用合作原则和关联理论分析欧亨利短篇小说对话的会话含义英语论文.docx

XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书
XXX 学院 英语教育 专业 XXXX 届
学生
姓名
XXX
论文（设计）题目

用合作原则和关联理论分析
欧·亨利短篇小说对话的会话含义

指导
教师
XX
专业
职称
副教授
所属教研室
基础教研室
研究方向
语言学

课题论证：用合作原则与关联理论分析欧·亨利短篇小说对话的会话含义，论证语用理论运用于文学分析的应用。

方案设计：第一章整体介绍论文的结构和研究的意义。
第二章对相关文学作品和语用学理论的文献论述。
第三章介绍合作原则和关联理论。
第四章运用两个原则对欧·亨利小说中对话进行分析。
第五章论文总结。

进度计划：3月16日前确定初步论文题目
3月23日前写开题报告、任务书
3月30日前提交论文提纲
4月20日前提交初稿和文献综述
5月8 日前交终稿和评议书
指导教师意见：

指导教师签名： 年 月 日
教研室意见：

教研室主任签名： 年 月 日
XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书
编 号：
论文（设计）题目：用合作原则和关联理论分析欧·亨利短篇小说对话的会话义
学院： XXX学院 专业： 英语教育 班级： XXXX级英语教育X班
学生姓名：XXX 学号： XXXXXXXXX 指导教师： XX 职称：副教授

1、 论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务
本论文的研究目标是探讨合作原则和关联理论在文学作品中的应用。其主要任务通过分析两个原则在文学中的应用而指导分析文学作品。

2、 论文（设计）的主要内容
本论文分为五章，第一章整体介绍论文的结构和研究的意义， 第二章对相关文学作品和语用学理论的文献论述。，第三章介绍合作原则和关联理论， 第四章运用两个原则对欧·亨利小说中对话进行分析，第五章论文总结。

3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线
本论文的基础条件是不同的语言学家对相关理论的运用研究。
研究路线是运用合作原则和关联理论对欧·亨利短篇小说对话进行分析。其主要任务是通过分析两个原则在文学中的应用指导分析文学作品。

4、主要参考文献
Grice, H. P.1975. The Co-operative Principle. New York: Academic Press.
Huang, Guiqing. 2009. From Language to Pragmatics Theory and Practice. Xia Men: Xia Men University Press.
O’ Henry. 2004. Short Stories of O’ Henry Qing Dao:Qing Dao Press.
何自然，冉永平，2009。《新编语用学概论》。北京：北京大学出版社。
姜望琪，2003。《当代语用学》。北京：北京大学出版社。

5、计划进度

阶段
起止日期
1
确定初步论文题目
3月16日前
2
与导师见面，确定大致范围，填开题报告和任务书，导师签字
3月16日-3月23日
3
提交论文提纲
3月23日-3月30日
4
交初稿和文献综述
3月30日-4月20日
5
交终稿和评议书
5月8日前
指 导 教师： 年 月 日
教研室主任： 年 月
注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一
XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）评议书
姓 名
XXX
学院
XXX学院
专业
英语教育
年级（班）
XXXX级英语教育X班
论 文 题 目
用合作原则和关联理论分析欧·亨利短篇小说
对话的会话含义
完成时间
2013/5/8
论

文

内

容

摘

要

欧·亨利是世界三大短篇小说巨匠之一。长期以来，他的小说之所以受到读者的喜爱和作品中人物的幽默的言语和富有特色的下层人物特点密不可分。从文学方面对欧•亨利短篇小说进行分析的研究已经有很多。本文尝试从语用学角度对欧•亨利的短篇小说进行分析。
本文回顾了国内外语用理论用于文学作品研究的先例，得出用语用学研究文学语言的有效性。因此，本文主要从语用学角度运用合作原则和关联理论分析欧•亨利的短篇小说中的会话含义。本文对所选用的两个原则进行了简要的论述，为文中的对话分析提供了理论支持。本文从所选的四篇短文中挑选了十个典型的人物对话，利用以上理论对会话含义的产生以及其表现的人物特点进行了详细的分析。
综上所述，本文通过对所选的四篇短篇小说中的对话运用合作原则和关联理论进行分析，不仅为读者提供了理解欧·亨利短篇小说的新视角,同时也拓展了合作原则和关联理论的研究范围。

