化学专业英语常用词汇.doc

《专业英语》
☆Elements of 1-36
Hydrogen [‘haidrədʒən] n.氢
Helium [‘hi:ljəm] n.〈化〉氦
Lithium[‘liθiəm] n.锂
Beryllium [bə’riljəm] n.铍(Be)
Boron[‘bɔ:rɔn] n. 硼
Carbon [‘kɑ:bən] n. 碳
Diamonds are pure carbon.
钻石是纯净的碳。
Nitrogen 氮
Oxygen 氧
Fluorine [‘fluəri:n] 氟
Neon [ni:ən] n. 〈化〉氖
Sodium[‘səudiəm] n.钠
Magnesium[mæɡ’ni:zjəm] n.镁
Aluminum [,ælju:-‘minjəm]n. 铝
Silicon [‘silikən] n. 硅
Phosphorus [‘fɔsfərəs] n. 磷
Sulfur [‘sʌlfə] n.硫磺,硫黄; vt.用硫磺处理
Chlorine[‘klɔ:ri:n]n.〈化〉氯, 氯气
Argon [‘ɑ:ɡɔn] n. 氩
Potassium[pə’tæsiəm]钾
Calcium[‘kælsiəm]钙

Scandium [‘kændiəm]钪(Sc)
Titanium [tai’teiniəm]钛
Vanadium[və’neidiəm]钒,
Chromium [‘krəumjəm]铬
Manganese [‘mæŋɡəni:z]锰
Iron [‘aiən]铁
Cobalt [kə’bɔ:lt, ’kəubɔ:lt] 钴(Co)
Nickel [‘nikəl] 镍
Nickel can be used for making coins. 镍可做成钱币。
Copper [‘kɔpə] 铜
Copper conducts electricity well.
铜是电的良导体。
Zinc[ziŋk]锌
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. 黄铜是铜和锌的合金。
Gallium [‘ɡæliəm] 镓
Germanium [dʒə:’meiniəm] 锗
Arsenic[‘ɑ:sənik]砷;三氧化二砷;砒霜 Selenium [si’li:niəm] 硒
Bromine [‘brəumi:n]溴
krypton [‘kriptɔn] 氪

☆常用： ppm: parts per million
ppb: parts per billion
pH: potential of hydrogen

1. 化合物的命名：规则：金属(或某些非金属)元素+阴离子名称
(1)MgCl2 magnesium [mæɡ’ni:zjəm] chloride
(2)NaNO2 sodium nitrite [‘naitrait]
(3)KNO3 potassium[pə’tæsiəm] nitrate [‘naitreit]
(4)硝酸 nitric acid
(5)NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate

练习：
§ FeBr2
§ (NH4)2SO4
§ NH4H2PO4
§ KMnO4
§ 亚硫酸
§ sulfurous acid
§ H2S
§ NO

2 有机物命名
§ Hydrocarbon
§ {Aliphatic hydrocarbon; Aromatic Hydrocarbon}
§ Aliphatic hydrocarbon (脂肪烃)
§ {Alkane (烷); Alkene(烯); Alkyne(炔)}
§ Alcohol 醇
§ Aldehyde 醛
§ Ketone [‘ki:təun] 酮
§ Carboxylic acid 羧酸
§ Aromatic hydrocarbon(芳香烃)
§ {benzene (苯) hydroxybenzene(酚) quinone(醌)

无机物中关于数字的写法
mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca-
一， 二， 三， 四， 五， 六， 七， 八， 九， 十

有机物中关于数字的写法
meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-,
甲 乙 丙 丁 戊 已
hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, cyclo-, poly-
庚 辛 壬 葵 环 聚

