《新编英语语法》Lecture-8&amp9-（课堂PPT）.ppt

<p><span id="_baidu_bookmark_start_0" style="display: none; line-height: 0px;">‍</span>Lecture 8&amp;9PronounsPronouns1 Pronouns are closed-class words with nominal function.English has a developed pronoun system,comprising personal pronouns(人人称称代代词词),possessive pronouns(物物主主代代词词),reflexive pronouns(反反身身代代词词),reciprocal pronouns(相相 互互 代代 词词),demonstrative pronouns(指指示示代代词词),interrogative pronouns(疑疑问问代代词词),relative pronouns(关关系系代代词词),and indefinite pronouns(不不定定代代词词).The present lecture will deal with the concord of pronouns(and corresponding determiners)with their antecedents in number,gender and person.2 Ex.8A Select an appropriate item from the two given in brackets(both may be acceptable):1.1.The cast is giving The cast is giving(its,their)(its,their)best performance tonight.best performance tonight.2.2.Somebody Somebody left left(his,(his,their)their)raincoat raincoat on on this this rack;rack;(he,(he,they)they)will have to come to get it.will have to come to get it.3.3.Most Most mystery mystery stories stories dont dont end end the the way way you you expect expect(it,(it,them)them)to.to.4.4.Hawaii Hawaii is is also also known known for for the the many many beautiful beautiful islands islands(it(it has,they have).has,they have).5.5.Because Because the the United United States States uses uses more more oil oil than than(it,(it,they)they)can can produce,produce,(it(it has has to,to,they they have have to)to)import import great great quantities from other countries.quantities from other countries.3 6.The committee will insist on 6.The committee will insist on(its,their)(its,their)rights.rights.7.7.The The committee committee wishes wishes to to reconsider reconsider(its,(its,their)their)decision.decision.8.8.If anybody calls,tell If anybody calls,tell(him,them)(him,them)Im out.Im out.9.9.Everyone Everyone thinks thinks(he(he is,is,they they are)are)the the center center of of the the universe.universe.10.10.We We have have received received your your estimate estimate for for the the alterations alterations you you propose propose but but have have decided decided that that(it,(it,they)they)would would be too high.be too high.4 11.Something strange happened,didnt 11.Something strange happened,didnt(it,they)?(it,they)?12.12.Every Every passenger passenger has has to to carry carry(his,(his,their)their)own own luggage.luggage.13.Everything is ready,13.Everything is ready,(isnt it,arent they)?(isnt it,arent they)?14.14.Wells Wells is is one one of of the the editors editors who who always always(takes,(takes,take)take)a leading role in a leading role in(his,their)(his,their)munity.15.15.One One the the Boy Boy Scout Scout hike hike everybody everybody was was told told by by the the scoutmaster to bring scoutmaster to bring(his,their)(his,their)own drinking water.own drinking water.5 16.16.Neither Neither of of the the women women(has,(has,have)have)brought brought(her,(her,their)their)certificate.certificate.17.17.Neither Neither the the members members of of the the cabinet cabinet nor nor the the President President will reveal will reveal(his,their)(his,their)plans.plans.18.18.Either Either John John or or James,James,who who are are twins,twins,(has,(has,have)have)left left(his,their)(his,their)sweater.sweater.19.19.No No manager manager should should do do for for his his staff staff what what(he,(he,they)they)could do for could do for(himself,themselves).(himself,themselves).20.20.Dictatorship Dictatorship is is the the one one of of many many evils evils which which(tends,(tends,tend)tend)to perpetuate to perpetuate(itself,themselves).(itself,themselves).6 8.2 Pronoun concord in gender Gender is a grammatical category.Unlike some European language such as German,French and Russian that have a complicated gender system,the English language is not marked with any gender distinctions except for some pronouns.These gender distinctions are largely restricted to the third person singular of personal,possessive,and reflexive pronouns and corresponding determiners.English nouns have four genders:the masculine,feminine,neuter,and common gender.7 Ex.8B Choose between HE(HIM,HIS,HIMSELF),SHE(HER,HERSELF,HERS)and IT(ITS,ITSELF)to fill in the blanks and supply two alternatives wherever possible:1.After _ weighed anchor,the ship slipped out of the 1.After _ weighed anchor,the ship slipped out of the harbour.harbour.2.A tall figure was moving stealthily about the room._ 2.A tall figure was moving stealthily about the room._ was the burglar.was the burglar.3.Getting out of the car,he said to the man in overalls:“Fill 3.Getting out of the car,he said to the man in overalls:“Fill _ up,please.”