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XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）文献综述
Literature Review
This part is about literature analysis. O’ Henry is the pseudonym of William Sydney Porter. He is a famous writer of critical realism, and one of world's three short story masters. He has been hailed as the Manhattan critics crown prose writer and the father of modern American short story. His masterpieces include The Road of Destiny, The Four Million, Cabbages and Kings, some of them, such as The Gift of Magi, The Cop and the Anthem, The Last Leaf and so on win the international fame for him.
His short stories expose the darkness of capitalism from different angles, describe the difficult life of lower class, praise their sincere friendships, love and desires to blessed life. He always writes a comedy ending to express deep social meanings, serious social realities. Furthermore, it points out the inevitability.
Short story is a kind of the literature form. So, many studies of O’ Henry’s short stories are focus on literary views. There are angles of the study, such as, studies on the images in the stories, the humorous languages of the stories, the themes of human nature, features of the strategies of the short stories, the inclination to the naturalism, realism in his short stories, and the features of the art in his short stories and so on.
This part is about cooperative principle. Since the proposal of the cooperative principle by Grice in 1967, it has achieved great development in depth and width and has been applied to many areas in the studies abroad. Following are the surveys of the cooperative principle used in literature abroad.
Cooperative principle’s study of literature can be traced back to the 1970s. Professor Van Diji (1976) terms a novel, a poem, and a drama as a literary discourse. Patt (1977) maintains that a literature is a particular speech context which involves a specific set of conventions and exceptions concerning the relationship between the author and the audiences, the preparation and selection of texts, the application of Grice’s cooperative principle, which, she subsequently carries out to analyze some literary texts.
Geoffrey Leech and Michael Short in 1981 published Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose in which a whole chapter is devoted to conversation in the novel and practical analyses of prose texts and extracts are made. In that chapter, turning to a pragmatic analysis of fictional dialogue, Leech and Short introduce speech act theory and, in particular, Gricean principles, in examining “the gap between overt sense and pragmatic force” (Leech & Short, 1981: 294). They examine a passage from Jane Austin’s Pride and Prejudice; later analyze the dialogue between Nelly Dean and Isabella in Wuthering Heights written by Emily Bronte as well as dialogues in the famous detective fiction Destination Unknown written by Agatha Christie, in order to make their points on the violation of the conversational maxims put forward by Grice. They also maintain that “the pragmatic model of understanding can apply not only to character-character discourse, but also to the way in which authors convey message to their readers” (Leech&Short, 1981:302)
Toolan (1990:273) applies some concepts of discourse analysis to the analysis of the dialogue in Faulkner’s Go Down, on which Grice’s cooperative principle helps a lot. Fowler (1996) argues that the theory helps to understand how discourse works, and provides numerous insights for linguistic criticism.
In the literature area, the scholars at home have contributed a lot in this field. Shao Zhizhong (1990) has applied the cooperative principle to Shakespeare's Hamlet and King Lear. (TuJing: 2005a) Feng Zongxin (2002) has a study on the absurd dramas in an approach of the cooperative principle. Liu Xianzhen (2003) conducts a detailed discussion of some of the critical dialogues to trace the tragedy of the heroine Desdemona and arrives at the conclusion that the tragedy is largely caused by the deliberate violation of the cooperative principle on the part of the insidious participants in the novel. In Recent years, more researches have been done. Bao Xiaohui (2011) studies the character of the roles by violating the cooperative principle in Pride and Prejudice. Li Yin (2011) uses the cooperative principle to analyze the conversations in A Farewell to Arms. Hong Xiang (2012) put the cooperative principle to analyze conversations in The Importance of being Ernest. Zhang Meili (2012) investigates the violations of cooperative principle in Babylon Revisited and their functions. All those enrich the use of the cooperative principle in literature.
This part is about relevant theory. Up to now, RT has been widely applied to many fields in literature. Gutt (1991), an eminent scholar from Germany, has testified relevance theory’s explanatory force in translation. In Gutt’s view, translation is a kind of communication between the translator and target readers. Francisco Yus has surveyed the large-scale misunderstandings between characters in their dialogues in the Caretaker by Pinter. He researches the connotative implications of such misunderstanding from the perspective of relevance theory. From the angle of relevance theory, Nugali analyzes the poem. Nugali’s analysis proves the feasibility of interpreting literary communication within the framework of relevance theory. Meanwhile, some foreign scholars criticize the validity of relevance theory in literary communication. Malmkjaer holds that literary translation research within relevance theory fails to provide practical guiding approaches for literary translation. Fawcett claims that the notion of “relevance” is too vague to be used in literary analysis.
The domestic scholars also play an active role in the studies on relevance theory’s application to literary communication. Yang Ping (1997) publishes Relevance Theory and Sentence Style in Modern Foreign Language, which aims at explaining why writers choose a specific sentence patterns in writing. Zeng Ping（2000） deliveres The Communication Function of Figure by Relevance Theory，which explains the Chinese language by western pragmatics. Yilan (2006) believes that literary appreciation, to some extent, can be regarded as a kind of ostensive-inferential cognitive communication between the author and the reader. During the process, the reader tends to seek optimal relevance. Hao Liping (2007) holds that literary appreciation can be conducted from the angle of relevance, context and optimal relevance. According to her, the nature of literary appreciation is a kind of ostensive-inferential process involved in interpreting the literary text. The ultimate aim is to seek the optimal relevance to the author’s writing intentions. Tuqing (2005) points out that although the author’s demonstrative act conveys some information through the literary text, the expressing effect is limited. The communication between the author and the reader can be spatial-temporal. So he thinks that true interpretation of literary text can be achieved only through reader’s cognitive inference on the basis of decoding. Wang Yin (2011) uses a relevance-theoretic approaching to Horror Construction in Allan Poe’s Fiction. Wang Ning (2011) analyzes the verbal humor in Everybody Loves Raymond by relevance theory. The researches above promote the development relevance theory used in literature analysis.