练习
§ 甲烷 乙炔
§ 丙酮 丁醇
§ 戊烷 己烯
§ 庚醛 辛烷
§ 2-甲基壬酸 3,5-二乙基癸醇

Lesson 1

Lithium [‘liθiəm] n.锂
Beryllium [bə’riljəm] n.铍(Be)
Sodium [‘səudiəm] n.钠
Potassium [pə’tæsiəm] 钾
Rubidium [ru:’bidiəm] 铷
Caesium [‘si:ziəm] 铯
Nucleus[‘nju:kli¶s] 原子核，是nuclear的复数
Halogen[‘hælədʒən] 卤素
general chemistry 普通化学
positive[‘pƆzətiv] ion 阳离子
orbital electron 轨道电子
effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷
atomic radius 原子半径，raddi的复数
ionic radius 离子半径
negative ion 阴离子
electron cloud 电子云
Van der Waals non-bounded radius
单质分子晶体中相邻分子间两个非键合原子核间距离的一半称为范德华半径

Lesson 2
metallic [mi’tælik] character[‘kæriktə] 金属特性
electropositive [I’lektrəu’pɔzətiv] a.带正电的
Ionization [‘aiənai’zeiʃən] energy 电离能
carbon 碳 germanium[dʒə:’meiniəm] 锗
tin [tin] 锡 lead [led] 铅

sodium[‘səudiəm] 钠 magnesium[mæɡ’ni:zjəm] 镁
silicon [‘silikən] 硅 chlorine [’klɔ:ri:n] 氯
nonmetallic [‘nɔnmi’tælik]adj.n.非金属的，非金属
Electronegativity 电负性
Metallic oxide 金属氧化物
Metallic hydroxide [hai’drɔksaid] 金属氢氧化物
Hydroxyl [hai‘drɔksil] ions 氢氧根离子
insoluble[in’sɔljubl] 不溶解的
Ionic [ai‘ɔnik] adj. 离子的
Transition element 过渡元素
Basicity [bə’sisiti] n. 碱性，碱度
Oxyacid [,ɔksi’æsid] 含氧酸
Carbonate [‘kɑ:bəneit] 碳酸盐
Nitrate [‘naitreit] 硝酸盐
Sulphate [‘sʌlfeit] 硫酸盐 = sulfate
Amphoteric [,æmfə’terik] adj.两性的
Acid [‘æsid] n. adj.
alkali [‘ælkəlai] n.adj.
Hydration [hai’dreiʃən] 水合作用
Hydrolyze [‘haidrəlaiz] vi. 水解
Oxysalt [‘ɔksisɔ:lt] 含氧酸盐
Complex 络合物，复合物

句子理解
1) Metals are electropositive and have a tendency to loss electrons, if supplied with energy: M ® M+ + e. 金属是电正性的，如果供给能量，有失去电子的趋势。

2) The stronger this tendency, the more electropositive and more metallic an element is. （元素失电子）趋势越强，其电正性和金属性越强。

3) Thus sodium and magnesium are more metallic than silicon, which in turn, is more metallic than chlorine. 因此，钠和镁的金属性比硅强，以此类推，硅的金属性比氯强。Which 引导非限定定语从句，修饰Silicon

4) Oxides, which are insoluble in water, are regarded as basic if they react with acids to form salts. 不溶于水的氧化物，如果和酸能够反应生成盐，则认为是碱性的。

5) Weakly electropositive elements are unaffected by water and are much less readily attacked by acids. 弱电正性的金属不与水反应，且不易与酸反应

6) Salts of strongly electropositive metals have little tendency to hydrolyze and form oxysalts. 强电正性的金属盐水解形成含氧酸盐的趋势很小。

It is + adj.+ to： It is advantageous to work at lower temperature
§ It is possible to do sth.
§ It seems advantageous to do sth.
§ It appears useful to do sth.
§ It proves correct to do sth.
§ It becomes obvious to do sth.
§ It is important to do sth.
§ It is clear to do sth. （明显的）
§ It is apparent to do sth.（显而易见的）
§ It is necessary (for us) to know how to convert energy from one form into another.

It is + adj. + that
§ It is apparent that the difference between elements is in the structure of their atoms.
§ It is important that the polymerization proceeds under nitrogen atmosphere

It is + 过去分词+ that
It is + believed + that
（accepted、mentioned、proposed、found、supposed、recommended、known）
e.g. It is found that oxygen plays an important role in the reaction

It is + 名词（动名词）+ that
(1) It is worth noting (mentioning) that ……值得一提的是……
e.g. It is worth noting that the polymer is highly soluble inorganic solvents.
(2) It is no use that
(3) It is a fact that ……事实上

It +不及物动词+ tha
1) It turns out that…… （seems、appears）
2) It follows that……由此可见…..
3) It goes without saying that…... 毫无疑问……
e.g. It goes without saying that the material does not have good stability in air.