_ up,please.”4.Francine was so kind to me that I shall never forget _.4.Francine was so kind to me that I shall never forget _.5.One must not lose _ temper when _ is 5.One must not lose _ temper when _ is being criticized for _ conduct.being criticized for _ conduct.she/itItit/herherhis/oneshe/onehis/ones8 6.Once upon a time there was a wolf in sheeps clothing,6.Once upon a time there was a wolf in sheeps clothing,hiding _ among a flock of sheep.hiding _ among a flock of sheep.7.The moon glittered as _ rolled through the deep vault 7.The moon glittered as _ rolled through the deep vault of a cloudless sky.of a cloudless sky.8.France has made it plain that _ will reject the 8.France has made it plain that _ will reject the project.project.9.A politician may try to be completely honest,but _ 9.A politician may try to be completely honest,but _ always finds _ has to compromise.always finds _ has to compromise.10.As soon as the plane had hopped off,_ picked up 10.As soon as the plane had hopped off,_ picked up speed.speed.himselfsheit/shehe(or she)he(or she)it/she9 11.The workers put shoulders to the boat and had _ 11.The workers put shoulders to the boat and had _ launched.launched.12.The average homeowner has to spend _ free 12.The average homeowner has to spend _ free moments struggling to keep _ private castle from moments struggling to keep _ private castle from decaying until it is offensive to _ neighbours.decaying until it is offensive to _ neighbours.13.When bathing a baby,always hold _ securely.13.When bathing a baby,always hold _ securely.14.That fox had got away four time this year,but well get 14.That fox had got away four time this year,but well get _ before _ is much older._ before _ is much older.15.Mexico is a country in North America._ has an area of 15.Mexico is a country in North America._ has an area of 760,373 square miles with a population of 81,140.920.760,373 square miles with a population of 81,140.920.(1990)(1990)it/herhis(or her)his(or her)his(or her)it/him(or her)it/himit/heIt10 16.Mrs.Lewis passes everyone in her class whether _ 16.Mrs.Lewis passes everyone in her class whether _ has good grades or not.has good grades or not.17.My baby has got _ first tooth.17.My baby has got _ first tooth.18.At first the earth was large and shone in the heavens filling 18.At first the earth was large and shone in the heavens filling a great part of them,but every moment _ grew smaller a great part of them,but every moment _ grew smaller and more distant.and more distant.19.If a student needs advice about careers,_ should 19.If a student needs advice about careers,_ should consult the career officers.consult the career officers.20.When a person casts a ballot,_ has to consider 20.When a person casts a ballot,_ has to consider very carefully who _ should vote for.very carefully who _ should vote for.he(or she)his(or her)it/shehe(or she)he(or she)he(or she)11 8.3 Pronoun concord in person Person is a grammatical category.In English,personal,possessive,and reflexive pronouns and corresponding determiners have three special forms that tell of reference to the speaker(first person),to the one spoken to(second person),and to the human being or thing spoken about(third person).These three persons have their singular and plural forms and case distinctions:the subjective and the objective case.By pronoun concord in person,we mean two things:first,a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in person on the sentential level;secondly,in a broader context,that is,in texts or connected discourses,the speaker or writer must keep a consistent person in the use of pronouns.12 On sentential level*When one goes to see her,you should plan on spending the whole day there because she always has to bake something for you to eat.When you go to see her,you should planWhen one goes to see her,he/one should plan on spending the whole day there because she always has to bake something for him to eat.13 On textual level We are all born into this world as equals,but for various reasons,not all people are treated as equals.This inequality begins when you reach the age of five,for that is when you will enter elementary school.In school,the child is no longer“Mommys darling.”You now have to prove yourself to the other children and also your teacher.If one seems different from the other students,they are treated differently,and these differences could be anything:pants,shoes,speech,religion,and so forth.It really doesnt matter.Yet right from the start,you think that as long as you are different,there is something wrong with you.of usweweWeweweweweusourselvesweourTheychildren14 9.1 Choice of pronoun case forms9.1 Choice of pronoun case formsSubjective Case I,we,you,he,she,it,they,whoObjective Case me,us,you,him,her,it,them,whomGenitive Case Determinative genitive pronouns my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their Nominal genitive pronouns mine,yours,his,hers,ours,yours,theirs,its15 Ex.9A1.1.Just between you and Just between you and(I,me)(I,me)that man is crazy.that man is crazy.2.2.The petition was drafted by Nelson,Wright,Mansfield,The petition was drafted by Nelson,Wright,Mansfield,and and(I,me).