中英禁忌习俗比较--商务英语本科学位论文.doc

中国某某某某学校
学生毕业设计(论文)

题 目： 中英禁忌习俗比较
姓 名 ： 0000000000000
班级、学号 ： 00000000
系 (部) ： 经济管理系
专 业 ： 商务英语
指导教师 ： 00000000000
开题时间： 2009-04-10
完成时间： 2009-11-08

2008 年 11月 08 日

26

目 录

毕业设计任务书…………………………………………………1
毕业设计成绩评定表……………………………………………2
答辩申请书……………………………………………………3-5
正文……………………………………………………………6-27
答辩委员会表决意见……………………………………………28
答辩过程记录表…………………………………………………29

课 题：中英禁忌习俗比较
一、 课题(论文)提纲
引言
1.禁忌的定意
2. 社交禁忌比较
2.1握手禁忌
2.2交流禁忌
2.3语言禁忌
2.4舞会上怎样不失礼
2.5餐桌上的礼节忌讳
3.隐私禁忌比较
4. 节日禁忌比较
5. 迷信禁忌比较
6．数字忌讳比较
7. 送礼禁忌比较
结束语

二、内容摘要
不同的国家地区有不同的文化差异，既然有着文化差异那么对待某些事情的看法就存在着不同。我们常说中西文化差异，也就是说我们在文化习俗方面有着很大的区别，因此在对事情的看法和做法上都不相同，也就形成了我们各自的文化习俗。有些事情在我们中国认为是可行但是在一些英语国家觉得这是不能做的。相反，英语国家认为能过做的事情我们却觉得那是不允许的，因此出现了各自的禁忌。那英语国家跟中国究竟存在哪些习俗禁忌呢。本文从不同的角度对英语国家与中国的习俗禁忌进行了比较，如，从社交禁忌、节日禁忌、迷信禁忌等多方面进行了比较。其中在社交禁忌中，又从隐私禁忌、握手禁忌 交流禁忌这几处进行了比较。通过这些比较让大家对中西文化禁忌有所了解，从而能在日后生活中有所帮助尤其是在商务来往中。

三、 参考文献
[1] 唐纳. 西方禁忌大观 [M].上海： 上海人民出版社，1992
[2] 郁龙余.中西文化异同论 [M].北京：三联书店出版社,1989.
[3] 任骋.中国民间禁忌 [M].北京：中国社会科学出版社，1991
[4] 张旭.理论观察[M].广州：中山大学出版社，2006

