七大环境污染类型.pptx

*7*types of environmental pollutionsNuclear Pollution Desertification Greenhouse Effectlight pollutionwater pollutionpm2.5white pollution *nuclear pollutionContents 1.Source of ways 2.Definition 3.Dangers of nuclear pollution 4.related accidents 5.individual steps 1.Source of ways(cause)Nuclear weapons test,use,the leaking from nuclear power plant,industrial or medical use of nuclear material loss and so on.Nuclear explosion:thermal radiation damage(热辐射伤害),nuclear radiation damage(核辐射伤害),radioactive lifetime(放射性存留).2.Definition Nuclear pollution mainly refers to the environmental damage is caused by the release of radioactive material(核辐射核辐射),including nuclear radiation(核辐射核辐射),atomic dust(原子尘埃原子尘埃)and other pollution caused by itself,as well as the secondary pollutant(次生污染次生污染)is brought by those materials,such as the hurts to human and animal by the water which was polluted by neclear materials.3.Dangers of nuclear pollutionPeople will appear those symptoms:dizziness,headache,loss of appetite,if countinue,they will appear the symptom of leukopenia(白细胞)and thrombocytopenia(血小板减少).If the ultra dose of radiation persist in peoples body for a long time,it can cause tumorh(肿瘤),leukemia(白血病),and genetic disorder.4.related accidentsThe former Soviet Union Chernobyl accident(苏联切尔诺贝利核电站事故):The Chernobyl accident in Ukraine in 1986 was the worst in the industrys history,as an explosion led to a cloud of radioactive material being spewed over big parts of Europe.The U.S.Three Mile Island nuclear accident (美国三里岛核电站事故):The accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Pennsylvania in 1979 was the biggest in U.S.history.The nuclear accident in Fukushima Nuclear Plant in Japan(日本福岛核电站事故):The crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant is the worst nuclear accident since Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986.5.individual steps PleaseusefabricbagsTakebusesUsedouble-sidedpaperDonotsomkeUnderstandthesymbolandmeaningofthegreenfoodKnowsomeeco-marks -the cancer of the earthDesertification Definition:Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid,typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.Manifestation(表现):rocky desertification(石质荒漠化)secondary salinization(次生盐渍化)Caused bycultivated land degradation(耕地退化)grassland degradation(草地退化)forest land degradation (林地退化)Factors caused desertification:Natural reasons Man-made reasonsThe harm of desertification:Firstly,worsen the ecological environment,and threaten infrastructure,such as railway,villages,and reservoirs and so on.Secondly,provide plenty of sand for sand storm.Thirdly,destroy the vegetation and surface configuration,and reduce agriculture productivity level and result in reduction of foods output and lead to famine.Furthermore,affect the surrounding countries and regions,even the whole world.Drought is the main causes of desertification.Firstly,affected by global warming,it increases drought degree of arid and semi-arid regions,and objectively accelerates the desertification development;Secondly,more unbalanced distribution of annual rainfall.It makes drought time lengthen,and the phenomenon of spring drought connected with summer drought more common,and affects the vegetation restoration of arid and semi-arid regions.Thirdly,rainfall generally decreases,which aggravates the desertification.Because of the excessive growth of population and backward mode of production,and for lack of protection consciousness about land resource and ecological environment,it has caused the predatory development of resources and intensifies the process of desertification.HuangjialiLightpollutiondramaticallyreducesthevisibilityofstars.SourcesadvertisingofficescommercialpropertiesfactoriesilluminatedsportingvenuesstreetlightsbuildingexteriorandinteriorlightingLightpollutionMapsNorthAmericaMiddleEastEuropeJapanNorthAfrica航拍京津航拍京津“不夜城不夜城”2010年年12月，美国国家航月，美国国家航空航天局官方发布了一幅令人吃惊的太空照片。