(I,me).3.3.I was I was(she,her)(she,her)who finally spoke up.who finally spoke up.4.4.Everybody,including Everybody,including(I,me),(I,me),failed the test.failed the test.5.5.Mark was very hurt and began spreading many lies about Mark was very hurt and began spreading many lies about Troy and Troy and(she,her).(she,her).16 6.No one will be responsible for it,neither you nor 6.No one will be responsible for it,neither you nor(she,her).(she,her).7.To 7.To(who,whom)(who,whom)should I address this letter.should I address this letter.8.The child 8.The child(who,whom)(who,whom)we thought as lost was found in the we thought as lost was found in the next block.next block.9.Stanley had no doubt about 9.Stanley had no doubt about(who,whom)(who,whom)would be elected would be elected minister of defense.minister of defense.10.He promised to support 10.He promised to support(whoever,whomever)(whoever,whomever)of the of the Republican prospects was chosen.Republican prospects was chosen.17 11.I found 11.I found(his,him)(his,him)lying by the roadside.lying by the roadside.12.The bush is dying;12.The bush is dying;(its,its)(its,its)leaves are covered with mildew.leaves are covered with mildew.13.I wouldnt trust 13.I wouldnt trust(anyones else,anyone elses)(anyones else,anyone elses)judgement.judgement.14.I cannot understand 14.I cannot understand(him,his)(him,his)refusing to do that for me.refusing to do that for me.15.The youth 15.The youth(who,whom)(who,whom)they said was the most advanced in they said was the most advanced in the group did prove to be the leaderthe group did prove to be the leader.18 16.They will arrest 16.They will arrest(whoever,whomever)(whoever,whomever)is the organizer of the is the organizer of the riot.riot.17.I dont mind 17.I dont mind(him,his)(him,his)criticizing me so severely.criticizing me so severely.18.The family resisted the idea of 18.The family resisted the idea of(she,her)(she,her)leaving home.leaving home.19.The woman 19.The woman(who,whom)(who,whom)we thought to be we thought to be(she,her)(she,her)turned turned out to be her sister.out to be her sister.20.It is difficult to predict 20.It is difficult to predict(who,whom)(who,whom)the electorate will vote the electorate will vote for.for.19 9.3 Pronoun Reference1)Anaphoric Reference Bob told Lucy that Ruth was leaving,but she didnt believe him.Cataphoric Reference When he was at college,Alex was a great friend of mine.It should never have happened.She went out and left the baby unattended.Situational Reference (Pointing to Rudy who is rushing to the goal)Look,he is approaching the goal.20 2)Personal Reference Personal reference is generally anaphoric,and it may occur within the sentence boundary or across sentences.It can also be cataphoric,but under limited conditions.Generally speaking,cataphoric personal pronouns usually occur in subordinate constructions,and where cataphoric reference occurs,anaphoric reference can be used instead,but not conversely.After she weighed anchor,the ship sailed out of the harbour.=After the ship weighed anchor,she sailedMary bought a new dress,but she didnt like it.She bought a new dress,but Mary didnt like it.21 3)Demonstrative Reference Demonstrative reference is established by demonstrative pronouns and demonstrative determiners.They can be freely used in anaphoric reference,e.g.:The platforms extend to the depth of 100 feet under the sea.These alone took 16 months to build.Im going to buy the house.That will cost me a lot of money.Necessity is the mother of invention.This/That is remarkably true.Boxing matches were very popular in England 200 years ago.In those years,boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.22 This and these can be used cataphorically to refer to a clause or sentence or a group of sentences that follow,e.g.:Listen to this.There should be no error,no delay,and no waste.This is what I mean:You should have changed,not deleted,that paragraph.These are some of the things that must be done:New hospitals must be built.More parking space must be provided.The airports must be expanded.New schools must be built.Public transportation must be improved.These language options are open to our students:Spanish,French and German.23 That and those are rarely used cataphorically.When occasionally so used,that and those often take on sarcastic meanings,e.g.:I like that!He damaged my car and then blamed me for letting him use it.How do you like that?He stabs you in the back and then professes to be your friend.24</p>