某污染场地风险评估和修复.pdf

硕士学位论文（某污染场地风险评估和修复）专业名称：交通运输工程万方数据RISK ASSESSMENT AND REMEDIATIONTECHNOLOGY PLAN,A CASE STUDYA Th esis Su bmit t ed t o So u t h ea st Un iv er sit y Fo r t h e Pr o f essio n a l Deg r ee o f Ma st er o f En g in eer in g ii万方数据东南大学学位论文独创性声明本人声明所呈交的学位论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过 的研究成果，也不包含为获得东南大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。与我 一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。研究生签名：日期：东南大学学位论文使用授权声明 研究生签名：导师签名：口期：万方数据（包括以电子信息形式刊登）授权东南大学研究生院办理。公布（包括以电子信息形式刊登）论文的全部内容或中、英文摘要等部分内容。论文的公布内容和纸质论文的内容相一致。除在保密期内的保密论文外，允许论文被查阅和借阅，可以论文的复印件和电子文档，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。本人电子文档的志社有限公司、万方数据电子.、北京万方数据股份有限公司有权保留本人所送交学位东南大学、中国科学技术信息研究所、国家图书馆、中国学术期刊（光盘版）电子杂Abst r a c tABSTRACTLa n d c o n t a min a t io n f r o m h u ma n a c t iv it ies c o n st it u t es o n e o f t h e big g est pr o bl ems f a c in g t h e w o r l d t o d a y.It g et s w o r se w it h ea c h pa ssin g y ea r r a isin g h ea l t h d a ma g e t o t h e h u ma n bein g s a n d ec o sy st em.In t h e mea n t ime,it h a s c a u sed t r emen d o u s ec o n o mic l o ss a n d g r ea t l y en d a n g er ed t h e f o o d sec u r it y,f o o d q u a l it y a n d so c ia l st a bil it y.In t h is st u d y,h u ma n h ea l t h r isk a ssessmen t c r it er ia is c a r r ied o u t f o r o r g a n ic a n d in o r g a n ic c o n t a min a n t s r esid en t ia l l a n d u se w it h o u t c o n su mpt io n o f h o meg r o w n pr o d u c e sc en a r io f o r a f o r mer in d u st r ia l sit e in Na n jin g,Ch in a u sin g c o n t a min a t ed l a n d ex po su r e a ssessmen t t o o l(CLEA).Th e CLEA mo d el u ses g en er ic a ssu mpt io n s a bo u t t h e f a t e a n d t r a n spo r t o f c h emic a l s in t h e en v ir o n men t a n d a g en er ic c o n c ept u a l mo d el f o r sit e c o n d it io n s a n d h u ma n beh a v io r t o est ima t e c h il d a n d a d u l t ex po su r es t o so il c o n t a min a n t s.A c o mbin a t io n o f g en er ic a n d sit e-spec if ic a ssessmen t c r it er ia is u sed in t h e c o n c ept u a l mo d el.Th e d er iv ed a ssessmen t c r it er ia f br a l l c o n t a min a n t s a r e c o mpa r ed w it h c a r c in o g en ic a n d n o n-c a r c in o g en ic sc r een in g l ev el by En v ir o n men t a l Pr o t ec t io n Ag en c y w h ic h c o n c l u d es t h a t t h e c o n t a min a t io n po ses a n u n a c c ept a bl e r isk t o a h u ma n r ec ept o r Th e sel ec t io n o f r emed ia t io n st r a t eg y is ba sed o n f ed er a l r emed ia t io n t ec h n o l o g y r o u n d t a bl e w it h r isk ma n a g emen t pr a c t ic es t h a t r ed u c es a n d c o n t r o l t h e r isk s a sso c ia t ed w it h a r el ev a n t po l l u t a n t l in k a g e t o a n a c c ept a bl e l ev el.Keywords Risk Assessment,land contamination,contaminated soil,Remediation,Human health risk,CLEA modelIV万方数据Co n t en t sTABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.31.1 Research Background.31.1.1 Soil contamination.31.1.2 Types of Soil Contamination.31.1.3 Status of soil contamination in China.41.1.4 Effects of Soil Contamination.41.1.5 Routes of Exposure.51.1.6 Risk Assessment Process to Address Land Contamination.61.2 Problem Statement.io1.3 Objectives.n1.4 Research Questions.nCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW.122.1 The Development of Risk Assessment tool.122.2 Remediation.17CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY.213.1 Study Area.213.2 Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment(CLEA)Tool.223.2.1 Deriving Generic Assessment Criteria.243.2.2 Calculating Site-Specific Assessment Criteria.243.2.3 Database Management.25CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.274.1 Data Required in the CLEA Model for Assessment Criteria.274.2 Site