Comparison of Customs of Taboos
in China and English-speaking Countries
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Abstract： There are different culture in the different countries and areas, since it has the difference cultural so there is difference views to treat some matter's .We often said that China culture and the West culture are always have difference, that is to say we have the very big difference in the aspect of cultural custom, therefore the view and the procedure are not the same on the matter, which Also formed our own culture and customs. There are some things we believe that it is feasible in our China, but the English-speaking countries think that is can not be done. On the contrary, English-speaking countries believed that is can be done while we think that it is not allowed, so it comes out own taboos. Though what are the customs of taboo exist in English-speaking countries and China ？In this paper from different perspectives compared about the English-speaking countries and China's customs taboos, such as from the social taboos, festivals taboo, superstition taboos and other aspects were compared. In which the social taboos is compared from few aspects. For example, privacy of taboos and shook hands of taboos and exchange of taboos etc. By these comparisons so that we can understand the cultural taboos, which can be helpful later in life, especially in the business dealings.
Keywords: Taboo; compare; English-speaking countries; China
Introduction
In people's social interaction, especially exchanges of Intercultural usually encounter some very sensitive issues, which is taboo. It is like an invisible precepts make the of the people's language and behavior to be shackled, it is a major obstacle in communication of Intercultural.
Generally speaking, the "taboo" is the concept of customs. It with the Prohibition of the legal system and the word "no" on the moral standards sense all of these have a very clear distinction. In customs, the ban of like the "taboo" is set up based on the Common beliefs. Self (I group) due to feel fear the result in the "restrain" self is the basic components of taboo, and it hold a dominant position in the taboo. Entire meaning of "ban", is from the common taboo, and from the collective consciousness of the "self-inhibition" not exist “the imposition of will" and "insist on the concept." is does not exist. The process of taboo implementation must be through the mind, and therefore it belongs to prohibited form under the natural state of folk .So, they can be also directly called "folk taboo", that is, we discussed the "taboo" word is the same as "folk goes. They are distinguished by the legal system or code of ethics of the other prohibited forms.
Each language has own taboos, such as: English-speaking countries bogey figure 13. According to the BIBLE recorded that at the last supper, Judas betrayed Jesus is the 13th on the table, so the 13 is a main culprit in number. As a result, there is no 13th room on the restaurant, and inviting guests taboo 13 people, and the important events to avoid the monthly 13. Another example in the Anglo-American and other Western countries, the black cats has been regarded as a taboo animal. If the people face a black cat across the street and towards them, which would be herald impending catastrophe. In addition, they are not very like an elephant. When you dealing with the British, and you need to know the main folk taboos of British also have the following five: First, taboo in public sneezing, second taboo is use the same match consecutive lit three cigarettes, third is a taboo they leave their shoes on the table, four is a taboo in the house umbrella, five is the taboo walk from the base of the ladder. In China, taboo 4, because "four" sounds like "death" is not propitious. Ancestor's name and the names of elders can not be directly addressed him without concealing anything. During the Spring Festival people would like to say good words, and bogey curse the child, the traditional belief that if the children started to suffer the verbal abuse, she or he should pay a whole year curse. Chinese people are used to eat with chopsticks, so there’re some taboos about you use chopsticks at the dinner table. This paper from various aspects compared taboos of the English-speaking countries and China. It is not only compared from the social taboos but also from the privacy of taboos, festivals taboos, language taboos, and many other sides. So that makes people understand taboos of the English-speaking countries and China
1. The meaning of taboo
The reason of in the traditional custom or social custom we should to avoid using some words or doing some act, which is taboo.
Taboo as the psychological tradition of core of faith is a human universally possessed a cultural phenomenon. It condensed the human psychology original, desire and fantasy, and reflecting the social spiritual cultural with the level of the material cultural and ethnic, times of spirit cultural guide. We are live in the networks of taboo.
Taboos, on the one hand are referring to "sacred" or "unclean" and "dangerous" things; on the other hand, it refers to a prohibition, that is word and behavior are "prohibited" or psychological be "inhibited" in a kind of behavior control mode. Like this kind of things and such a ban is entirely interlinked between them, and actually they are the same thing not two different things, because the production of such a ban actually is result from people's awareness of such a class of things (mental reflection). So, in other words, taboo is sacred, dirty, and dangerous things, and because of their attitudes of towards taboo formed some sort of ban.
2. Comparison of Social taboos
Custom is formed in social interaction of people. Besides language, people have many other aspects of interaction. In the many of communication process, everyone found them self proper location and manner of social existence, and incorporated them self into the framework of a certain social customs. That is, people will be in compliance with the many aspects of social Taboos. Whether consciously or not,
In the English-speaking countries, the man visiting a person subject to prior appointment, and taboo a surprise visit. Otherwise, the respondents will felled unhappy, because this sudden call caused them a great inconvenience and disrupted her or his work scheme. Visit someone you should on time, but by the convention, in particular by to visiting a dinner or party, the American habit of late 3-5 minutes to arrive and 10 minutes late is no problem, which is to give the hostess a little time to make up. Although it is not taboo in the China the surprise visit, and the respondents would not feel unhappy, but when you go to visit you had better to tell the owner in advance so that it will not cause owner inconvenience and can also give the scheduled time to the respondents for making arrangement in advance.
