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定语从句（初中）
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.（that作主语）
The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.（that作宾语）
2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.（作主语）
The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. （作宾语）
3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.（作主语）
Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？（作宾语）
注意：
1）当关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时，who、 that、which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构（此时关系代词不能用that代替）。例如：
This is the house (which/that) we lived in last year.(可省)
This is the house in which we lived last year.(不可省，关系代词不可用that)
Please tell me (whom/that) you borrowed the English novel from.(可省)
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.(不可省，关系代词不可用that)
2）关系词只能用that的情况：
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam.
This is the most beautiful place that I have been to .
b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？=
I didn't understand the words all that he said.
c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few ，no，just等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
3）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：
What’s that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：（同（1））
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：
Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
注意：“介词+which/whom”结构有时可与其他关系代词或关系副词互相转换
That is the house where my father used to live.
=That is the house which my mother used to live in.
= That is the house in which my mother used to live.
上句中：in which = where
六：练习(一)
1． Did you find the notebook ______ Jim had given me for my birthday?
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
2. That's all ______ I have seen and heard.
A. which B. that C. where D. what
3. Have you seen the man ______ plan we were talking about ______ yesterday ?
A. who, them B. its, them C. whose,/ D. whose, them
4.The Oscar is one of the film prizes ______ offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far.
A. which are not B. that have not been C. that has not D. that has not been
5. He never reads anything ______ is not worth reading.
A. that B. as C. who D. which
6. The man ________ coat is black is waiting at the gate.
A. who's B. whose C. that D. of which
7. _________ cleans the classroom can go home first.
A. Anyone B. those who C. However D. The one who
8. The police caught the man _______ stole my handbag.
A. he B. that C. whom D. which
9. The girl ________ is reading under the tree ________ my sister.
A. which, is B. whom, was C. who , is D. who, was
10. George Mallory was an English teacher _______ loved climbing.
A. who B. whom C. he D. which
11. Don’t talk about such things of _______ you are not sure.
A. which B. what C. as D. Those
12. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
13. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
14. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
A. that B. where C. which D. the one
15. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
A. that B. where C. in which D. in that
16. Can you lend me the novel ______ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about
17. Is there anything _______ to you?
A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs
18. ---- “How do you like the book?”
---- “It’s quite different from _______ I read last month.”
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
19. They were interested _______ you told them.
A. in which B. in that C. all that D. in everything
20. ---- Do you know the town at all?
--- No, this is the first time I ________ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
初中英语定语从句练习题（二）
1. I still remember the night _______I first came to the house.
2. I'll never forget the day________ we met each other last week.
3. Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _______is the best season there.
4. I will never forget the days _______I spent with your family.
5. I'll never forget the last day______ we spent together.
6. This is the school ______I used to study.
7. Do you still remember the place______ we visited last week?
8. Do you still remember the place_______ we visited the painting exhibition?
9. Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_____is famous for the West Lake?
10. Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, ______lies the West Lake?