Characteristics and Physiological Parameters used in CLEA model.294.3 INTERPRETING ASSESSMENT CRITERIA THAT EXCEEDS THE SOIL SATURATION LIMIT.354.4 Substances of Concern.354.2.1 Arsenic.354.2.2 Cadmium.374.2.3 Chromium.384.2.4 Lead.394.2.5 Mercury.404.2.6 Benzo(a)pyrene.424.2.7 Benzene.434.2.8 Toluene.444.2.9 Ethylbenzene.454.2.10 Phenol.464.5 Remediation Screening and Management.471万方数据SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY MASTER THESISCHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION.55REFERENCES.57LIST OF TABLES.60LIST OF FIGURES.602万方数据Ch a pt er 1 In t r o d u c t io nCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Research Background1.1.1 Soil contaminationIn it s o r ig in a l st a t e,so il w a s a n u n c o n t a min a t ed su bst a n c e c o v er in g t h e ea r t h.Bu t h u ma n s h a v e in t en t io n a l l y a n d a c c id en t a l l y po u r ed h a r mf u l pr o d u c t s o n t o it in so me a r ea s.Th e w a st e c a n h u r t t h e so il a n d po ssibl y h u ma n,pl a n t,a n d a n ima l h ea l t h l.So il c o n t a min a t io n is t h e o c c u r r en c e o f po l l u t a n t s in so il a bo v e a c er t a in l ev el c a u sin g d et er io r a t io n o r l o ss o f o n e o r mo r e so il f u n c t io n s 2.So il c o n t a min a t io n c a n be c o n sid er ed a s t h e pr esen c e o f ma n-ma d e c h emic a l s o r o t h er a l t er a t io n in t h e n a t u r a l so il en v ir o n men t 3.By d ef in it io n,a n y su bst a n c e in t h e so il t h a t ex c eed s n a t u r a l l y-o c c u r r in g l ev el s a n d po ses h u ma n h ea l t h r isk s is a so il c o n t a min a n t I.It is a ser io u s pr o bl em w h en l a n d is u sed f br so met h in g w h er e t h er e is a po ssibil it y o f peo pl e bein g ex po sed t o so il c o n t a min a n t s.Th e big g est r isk s f br so il c o n t a min a t io n a r e in u r ba n a r ea s a n d f o r mer in d u st r ia l sit es.Hu ma n a c t iv it ies su c h a s o il d r il l in g,min in g,ex t en siv e f a r min g a n d w a st e d ispo sa l a r e a l l ma jo r c a u ses o f so il c o n t a min a t io n.So il c o n t a min a n t s in c l u d es h ea v y met a l s su c h a s Co pper,mer c u r y,c a d miu m,l ea d,n ic k el,a r sen ic et c.a n d o r g a n ic ma t t er t h a t in c l u d es v o l a t il e o r g a n ic c o mpo u n d s,semi v o l a t il e o r g a n ic c o mpo u n d s a n d h y d r o c a r bo n.Wh en so il is c o n t a min a t ed w it h t h ese su bst a n c es,it c a n h u r t t h e n a t iv e en v ir o n men t.Ma n y o f t h ese su bst a n c es a r e ju st a s t o x ic t o pl a n t s a s t h ey a r e t o h u ma n s.In a d d it io n,sin c e so il is t h e“ea r t h s k id n ey c o n t a min a n t s c a n t r ic k l e t h r o u g h t h e so il a n d g et t o o u r w a t er su ppl y.Th a t is w h y so il c o n t a min a t io n is su c h a n impo r t a n t t o pic.Wh er e a n d h o w mu c h c o n t a min a t io n is a d d ed t o so il s w il l l a r g el y d et er min e h o w t h a t c o n t a min a t io n spr ea d s t h r o u g h o u t a n a r ea.Th e t y pe o f so il w il l a l so pl a y a r o l e in it s d ist r ibu t io n 1.So il po l l u t io n h a s been id en t if ied a s o n e o f t h e ma jo r so il t h r ea t s a f f ec t in g g l o ba l so il s.In Ch in a,so il po l l u t io n,h a s bec o me o n e o f t h e ma jo r en v ir o n men t a l pr o bl ems po sin g g r ea t r isk s t o bo t h f o o d sa f et y a n d h u ma n h ea l t h.1.1.2 Types of Soil ContaminationInorganic ContaminantsAl t h o u g h t h er e is n o spec if ic d ef in it io n o f a h ea v y met a l,l it er a t u r e h a s d ef in ed it a s a n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r in g el emen t h a v in g a h ig h a t o mic w eig h t a n d h ig h d en sit y w h ic h is f iv e t