法律写作The-Official-Memorandum--(PPT).ppt

Books:AuthorssurnameandinitialsorfirstnameYearofpublicationTitleofbooksinitalics(orunderlinedifhand-written)NameofpublisherPlaceofpublicationExamples:Kaberry,P.(1939)Aboriginal Women,Sacred and Profane.Routledge,London.ArticlesinJournals,PeriodicalsandNewspapersAuthorssurnamefollowedbyinitialsorfirstnameYearofpublicationTitleofarticleinsinglequotationmarksTitleofjournalinitalics(orunderlined)Volumenumberandissuenumber,ifapplicablePagenumber/sExample:McFarlane,B.1965,India:Thepoliticaleconomyofcrisis.TheAustralianQuarterly,vol.37,March,p.9.第一页，共十七页。ASAMPLEBIBLIOGRAPHYBone,Pamela,(1993),CryingShame.WomenandHumanRights.TheSydneyMorningHerald,28June,p.9.(Newspaperarticle,authorknown)Blainey,G.(1966),TheTyrannyofDistance.SunBooks,Melbourne.(Book)Brough,S.(ed.)(1989)TheEconomicAtlas,Hutchinson,London.(Referencebookeditedwork)Computerindustryblamed,SydneyMorningHerald,7July1997,p.3.(Newspaperarticle,authorunknown)Cotton,C.(1994)AtyrannyofCensorsinMyanmar,WorldPressExpress,vol41,March,p.33.(Journalarticle)第二页，共十七页。BibliographycontinuedKelly,Nn.d.,HangingOutatGlenrowan.BushwhackersPress,Melbourne.(Workwithnopublicationdate)Leech,O.(1993),Callforresearchshake-up.Australian,11August,p.13.(Newspaperarticle)第三页，共十七页。Writingaprosesummary(Precis)Aprosesummaryisacondensed,paraphrasedversionoftheoriginalmaterialwhichcanbeveryusefultoyouforinclusioninessaysandreports.Asummaryshouldcontainonlytheinformationthathasbeenpresentedintheoriginalpassage.Therefore,donot:includeyourownopinionsuseyourownexamplesgiveadditionalinformationalterthebalanceofanyargumentpresented第四页，共十七页。SometipsforwritingasummaryWriteincontinuousprose,withalogicalconnectionofideas.Wordssuchasbut,however,nevertheless,because,therefore,andalthoughareusefultoestablishasmoothflowofideas.However,youmustusethemwithcareandaccuracysothatyoudonotdistorttheoriginalmeaning.Usereportedorindirectspeechandthethirdperson.Forexample:Thechiefinspectorsaid,Ihaveneverseensuchahorriblecrimeinallmyyearsasapoliceofficer.(Directspeech.)Thechiefinspectorclaimednevertohavewitnessedsuchahorriblecrimethroughouthisentirecareerasapoliceofficer.(Indirectspeech,paraphrased)Whenusingindirectspeech,usethepasttense(asabove).WriteinformalEnglish.Useyourownwords(paraphrase)asfaraspossible.Leaveoutexamples,illustrations,etc.activity第五页，共十七页。ActivityWriteasummaryofthetable:Theriseoftheonepersonhousehold.第六页，共十七页。HowtowriteasummaryoftheinformationfromatableMentiontheimportantpointsraisedorquestionsasked.Mentionthesample(iethepeoplewhowereinterviewed)ifimportantConcentrateonthemainfindingsofthesurvey:donottrytoreportoneveryaspect,especiallyifitishighlycomplexTrytogeneralisethefindings(iefactsandfigures)Usereported(orindirect)ratherthandirectspeech.第七页，共十七页。Exercise:Writingasummaryfromatable.SampleAnswerNinemajorEuropeancountriesarerepresentedinthegraph,whichdepictstheriseofonepersonhouseholdsbetween1981and1991.Thegraphshowsthatwhilethepercentageofsuchhouseholdsvariesconsiderably,allcountries,exceptperhapsSpain,experiencedanincreaseinthetenyearsbetween1981and1991.Sweden(at40%)showedthehighestpercentageofone-personhouseholds,whileGermany(at35%)andDenmark(at34%)werealsohigh.Fivecountriesbetween29%and21%,withSpainshowingthelowestpercentageatonly10%.Overtheten-yearperiod,theNetherlandshadthebiggestincrease(13%),closelyfollowedbySweden(11%).Irelandonlyshoweda4%increase,thethreecountries-Denmark,FranceandtheU.K.-showeda3%increase.ThelowestincreasewasinAustria(1%).AsnofigureswereavailableforSpainin1981,itcannotbeseenwhetherthenumberofonepersonhouseholds(10%)infactrepresentsariseoverthe10-yearperiod.163words.第八页，共十七页。MemopurposeUsuallyyouwritememostoinformreadersofspecificinformation.Youmightalsowriteamemotopersuadeotherstotakeaction,givefeedbackonanissue,orreacttoasituation.However,mostmemoscommunicatebasicinformation,suchasmeetingtimesorduedatesBeforewritingamemo,outlinewhatyourpurposeisfordoingso,anddecideifthememoisthebestcommunicationchannel.第九页，共十七页。GeneralFormatmemoWhenyouwriteamemo,youwillfollowageneralformat.Yourinstructororcompanymayhavespecificrequirementsthatyoumustuse.Forinstance,acompanymighthaveaparticularwayofpresentingaheadingormayevenuseaspecifictypeofletterheadorlogo.However,usuallyamemohasato,from,subject,anddateentry.第十页，共十七页。MessageThisiswhyitisimportantthatthefirstsentenceofthememoshouldanswerthatquestionwithapurposestatement.Thebestpurposestatementsareconciseanddirect.Yourmemosmessageshouldalsoprovideacontextforreaders.Inotherwords,alwaystellyourreaderswhyyouarewriting.Considerthefollowingquestions:Isyourmemoaresultofasituation?Forinstance,Asaresultofyesterdaysmeeting.Isyourmemoareminder?Forexample,TheProposalisdueJuly2.第十一页，共十七页。HeadingAmemosheadingprovidesinformationaboutwhowillreceivethememo,whoissendingthememo,thedate,andthememossubject.Thisinformationmaybeboldedorhighlightedinsomeway.Forexample:TO:FROM:DATE:SUBJECT:第十二页，共十七页。Cont.Listsrepresentaneffectivewaytopresentinformation.Notonlydotheybreakdownlargeamountsoftext,buttheyalsoprovidetextinawaythatisvisuallypleasing.Listsareespeciallyusefulforconveyingsteps,phases,years,procedures,ordecisions.Byavoidingfullsentencesinalist,yourinformationisconciseandmorelikelytoengageyourreaders.Forexample:Toreceiveadegreeinengineering,youmustcompletethefollowing:CoreCoursesElectiveCoursesSeniorDesign第十三页，共十七页。ToneSinceyoutypicallysendmemostothoseworkingwithinyourcompany,youcanuseamoreinformaltonethanyouwouldifyouwerewritingabusinessletter.Forexample,youmightrefertoyourcolleaguesbytheirfirstnamesorusehumor.However,alwayskeepinmindthatyoustillneedtobeprofessional.第十四页，共十七页。LengthMemosaregenerallyshort,concisedocumentsSeeworddoc第十五页，共十七页。第十六页，共十七页。内容(nirng)总结Books:。giveadditionalinformation。Length第十七页，共十七页。