11. Tom will go to Shanghai,______live his two brothers.
12. I live in Beijing,____is the capital of China.
13. There was a time ______there were slaves in the USA.
14. It is the third time ______you have made the same mistake.
15. It was in the street _____I met John yesterday.
16. It was about 600 years ago____the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
17. The moment _____I saw you, I recognized(认出)you.
18. This is the very novel about____we've talked so much.
19. This is the way____he did it.
20. Who is the student _____was late for school today?
初中英语定语从句练习题（三）
将下列每组句子改写为带有定语从句的复合句。
1. The nurse is very kind. She looks after my sister.
2. We watched the play “Teahouse”. The play “Teahouse” was written by Lao She.
3. The medicine was quite helpful. Dr Li gave it to me.
4. The train started at 5:00 p.m. Mike missed it.
5. The letter is from my uncle. I received it three days ago.
6. Cream, butter and cheese are kinds of food. They make you fat.
7. The man is in the next room. He brought us the letter yesterday.
中考二轮复习——完形填空专题（讲义）
【知识点睛】
一、命题特点
题型上来看：越来越降低了对单词本身词义及语法的考查，而注重上下文联系，主要考查学生运用英语基础知识的能力、上下文对照并捕捉关键词的能力、分析行文逻辑及文章的整体理解能力、结合语境分析推理的能力等。
体裁上来看：中考完形填空的体裁主要以记叙文为主，以叙为主，叙议结合，题材新颖。
二、做题步骤
第一步：___________，___________。完形填空题是一篇意思完整的短文，准确理解短文是解答此类题的关键。在做此题时，要跳过空格，将全文快速浏览一遍，特别要留意文章首尾句和每段首尾句。（对文章内容有一个大概的了解，在阅读时，不需要看到全部的信息，根据部分信息就可以了解大意。千万不要读一句填一句，因为“完形填空”题里所给的大多数选项填入单句后在语法上都成立，但从全文看却并非正确答案。）
第二步：___________，___________。了解文章大意后便要开始填入所缺部分。在选择答案时，一定要考虑到上下文的逻辑关系，前后对照，从上下文中找出关键性启示。同时兼顾句子的结构，习惯用法，固定搭配和词类的功能，先选出比较容易的答案，遇到较难的题，可以跳过本题，继续做后面的题，完形填空题文章前后、上下多有暗示和线索提示（文章为了使语篇相互衔接及文章的连贯，有些词会以原词或同义、近义词等形式重复出现在文章中）。
第三步：___________，___________。初读初选后，还有一些题目没有思路，此时就要逐句细读，逐题分析选项、对上一步骤未确定的个别试题多方推敲，把握全局思维，注意前后逻辑（选连词的空格前后两句可形成指代、列举、因果、对比、让步、补充、递进等逻辑关系）。
第四步：___________，___________。初定选项后，很重要的一步就是要将整篇文章再复读一遍。对答案进行核实调整，清除疏漏。再次迅速复读，对短文的理解会更为深刻，更容易判断有疑点或误解的地方（这时要注意时态语态、主谓一致、固定搭配等）。
五读法：
1. 细读首句，预测主题；
2. 跳读全文，领会大意；
3. 通读全文，试选答案；
4. 细读全文，推敲难题；
5. 复读全文，调整答案。
精简步骤：
1. _______。跳开选项了解信息，初步掌握文章大意。 (1min)
2. _______。仔细阅读全文，抓住短文的每段、每句作者的思想。 (5min)
3. _______。再次阅读文章，检查答案，是否符合文章逻辑推理。 (2min)
三、真题演练
A
The greatest feeling in the world comes not from receiving presents, or even getting an A on the math test you studied so hard for. Rather, it 1________ when you hand a cup of hot coffee to that older man sitting on the side of the street asking for money. You feel it when you drive an hour and a half to a 2________ to meet children with cancer. And you feel it when you sit down with your friend to comfort her 3________ her mother died. Helping others can be the greatest feeling in the world, and I 4________ this just one year ago.
My friend asked me to attend a Youth Group meeting at his church. After an hour of listening to them 5________ their opinions, I was invited to go with them to help 6________ the homeless.
Early that Saturday morning, a team of 15 teenagers began making sandwiches and counting bags of candy. For the first time in my life I realized that we, the teens of America, can make a 7________. Since it was my first time, and I wasn’t part of the group, I felt a little out of place. But watching the others 8________ the food drove my nervousness away.
Before long, all 150 bagged lunches were gone and the group was 9________ its way home. I realized that not only is my friend an amazing person, but that all of those people are amazing. That’s what made me join the Youth Group.
I work at a coffee shop but don’t make much. It’s not the best job, but there are times when it’s worth it. For example, a few weeks ago, when the store was 10________ and I was bored, looking out of the window, I noticed an old man sitting outside. He had been there before. As a matter of fact, he 11________ came in to buy anything because he didn’t have any money. I took up a cup of coffee, walked outside, and handed it to him. The smile on his face made my day, and as I walked back into the store, I put my own money into the drawer. Then I knew how the members of the Youth Group feel every time they help someone. Knowing that you can help is 12________ – the greatest feeling in the world.