It +系动词+ that （被动句型，See P29)
n It is considered that ……….
（understood、supposed、suggested 、noticed、preferred ）
n It is generally recognized that ……
n It can be foreseen that ……
n It must be stressed that……
n It has been shown that ……
Lesson 3
Vocabulary
Galvanize [‘ɡælvənaiz]vt.通电流于；电镀;镀锌于
iron[‘aiən] 铁 Zinc [ziŋk] 锌
rusting [rʌstiŋ] n 生锈
anodic [ə’nɔdik] adj. 阳极的
Scratch [skrætʃ] vt. & vi.擦伤，刮伤
Sacrifice [‘sækrifais] n. vt. & vi.牺牲, 舍身
Magnesium [mæɡ’ni:zjəm] n.镁
Pipeline [’paiplain] n.管道, 管线
hull [hʌl] n.船体, 船身
Consolidate [kən’sɔlideit] vt. & vi.(使)巩固; (使)加强;合并，统一
hydrogen[‘haidrədʒən] 氢
Copper [‘kɔpə] 铜
Disproportionate [‘disprə’pɔ:ʃənit] adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化

需掌握的词汇
Oxidation-reduction reaction 氧化还原反应
iron[‘aiən] 铁 Zinc [ziŋk] 锌
Forward reaction 正向反应
spontaneous [spɔn’teiniəs] reaction自发反应
anodic protection 阳极保护
Magnesium [mæɡ’ni:zjəm] n.镁
Reduction potential 还原电势
Strong oxidizing、reducing agent 强氧化/还原剂
Standard electrode potential 标准电极电势
hydrogen[‘haidrədʒən] 氢
Thermodynamic functions 热力学函数
Free energy吉布斯自由能
Copper [‘kɔpə] 铜
Disproportionate [‘disprə’pɔ:ʃənit] adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化
Self-oxidizing/reducing agent 自氧化（还原）剂
Ferrous 亚铁
Ferric 三价铁

句子理解
1) Oxidation is the removal of electrons from, and reduction is the addition of electrons to an atom.氧化反应是原子失去电子，而还原反应是原子得到电子。

2) Consider the galvanizing of iron, that is coating from with zinc to prevent rusting.（关于）铁的电镀，是用锌作镀层来防止铁锈生成。
3) If the galvanized steel （镀锌钢材）is scratched, allowing the air to oxidize some iron, the Fe2+ produced is immediately reduced to iron by the zinc, and rusting does not occur.如果镀锌钢材被刮伤，部分铁被空气氧化，生成的Fe2+（可以）立即被锌还原成铁，这样避免了锈蚀。

4) This information is consolidated into a single diagram, in which the highest oxidation state is written at the left, and the lowest state at the right.这一知识（可以）统一为专门的图示，即高氧化态写在左边，低氧化态写在右边。

5) Materials which are generally accepted as oxidizing agents have E0 values above +0.8 Volts, those such as Fe3+→Fe2+ of about 0.8volts are stable (equally oxidizing and reducing), and those below 0.8 volts becoming increasingly reducing.通常作为氧化剂的材料其（还原电势）E0大于0.8V，以及那些如Fe3+→Fe2+等于0.8V的材料是稳定的（氧化和还原反应趋势相等），而那些还原电势低于0.8V的材料还原性增加。
6) Since the zinc reaction in the forward reaction produces a larger negative potential, that is liberates more energy, the spontaneous reaction is……
由于锌的正向反应产生较大的负电势，也即释放较多能量，则自发反应是……