imes g r ea t er t h a n t h a t o f w a t er.Amo n g a l l t h e po l l u t a n t s,h ea v y met a l s h a v e r ec eiv ed a pa r a mo u n t a t t en t io n t o en v ir o n men t a l c h emist s d u e t o t h eir t o x ic n a t u r e.Hea v y met a l s a r e u su a l l y pr esen t in t r a c e a mo u n t s in n a t u r a l w a t er s bu t ma n y o f t h em a r e t o x ic ev en a t v er y l o w c o n c en t r a t io n s.Met a l s su c h a s a r sen ic,l ea d,c a d miu m,n ic k el,mer c u r y,c h r o miu m,c o ba l t,zin c a n d sel en iu m a r e h ig h l y t o x ic ev en in min o r q u a n t it y.In c r ea sin g q u a n t it y o f h ea v y met a l s in o u r r eso u r c es is c u r r en t l y a n a r ea o f g r ea t er c o n c er n,espec ia l l y sin c e a l a r g e n u mber o f in d u st r ies a r e d isc h a r g in g t h eir met a l 3万方数据SOUTHEAST UNIVERSITY MASTER THESISc o n t a in in g ef f l u en t s in t o f r esh w a t er w it h o u t a n y a d eq u a t e t r ea t men t 4.Organic ContaminantsOr g a n ic po l l u t io n c a n be br ief l y d ef in ed a s bio d eg r a d a bl e c o n t a min a n t s in a n en v ir o n men t.Th ese so u r c es o f po l l u t io n a r e n a t u r a l l y f o u n d a n d a s w el l a s by a n t h r o po g en ic a c t iv it ies.Or g a n ic c o n t a min a n t s o f t en c a t eg o r ized in t o v o l a t il e o r g a n ic c o mpo u n d s(VOC),semi-v o l a t il e o r g a n ic c o mpo u n d s(SVOC)a n d h y d r o c a r bo n s a c c o u n t s f o r t h e big g est po r t io n o f en v ir o n men t a l c o n t a min a n t s.Th ey a r e r ec o g n ized a s c a r c in o g en ic a n d h a v e t h e po t en t ia l t o a d v er sel y a f f ec t h u ma n h ea l t h a n d t h e en v ir o n men t.Or g a n ic c o n t a min a n t s h a v e t h e a bil it y t o ea sil y bio a c c u mu l a t e in t h e d if f er en t sph er es o f t h e en v ir o n men t,t h u s c a u sin g t o x ic o l o g ic a l ef f ec t s.1.1.3 Status of soil contamination in ChinaCh in a f a c es g r ea t c h a l l en g es in pr o t ec t in g it s so il f r o m c o n t a min a t io n c a u sed by r a pid in d u st r ia l iza t io n a n d u r ba n iza t io n o v er t h e l a st t h r ee d ec a d es.Th e Min ist r y o f En v ir o n men t a l Pr o t ec t io n(MEP)a n d t h e Min ist r y o f La n d a n d Reso u r c es(MLR)o f t h e Peo pl es Repu bl ic o f Ch in a issu ed a jo in t r epo r t r ef er r ed a s n a t io n a l g en er a l su r v ey o f so il c o n t a min a t io n 5.Ac c o r d in g t o t h e r epo r t,so il s in so me a r ea s,espec ia l l y t h o se su r r o u n d in g min in g a n d in d u st r y a c t iv it ies,h a v e been ser io u sl y c o n t a min a t ed,w h il e t h e q u a l it y o f f a r ml a n d so il is a l so o f pa r t ic u l a r c o n c er n.Th e r epo r t is ba sed o n ex t en siv e su r v ey s o f so il s c o n d u c t ed bet w een 2005 a n d 2013,c o v er in g mo r e t h a n 70%o f Ch in a s l a n d a r ea.Su r f a c e(0-20 c m)so il sa mpl es w er e c o l l ec t ed f r o m 8x 8 k m g r id s a n d a n a l y zed f o r 13 in o r g a n ic c o n t a min a n t s a n d 3 t y pes o f o r g a n ic c o n t a min a n t s.Of a l l t h e sa mpl es a n a l y zed,16.1%ex c eed t h e en v ir o n men t a l q u a l it y st a n d a r d set by t h e MEP,f o r a g r ic u l t u r a l so il s,t h e per c en t a g e o f ex c eed a n c e is ev en g r ea t er a t 19.4%.Co n t a min a t io n by h ea v y met a l s a n d met a l l o id s a c c o u n t s f o r t h e ma jo r it y 82.4%o f t h e so il s c l a ssif ied a s bein g c o n t a min a t ed,w it h o r g a n ic c o n t a min a n t s a c c o u n t in g f o r t h e r est i-e 17.6%.Amo n g t h e h ea v y met a l s a n d met a l l o id s,c a d miu m(Cd)r a n k s t h e f ir st in t h e per c en t a g e o f so il sa mpl es 