1. A. starts B. stops C. lasts D. fails
2. A. shop B. church C. country D. hospital
3. A. after B. until C. though D. before
4. A. expected B. discovered C. touched D. offered
5. A. write B. experience C. voice D. discuss
6. A. teach B. encourage C. move D. feed
7. A. decision B. success C. dream D. difference
8. A. take out B. pick out C. hand out D. point out
9. A. in B. on C. through D. by
10. A. empty B. free C. busy D. crowded
11. A. even B. usually C. never D. often
12. A. helpful B. wonderful C. hopeful D. useful
B
It was a cold afternoon in winter. My oldest son, Stephen, was at school, and Reed, my husband, at work. My 1________ little ones were sitting around the kitchen table. Tom was perfecting a paper plane, while Sam was 2________ on an oil painting.
But Laura, our only daughter, sat quietly and was 3________ in her project. Every once in a while she would ask how to 4________ the name of someone in our family, then carefully form the letters one by one. Next, she would add flowers with small items. She finished off each with a sun in the upper right hand corner. Holding them at eye level, she let out a long sigh (叹息) of 5________.
“What are you doing, Honey?” I asked. She looked quickly at her brother before looking back at me. “It’s a 6________.” she said, covering up her work with her hands.
Next, she put her work into a box. When she had finished, she disappeared up the stairs.
It wasn’t until later that evening that I 7________ a “mailbox” taped onto the doors to each of our bedrooms. There were little notes saying that she loved all of us. She hadn’t 8________ Sam or baby Paul. They are pages of colored scenes including flowers with happy faces. “He can’t read yet,” she whispered (低声说), “9________ he can look at the pictures.” Each time I received one of my little girl’s gifts, it 10________ my heart. I was touched at how carefully she paid attention to what wrong happened to us. When Stephen lost a baseball game, there was a letter telling him she thought he was the best ballplayer in the whole world. After I had a 11________ day, there was a message thanking me for my efforts.
This same little girl is grown now, driving off every day to the state college, but some things about her have 12________ changed. Yesterday I found a love note next to my bedside. “Thanks for always being there for me, Mom,” it read, “I’m glad that we’re the best friends.”
There are angels among us. I know I live with one.
1. A. two B. three C. four D. five
2. A. working B. getting C. holding D. putting
3. A. absent B. lost C. bored D. upset
4. A. complete B. afford C. spell D. check
5. A. satisfaction B. carefulness C. tiredness D. regret
6. A. goal B. dream C. wish D. surprise
7. A. realized B. noticed C. knew D. predicted
8. A. cared B. remembered C. followed D. forgotten
9. A. but B. and C. because D. so
10. A. deepened B. froze C. broke D. brightened
11. A. boring B. different C. hard D. crazy
12. A. never B. already C. ever D. Even
C
Taking a Nap during the Day
Medical experts say most Americans do not get enough sleep. They say more Americans need to rest for a short period in the middle of the day, 1________ continuing with other activities.
One study earlier this year found that persons who 2________ for a few minutes during the day were less likely to die of heart disease. The study 3________ more than 2,300 Greek adults for about six years. Adults who rested for half an hour at least three times a week had a 37 percent 4________ risk of dying from heart disease than those who did not nap.
The study organizers said the strongest evidence was in working men. They said naps might improve 5_______ by mitigating (减低) tension caused by work.
Some European and Latin American businesses have supported the 6________ of napping for many years. They urge people to 7________ work, go home and have a nap before returning. In the United States, some companies let workers rest briefly in their offices. They believe this reduces 8________ and accidents, and 9________ increases the amount of work a person can do.
Sleep experts say it is likely that people make more mistakes at work than at other times. They say people should not 10________ important duties when they feel sleepy. And they say the best thing to do is to take a nap. About twenty minutes of rest is all you need. Experts say this provides extra energy and can increase your effectiveness 11________ the end of the day. But experts 12________ that a nap s
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