger p_ than any other country in the world.5.Their class won the g_ 400-metre relay race at the s_ meeting.三、选择填空：1.We now dont write letters on _. We send emails. A. papers B. computer C. paperD. the computer2. What _ is it today? It is Sunday. A. days B. days C. date D. day3.There are two _ in my class. Who is the one youre going to talk to?A. MaryB. MaryC. MariesD. Marys4.They will not walk there. Most of them have decided to go there _.A. in the bus B. by busC. on busD. by the bus5.Tom works hard and spends _ in the library.A. much time B. many time C. many times D. a lot of times6. I was told that two _ teachers would teach us English and chemistry next term.A. womans B. womenC. womensD. woman7.He decided to travel round the earth and return in _.A. two year time B. two years longC. two years timeD. two years time8.I dont know that man, but I think he is _ father.A. Lucy and LilysB. Lucys and LilyC. Lucys and LilysD. Lucy and Lily9.What _ we have today! A. a niceweather B. a fine day C. nice a day D. the nice weather10.Im hungry. Please give me _, please.A. a bread B. some breadsC. a piece of bread D. two piece of breads11. The day before yesterday she told me _ newsAa good Bsuch a good Cso good a Da piece of good12. I wont go there with you，for I have a lot of _ to doA. works B. job C. work D. working13. Li Lei is a friend of _A. I sister B. my sisters C. me sister D. my sister of14. In our school there are fifty-five _ A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. women teacher D. woman s teacher15The cat caught two _ last nightA. mouses B. mice C. mouse D.mices四、将下列短语译成英语。（名词所有格的用法）1.吉姆的自行车 _2.王叔叔的自行车 _3.教师节 _4.吉姆和凯特的父亲 _5.我父亲的一个朋友 _6.五分钟的路程 _7.儿童节 _8.中国地图 _9.床头 _10.今天的作业 _11.孩子们的故事书 _12.在我姑姑家 _13.在医务室 _14.几年的时间 _15.我姐姐的朋友的书 _五、将下列句子译成英文：1房间里有几位女医生和女警察。There are some _ _ and policewomen in the room.2史密斯先生是迈克父亲的一位朋友。Mr. Smith is _ _ _ _ _.3中国的人口为世界最多。China has _ _ _ in the world.4看，床底下有一双新鞋。Look! There is _ _ _ _ under the bed.5格林一家已经搬到另一处去了。_ _ have moved to another place.参考答案：一、1.bags 2. oranges 3. Families 4. wishes 5.leaves 6knives 7keys 8babies 9.teeth 10feet 11women 12sheep 13. Indians类似的还有：Russians，Canadians，Australians，Germans 14Japanese15potatoes 16radios 17children 18. fish/fishes (fish的复数可以是fish，也可以是fishes。fishes指“不同种类的鱼。”fish作“鱼肉”解是不可数名词) 19Frenchmen 20men doctors二、1. French 2. picnic 3. chopsticks 4. population 5. girls sports 三、15 CDDBA 610 BDABC 1115 DCBAB四、1Jims bike 2Uncle Wangs bike 3Teachers Day 4Jim and Kates father 5A friend of my fathers 6five minutes walk 7Childrens Day 8A map ofChina9the end of a bed 10todays homework 11childrens storybooks 12at my aunts 13at the doctors 14a few years time 15my sisters friends book五、1. women doctors 2. a friend of Mikes fathers 3. the largest population 4. a new pair of shoes 5. The Greens / The Green family初中英语语法专题讲座冠词【复习要点】英语的冠词分为三种：不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词（即不用冠词）。一、不定冠词：英语中不定冠词有两个：a, an。a用于以辅音音素开头的词前，例如：a room, a red apple, a useful book；an用于元音音素开头的词前，例如：an egg, an old man, an hour。1、不定冠词的基本用法：不定冠词主要用于泛指和类指，有时也用于特指（如以下第条）。、表示“一个（one）；每一个（each）”，例如：There is a table and four chairs in the room. 房间里有一张餐桌和四张椅子。He comes to visit me twice a year. 他每年来看我两次。a和one有时可以互换，例如：There were nearly a / one hundred people at the meeting.