本科生毕业论文

题目：用合作原则和关联理论分析
欧·亨利短篇小说对话的会话含义

学院 XXXX学院
专业 英语教育
班级 XXXX级 X班
学生 XXX
指导教师 XX
完成日期2013年5月8日

Analysis of the Conversational Implicature in O’ Henry’s Short Story by Cooperative Principle and Relevance Theory

BY

XXXX

Prof. XXXX, Tutor

A Thesis Submitted To Department of English Linguistic in Partial
Fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Degree of B.A in English
At XXXXXX University

May 8th, 2013

摘要

欧·亨利是世界三大短篇小说巨匠之一。长期以来，他的小说之所以受到读者的喜爱和作品中人物的幽默的言语和富有特色的下层人物特点密不可分。从文学方面对欧·亨利短篇小说进行分析的研究已经有很多。本文尝试从语用学角度对欧·亨利的短篇小说进行分析。
本文回顾了国内外语用理论用于文学作品研究的先例，得出用语用学研究文学语言的有效性。因此，本文主要从语用学角度运用合作原则和关联理论分析欧·亨利的短篇小说中的会话含义。本文对所选用的两个原则进行了简要的论述，为文中的对话分析提供了理论支持。本文从所选的四篇短文中挑选了十个典型的人物对话，利用以上理论对会话含义的产生以及其表现的人物特点进行了详细的分析。
综上所述，本文通过对所选的四篇短篇小说中的对话运用合作原则和关联理论进行分析，不仅为读者提供了理解欧·亨利短篇小说的新视角,同时也拓展了合作原则和关联理论的研究范围。