Lesson 4
Vocabulary
Petroleum [pi’tr¶uli¶m] 石油
Geologic[dʒiə’lɔdʒik] adj.地质(学)的
Prohibitive[prə’hibitiv] adj.禁止的，抑制的
Homologous [hɔ’mɔləɡəs]adj.相应的，类似的，同源的
Ingenuity[‘ɪndʒi’njuiti] n.机灵, 独创性, 精巧, 灵活性
Terminology[‘tə:mi’nɔlədʒi] n.术语学
Acquisition [‘ækwi’ziʃən]n.获得，获得物
Nomenclature [nəu’meŋklətʃə] n.命名法，术语
Systematize[‘sistimətaiz] v. 系统化
Procurement [prə’kjuəment]n.获得，取得
Lubricant [‘lju:brikənt]n.润滑剂
Aliphatic [‘æli’fætik] adj. 脂肪族的
Aromatic [‘ærəu’mætik] adj. 芳香物族的
benzene[‘benzi:n] n.苯
biological [‘baiə’lɔdʒikəl] adj.生物学的
isolation[‘aisə’leiʃən] n.隔绝, 孤立, 离析
Elaborate [I’læbəreit] adj. 精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细 vt.精心制作, 详细阐述v.详细描述
Painstaking [‘peinz’teikiŋ] n.苦干, 辛苦 adj.辛苦的, 辛勤的, 艰苦的
criteria n.标准
empirical [em’pirik¶l] adj.完全根据经验的, 经验主义的, [化]实验式
molecular [məu’lekjulə] adj.分子的, 由分子组成的
coincide [‘kəuin’said] with vi. 一致, 符合
assignment [ə’sainmənt] n. 分配, 委派, 任务, 作业
unambiguous [,ʌnæm’biɡjuəs] adj.不含糊的, 明确的
Standpoint [‘stændpɔint] n.立场，观点

需要掌握的词和短语
organic chemistry 有机化学
organic compound 有机化合物
homologous series of compounds同系物
aliphatic compounds 脂族化合物
aromatic compounds芳香族化合物
benzene derivative 苯衍生物
empirical formula 实验式，经验式
molecular formula 分子式
structural formula 结构式
molecular weight 分子量
qualitative analysis 定性分析
quantitative analysis定量分析

常用短语
l be formed through
l be derived from
l be described as
l be defined as
l be entitled
l be divided into
l In summary

句子理解
1) Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds.
一旦了解了某一特定类或族中典型化合物的结构关系，则可以推断这一 族中任一化合物的结构特点，（包括）那些（即使）未知化合物的结构特点。

2) Another important phase of the study of organic chemistry is communication, or exchange of information, among organic chemists.
Study 此处为 研究 Phase 方面

3) This science of nomenclature [nəu’meŋklətʃə] has received considerable attention during the development of organic chemistry, and it will constitute a second important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds to be studied.
这种命名法在有机化学的发展过程中受到相当重视 ，它将构成研究每一同系物时要考虑的第二个重要主题

4) A third important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds is procurement [prə’kjuəment] .
与各种同系物相关的第三个主题是（如何）制取（该类物质）。

5) Many organic compounds, as pointed out earlier, are naturally occurring. It is more often used, however, to mean the chemical process of changing or converting an available compound into the desired compound, either in the laboratory or on a larger scale, as in a manufacturing plant.
合成一词是指由较小的单元构筑某种分子。然而更常用的是指在实验室或生产规模的，由已知物质转化成所要求的某种物质的化学过程。

6) In order that the above conversion of one compound to another may be accomplished, the chemical properties of each compound must be understood.
为使上述转化（由一种物质转化成另一种物质）能够实现，必须了解每一种物质的化学性质。

7) Again, the solution of this problem would be impossible were it not for the fact that the chemical properties of a family of compounds are documented, thus making it possible to predict the chemical properties of any member of the family, even though a particular member may not be a known compound.
再者，如果不是（因为）已经明确同系物的化学性质，使得预测同系物中任一物质、甚至未知物的化学性质成为可能（这一事实），则不可能有解决该问题的方法。

8) Isolation procedures are usually followed by the application of certain criteria of purity to the compound isolated.
分离过程中通常将特定的纯度标准应用于分离出的化合物。

9) The chemist must establish that the isolation procedure has resulted in the elimination of essentially all of the “foreign” molecules from the compound, and that he is dealing with a single molecular species. 化学家必须确定分离过程使大部分异质分子从该化合物中去除，而研究的只是单一分子组成的物质。