有将近100人参加了会议。但是，在一些习惯用语中，a和one是不可互换的。例如：once upon a time（从前）和one day（有一天）这两个短语中的a, one就不能互换；an hour or two 和one or two hours（一两个小时）这两个短语中的an, one也不能互换。请注意：a (an) 虽表示“一个”，但不强调数量，而是强调类别；one则强调数量。例：I bought a computer. 我买了一台电脑。（不是收音机和电视机）I bought one computer. 我买了一台电脑。 （不是两台）、表示“某一个（a certain）”，例如：She went to buy a dictionary. 他去买了一本词典。（没有买别的东西）We used to live in a small house. 我们曾经住在一间小屋子里。、表示一类中的任何一个，通常不必译成中文。例如：A horse is an animal. (= Horses are animals. / The horse is an animal.) 马是一种动物。 提示：表示某一类人或物时，可用下面三种方法：The dog is a faithful animal.（用定冠词）A dog is a faithful animal.（用不定冠词）Dogs are faithful animals. （用复数形式，不加定冠词）2、不定冠词的特别用法：用在序数词前，表示“再一次，又一个”。例如：Youll have to do it a second time. 你得再做一次。I dont think well need a third person. 我认为我们不再需要第三个人了。二、定冠词：定冠词只有一个：the其发音是：在元音音素前读 /I/，在辅音音素前读 / /。1、定冠词的基本用法：一般情况下，定冠词主要用于特指和类指，例如： 表示前面提到过的人或物，例如：There is a chair in the room. An old man is sitting on the chair.房间里有一把椅子，椅子上坐着一位老人。 表示谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如：I dont know the man. Is he your English teacher?我不认识那个人，他是你们的英语老师吗？ 表示独一无二的事物或方位、时间等，例如：The earth moves round the sun. 地球围绕着太阳运行。例如：I saw some birds flying in the sky. 我看到几只鸟在天上飞着。 用在单数可数名词前，表示某一类人或物。例如：The librarian is a person who lends books to others. 图书馆员是借书给他人的人。The cow is a useful animal. (= A cow is a useful animal. / Cows are useful animals.) 奶牛是一种有用的动物。 用在用普通名词构成的党派，国家等专有名词以及江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾等专有名词前。例如：They will visit the Great Wall next week. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 用在形容词前表示一类人，the +形容词指的是一群人，是一种复数含义，所以其后动词应用复数形式。例如：The old are sick. 用在姓名复数形式前表示一家人。例如：The Smiths /The Smith family have moved to London.2、定冠词的特殊用法： 序数词前一般要用定冠词，例如：This is the first time I have heard of such a thing. 这是我第一次听到这种事情。注意：序数词前如果有了物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格等限定词，不再用定冠词。例如：Is this your first visit to China?这是你第一次访问中国吗? Susans first thing to do was to have a meal.苏珊要做的第一件事就是进餐。 形容词、副词的最高级前要用定冠词。例如：The Changjiang River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流。Mike runs (the) fastest of the all the boys.迈克在所有男孩中跑得最快。 形容词、副词的比较级前也可以用定冠词，表示“两者中较的一个”。例如：He is the taller of the two. 他是两人中个子较高的那个。Of the two students Mary works the harder. 在这两个学生中，玛丽学习更努力。三、零冠词：零冠词是指不用冠词，用于以下场合：（1）星期、月份、季节、节日前一般不用冠词。但是中国传统节日前习惯用冠词。例如： All of us like the spring festival. 我们喜欢春节。Its Sunday today.今天是星期天。Today is Fathers Day. 今天是父亲节。If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ 但是如果被一个限制性定语修饰或有表示继续的介词during, through 时与表示一段特定的时间，则在季节前要加定冠词。例如：She came to Shanghai in the spring of 1987. 她是一九八七年春天来上海的。The school was completed in the September of 2000. 这学校是2000年9月落成的。He swims every day during the summer. 他夏天的每一天都游泳。 （2）在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Mr. Li is our headmaster. 李先生是我们的校长。 After lunch Aunt Huang came in. 午饭后黄阿姨来了。 （3）各词复数表示一类人或事物时。例如：I like cakes very much. 我非常喜欢蛋糕。Pandas are lovely animals.熊猫是可爱的动物。（4）在三餐饭，球类运动与棋类游戏，学科名称的名词前。但若表示某一种或某一个特定的概念时用冠词。例如：He had supper with us yesterday. Its a very good supper.他昨天和我们吃晚饭， （5）在物质名词，抽象名词，人名，地名等专有名词和不可数名词前. 但若不可数各词有其它限制词修饰时，则要加定冠词the. 例如: Smith is our teacher. 史密思是我们的老师。 Milk is good for us. 牛奶对我们有好处。The water in the pool is very dirty. 坑里的水很脏。 （6）某些交通工具名称前不用冠词。例如：by train乘火车(=on a train) by ship 乘船(=on a shi