关键词： 会话含义 欧·亨利短篇小说 合作原则 关联理论

Abstract in English

O’ Henry is one of world's three short story masters. For a long time, readers like his short stories attributing to humorous conversations of the characters and especially good qualities of the low class people. There are many researches on the short stories of O’ Henry, which study them from the angle of literature analysis. However, this thesis tries to provide an analysis of O’ Henry’s short stories from a pragmatic perspective.
This thesis reviews the former research of using pragmatics to analyze the literature works, which shows the validity of using pragmatics to study literature works. Therefore，this thesis mainly research the conversational implicature of the short story of O’ Henry by cooperative principle and relevance theory. This thesis firstly gives brief introductions of the two main theories, which provides theory support for the whole thesis. This thesis selects ten typical conversations of characters in four short stories of O’ Henry. By using the two theories above, this thesis gives a detailed analysis on the production of the conversational implicature as well as the features of characters.
All in all, this thesis’s analysis of the conversational implicature of the chosen stories by the cooperative principle and the relevance theory not only provides a new view to understand the short stories of O’ Henry, but also broadens the research scopes of the cooperative principle and the relevance theory.

Key words: Conversational Implicature O’ Henry’s Short Stories
Cooperative Principle Relevance Theory

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction 错误！未定义书签。
1.1 Research background 错误！未定义书签。
1.2 Significance of the research 错误！未定义书签。
1.3 The thesis’s composition 错误！未定义书签。
Chapter 2 Literature review 错误！未定义书签。
2.1 Literature analysis 错误！未定义书签。
2.2 Reviews of pragmatics theories used in the literature 错误！未定义书签。
2.2.1 Review of the cooperative principle used in the literature 错误！未定义书签。
2.2.2 Review of the relevance theory used in the literature 错误！未定义书签。
Chapter 3 Pragmatics theories 错误！未定义书签。
3.1 Cooperative principle 错误！未定义书签。
3.1.1 Grice’s cooperative principle 错误！未定义书签。
3.1.2 The four maxims of cooperative principle 错误！未定义书签。
3.1.3 Flouting the maxims 错误！未定义书签。
3.2 Relevance theory 错误！未定义书签。
3.2.1 The ostensive-inferential communication model 错误！未定义书签。
3.2.2 The context in the relevance theory 错误！未定义书签。
3.2.3 Optimal relevance and successful communication 错误！未定义书签。
Chapter 4 Analysis of the conversational implicature of O’ Henry’s short stories 5
4.1 Using the cooperative principle to analyze the conversations in O. Henry’s short stories 5
4.1.1 Analysis of the conversation in After Twenty Years 5
4.1.2 Analysis of the conversation in Schools and Schools 错误！未定义书签。
4.1.3 Analysis of the conversation in The Cop and the Anthem 错误！未定义书签。
4.1.4 Analysis of the conversation in While the Auto Waits 错误！未定义书签。
4.1.5 Summary 5
4.2 Using the relevance theory to analyze the conversations in O. Henry’s short stories 5
4.2.1 The ostension and inference in the conversations 错误！未定义书签。
4.2.2 Understanding conversations from the contexts 错误！未定义书签。
4.2.3 Optimal relevance of understanding the conversations 错误！未定义书签。
4.2.4 Summary 错误！未定义书签。
4.3 Comparison the use of cooperative principle and relevant theory in literature 错误！未定义书签。
4.3.1 Using the cooperative principle in literature works 5
4.3.2 Using the relevant theory in literature works 5
4.3.3 Summary 错误！未定义书签。
Chapter 5 Conclusion 错误！未定义书签。
Bibliography 错误！未定义书签。

vi

Chapter 1 Introduction

This chapter gives a brief introduction of the rese