7.0%ex c eed in g t h e MEP l imit 6.1.1.4 Effects of Soil ContaminationSo il c o n t a min a t io n c a n h a v e a n u mber o f h a r mf u l ef f ec t s o n ec o sy st ems,h u ma n,pl a n t s a n d a n ima l h ea l t h.It h a s d ir ec t ef f ec t s o n h u ma n h ea l t h t h r o u g h d ir ec t c o n t a c t o r by in h a l in g t h e c o n t a min a t ed so il w h ic h h a s ev a po r a t ed.Th e Gr ea t er t h r ea t is po sed by t h e c o n t a min a t ed so il if it in f il t r a t es in t o t h e g r o u n d w a t er a q u if er s.Hea l t h c o n seq u en c es f r o m t h e ex po su r e t o so il c o n t a min a t io n d epen d o n t h e d eg r ee o f po l l u t io n a n d t h e t y pe o f po l l u t a n t a n d t h e v u l n er a bil it y o f t h e ex po sed po pu l a t io n.Hea v y met a l s c o n t a min a t io n c a n d a ma g e a n d a l t er t h e f u n c t io n in g o f h u ma n o r g a n s su c h a s t h e br a in,k id n ey,l u n g s,l iv er,a n d bl o o d.Hea v y met a l t o x ic it y c a n eit h er be a c u t e o r c h r o n ic ef f ec t s.Ex po su r e t o met a l s su c h a s l ea d a n d c h r o miu m ma y c a u se c o n g en it a l d iso r d er s a n d o t h er c h r o n ic h ea l t h c o n d it io n s.Ex po su r e t o ben zen e a t h ig h c o n c en t r a t io n ma y 4万方数据Ch a pt er 1 In t r o d u c t io nr esu l t in l eu k emia w h il e mer c u r y ma y l ea d t o in c id en c es o f k id n ey d a ma g es a n d o t h er ir r ev er sibl e c o n d it io n s.Dir ec t c o n t a c t w it h t h e so il c o n t a min a n t s o r in g est io n o f t h e c o n t a min a n t ma y l ea d t o d ir ec t d ea t h 7.1.1.5 Routes of ExposureTh e mo st c o mmo n w a y s h u ma n s ex po sed t o so il c o n t a min a n t s a r e in g est in g so il,br ea t h in g v o l a t il es a n d d u st,a bso r bin g t h r o u g h sk in a n d ea t in g f o o d g r o w n in c o n t a min a t ed so il.Ingesting SoilCo n t a min a n t s c a n be in g est ed in a v a r iet y o f w a y s.Yo u n g c h il d r en ma y be pa r t ic u l a r l y su sc ept ibl e a s t h ey pl a y in ba r e so il.Ch il d r en mig h t br ea t h e in d u st pa r t ic l es t h a t n a t u r a l l y d isper se d u r in g pl a y.Th ey ma y a l so be c u r io u s a n d t r y ea t in g so il.If so il is n o t c o n t a min a t ed,t h is c a u ses n o pr o bl em t o t h e c h il d r en.Co n t a min a t ed so il d u st ma y a l so a f f ec t o u r f o o d su ppl y.Fo r ex a mpl e,c o n t a min a t ed so il c o u l d be pr esen t o n pr o d u c e.If a n it em l ik e l et t u c e is g r o w n in so il w it h c o n t a min a n t s,t h e l ea v es c o u l d be c o v er ed.Wa sh in g l et t u c e is v er y impo r t a n t.Ro o t c r o ps l ik e c a r r o t s a n d po t a t o es u su a l l y h a v e so il o n t h em in t h e st o r e.If t h ey c o me f r o m c o n t a min a t ed so il,it s impo r t a n t t o w a sh t h em w el l,t o o.Th e big g est r isk o f in g est in g so il h a ppen s w h en t h e so il is l ef t ba r e.Co v er in g so il w it h g r a ss o r o t h er pl a n t s a n d mu l c h in g w el l r ed u c es t h e r isk o f c o n t a min a t io n.If peo pl e a r e ea t in g o u t d o o r s n ea r w in d y so il o n a w in d y d a y,a ir bo r n e c o n t a min a n t s ma y l a n d o n f o o d bef o r e it is ea t en.Breathing Volatiles and DustWh en so il s a r e u n c o v er ed,sma l l pa r t ic l es c a n bec o me a ir bo r n e w it h w in d o r o t h er d ist u r ba n c e.Co n st r u c t io n o r d emo l it io n w o r k,min in g o per a t io n s,o r po o r l a n d sc a pin g ef f o r t s c a n ma k e so il d u st.Br ea t h in g in c o n t a min a t ed d u st ma y c a u se ph y sic a l o r c h emic a l d a ma g e t o h u ma n s.Fo r ex a mpl e,a sbest o s f iber s c a n pu n c t u r e t h e l u n g s.