2.1 Handshake taboo
Chinese usually shake hands with the right hand, and the gesture should be generous nature, look at each other with a smile. Your hand use a little power with shaking up and down slightly and you must be avoid casual, look around, or nod both hands. Handshake order is: by the owner, older persons, the higher status, and Ladies first reach out, for the guests, young persons, the low status of persons, and men when you meet with them you should first greeting and wait the other side held out his hand and then you grip. Do not cross shake hands with people when you need to shake hands with many people, you should wait for others finish shake hands then reach out your hand. Do not sit to shake hands with others. When you Shake hands your hand shouldn’t dirty, If you meet with people when you wear gloves, the gloves should be off on the left hand, then shake hands to show courtesy. If men and women shaking hands, the woman did not off gloves, the man can also didn’t off gloves. To subordinates or younger, you should enthusiastic initiatively stretch your hand, to show your care and easy to approach. when you Met old colleagues and old friends or old classmates, your hands should be faraway extended and clasp other’s hand, handshake taboo that the above mentioned is the same in the English-speaking countries, but there’s a little bit different they can not shake hands at the same time with three people because they are taboo 3.
2.2 Communicate taboo
There are often different communication methods and characteristics on different occasions. In China's social occasions should avoid unnecessary controversy. Argument is easy to hurt other’s self-esteem, so the other would be disgusted with you. In general, argue under the unnecessary situation is not desirable. Because many ideas, plans etc is not necessarily used a way of argue to get. Don’t use the type of question tone. The type of Questioned tone often has a certain smell of gunpowder more or less. Some people love to use questioning tone to correct other people's mistakes, which can undermine the feelings of both sides. Person who questioned by you will be at loss, and their self-esteem suffered a tremendous blow. Respect for others is necessary conditions of the art of conversation. Do not boast your personal life to strangers, such as your personal accomplishments, your rich, or how great your son. Do not put friends shortcomings and failures as conversation information in the public, and do not always repeat the same topic, and don’t complain and whine everywhere, complain and whining is not a good means to win sympathy. For the things you do not know, you do not pretend to experts. Don't pretend to know (or understand) when you don't. It is a kind of dishonest behavior of self-deception; you know how much, and then you say them, no one is asking you to make an encyclopedia. Even though a knowledgeable people would not know what is it. So, frankly admit that you are ignorant of certain things; it is by no means a disgrace. On the contrary, others will think your remarks are worthy of consideration, because you are not hypocrisy and bragging.
It is a taboo that the distance of tow legs can not be too wide, and can’t sit cross-legged, poising one foot in the air when you sat talking With the Englishman. In front of their face taboo whispering and tapping the shoulders and back, also it is taboo to clutch mouth with hands and watch them with laugh; people think this is a manner of laughing at people. Conversing with the British, you can’t relate to the king, the royal family, the church, as well as the contradiction among the various regions of the United Kingdom, in particular don’t gossip about the Queen, the succession and gossip about the independence of Northern Ireland. When you are dealing with the British, you need to know the main folk taboos of British there are five points you need to know following: First, a taboo in public sneezing, second, a taboo use the same match consecutive lit three cigarettes, third is a taboo you leave your shoes on the table, four is a taboo open umbrella in the house, five is the taboo walking from the base of the ladder.
2.3 Taboo of language
In English, racial discrimination is an important part of taboo language .This phenomenon in America English has been particularly evident. African-American receipt discrimination in history and the racial discrimination words in the past that people used to curse black people had becoming sensitive and it become a taboo. For example, nigger is a kind of complete taboo language with a strong insulting color, Negro bring with contempt means, so it is a taboo. Now people called African American blacks as blacks or African American. In English there are some contain black word is taboo. In English "white" means innocence pure ,clean, charity and so on - these are commendatory word have a positive meaning; while black is a related to the "evil" "sin," "dirty" and so on. Such as: blackguard (villain), blacklist (black list), black mark (stain), etc. the intention of the word washroom is a place for washing hands or face, but actually it mean’s toilet, when the British go to the toilet they will not directly state that "the toilet" and remind other people is the same to do, they don’t direct reference to the word toilet. If you to want the toilet, you can say "go to the men's room” or "to a woman's room", you can also say, "Please forgive give me a few minutes," or "I want to wash my hands" and so on. When children want to the toilet they say "I'm going to that place." Among friends and family, "100" is the most commonly used words.
Chinese people would have honor theme’s ancestors custom. Han, Oroqen, Ewenki, Kazakhs, Buyei, Tibetan, and many other ethnic ancestors have this kind of taboo in the matter of practice worship ancestor. Oroqen think that directly address ancestors name is non-respect for their ancestors and fear of the ancestor’s wrath result of disaster on children and grandchildren. For the elders, people don not dare to address him by name, or even can’t tell others the elder’s, else that the own family will birth a child without joints. If you have any object name is the same as the elders, the object should be change of the name, and change a statement. Otherwise, it wills early death. Up to now, children are still taboo address him by the name of their elders, but also can not call the nicknames of the elders and with their elders the same name or a homophone is also been taboo. In particular taboo that the name must be not the same as the elder, or a homophonic word of younger. Otherwise, others think tha