10) Extensive chemical and physical methods for establishing the order in which atoms are linked together have been worked out.
已采取大量的物理、化学方法来确定（分子中）原子之间的连接方式。

Lesson 5
Vocabulary
Hybridize [‘haibridaiz] v. (使)杂交,杂化
Alkanes [’ælkein] n. 链烷,烷烃
Flora [‘flɔ:rə] n.(某地区或某时期的)植物群
Fauna [‘fɔ:nə] n. 动物群,动物区系,动物志
Phyla [‘failə] n. (生物分类学上的)门,语群(比语系关系松散的一种语言)(phylum的复数)
Assimilation [ə,simi’leiʃən]n.(被)吸收或同化的过程
Segment [‘seɡmənt] n. 部分, 片段
paraffin[‘pærəfin]n.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃
divergent [dai’və:dʒənt] adj. 有分歧的; 叉开的
novice[‘nɔvis] n. 新手, 初学者
Exasperate[iɡ’zɑ:spəreit] vt. 激怒, 触怒
charm[tʃɑ:m] n. 魅力, 吸引力 魔力, 咒语 vt. 使高兴, 使着迷; 吸引
entrench[in’trentʃ]vt.牢固地确立…
Suffix [‘sʌfiks] n. 后缀, 词尾 vt. 加后缀
Derivative [di’rivətiv] n. 派生物, 引出物
adj. 模仿他人的; 衍生的; 派生的
Prefix [‘pri:fiks] n. 前缀 vt. 在…前加上
Alkyl [‘ælkil] n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的
Secondary-butyl 仲丁基
tertiary (tert-)[‘tə:ʃəri] adj. 第三的, 第三级的
Pentyl [‘pentil] n. 戊(烷)基
Isopentyl [,aisə’pentil] n.异戊基
Neopentyl [,ni:əu’pentil] n. 新戊(烷)基

应掌握的词汇和术语
Alkane[‘ælkein] n.链烷,烷烃
alkene[‘ælki:n] n. 烯烃,链烯
Alkyne[‘ælkain] n.炔
Hybridize [‘haibridaiz] v. (使)杂交,杂化
Derivative [di’rivətiv] n. 派生物, 引出物
Alkyl [‘ælkil] n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的
Secondary-butyl 仲丁基
tertiary (tert-)[‘tə:ʃəri] adj. 第三的, 第三级的
Pentyl [‘pentil] n. 戊(烷)基
Isopentyl [,aisə’pentil] n.异戊基
Neopentyl [,ni:əu’pentil] n. 新戊(烷)基
Saturated hydrocarbons 饱和烃
Homologous series同系物
Side chains 侧链，支链

句子理解
1) The classification of compounds into families, in which the members possess similar structures and similar chemical properties, provides one of the important generalizing principles of organic chemistry.
(有机)化合物分成族的分类方法为有机化学提供了一个重要的普遍法则，(每一族)的所有成员具有相似的结构和化学性质。
2) The first of these families (classes) to be discussed is called the alkanes or paraffin hydrocarbons, the term paraffin having been chosen because of the general chemical inertness of these compounds (Latin, parum affinis, “slight affinity”).
praffin [‘pærəfin]n.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃 inertness 惰性
affinis [æ‘finis]近缘的 affinity [ə’finiti] 密切关系, 亲合力

3) Similarly, the members of any particular class of organic compounds do not show identical physical or chemical behavior, although, in general, the similarities are striking.
类似地，尽管任何一族有机化合物的成员其物理化学性质不完全一致，但通常它们的相似性是惊人的。

4) By means of : 用，以，依靠
To weld (焊接) metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current. 利用电流产生的热可以焊接金属。

5) by all means的意思是“一定”、“无论如何”、“用一切手段”。
例：You must bring him here by all means．
　　This project must be realized by all means．
by all means亦可用于回答，表示有礼貌的同意，作“好的”、“当然可以”。
May I have one？—Yes，by all means．我可以拿一个吗？——当然可以。

6) By no means的意思是“决不”，相当于not at all.
She is by no means bright．她一点儿也