空航天局官方发布了一幅令人吃惊的太空照片。国际空间站的航天员将镜头对准了中国华北地国际空间站的航天员将镜头对准了中国华北地区。照片中，北京和天津的城市夜景一览无余，区。照片中，北京和天津的城市夜景一览无余，道路照明轮廓十分清晰，夹在两城之间的廊坊道路照明轮廓十分清晰，夹在两城之间的廊坊以及东北部几个开发区也有明亮的灯光。图中以及东北部几个开发区也有明亮的灯光。图中黑色区域主要是农田黑色区域主要是农田FourtypesLighttrespassOver-illuminationGlareLightclutterSkyglowLighttrespassHow：astronglightentersthewindowofoneshomefromtheoutsideProblems:sleepdeprivationortheblockingofaneveningview.GlareTYPES:Blinding glare,Disability glare,Discomfort glareGlarelightscatteringintheeyecauseslossofcontrastandleadstounsafedrivingconditions,muchliketheglareonadirtywindshieldfromlow-anglesunlightorthehighbeamsfromanoncomingcar.Inessencebrightand/orbadlyshieldedlightsaroundroadscanpartiallyblinddriversorpedestriansandcontributetoaccidents.LightclutterHOW:Groupingsoflightsmaygenerateconfusion,distractfromobstacles(includingthosethattheymaybeintendedtoilluminate),andpotentiallycauseaccidentsPLACE:onroadswherethestreetlightsarebadlydesigned,orwherebrightlylitadvertisingsurroundstheroadwaysahazardintheaviationenvironmenSkyglowHow:Itisthecombinationofalllightreflectedfromwhatithasilluminatedescapingupintotheskyandfromallofthebadlydirectedlightinthatareathatalsoescapesintothesky,beingscattered(redirected)bytheatmospherebacktowardtheground.Measure:Directskyglowisreducedbyselectinglightingfixtureswhichlimittheamountoflightemittedmorethan90abovethenadir.Indirectskyglowproducedbyreflectionsfromverticalandhorizontalsurfacesishardertomanage;theonlyeffectivemethodforpreventingitisbyminimizingover-illumination.ConsequencesEnergywasteEffectsonanimalandhumanhealthandpsychologyDisruptionofecosystemsEffectonastronomyIncreaseinatmosphericpollutionEnergywasteLightingisresponsibleforone-fourthofallelectricityconsumptionworldwide,andcasestudieshaveshownthatseveralformsofover-illuminationconstituteenergywastage,includingnon-beneficialupwarddirectionofnight-timelighting.Adversehealtheffectsincreasedheadacheincidence,workerfatiguemedicallydefinedstressdecreaseinsexualfunctionincreaseinanxiety.increasedincidenceofbreastandprostatecancerobscuringnightvisionDisruptionofecosystemsWhilelightatnightcanbebeneficial,neutral,ordamagingforindividualspecies,itspresenceinvariablydisturbsecosystems.posesaseriousthreatinparticulartonocturnalwildlife,havingnegativeimpactsonplantandanimalphysiologylightpollutionaroundlakespreventszooplankton,suchasDaphnia,fromeatingsurfacealgae,helpingcausealgalbloomsthatcankilloffthelakesplantsandlowerwaterquality.LightsontallstructurescandisorientmigratingbirdsEffectonastronomyIncreaseinatmosphericpollutionReductionofnaturalskypolarizationReductionUtilizinglightsourcesofminimumintensitynecessarytoaccomplishthelightspurpose.Turninglightsoffusingatimeroroccupancysensorormanuallywhennotneeded.Improvinglightingfixtures,sothattheydirecttheirlightmoreaccuratelytowardswhereitisneeded,andwithlesssideeffects.Adjustingthetypeoflightsused,sothatthelightwavesemittedarethosethatarelesslikelytocauseseverelightpollutionproblems.Evaluatingexistinglightingplans,andre-designingsomeoralloftheplansdependingonwhetherexistinglightisactuallyneeded.MovementsSincetheearly1980s,aglobaldark-skymovementhasemerged,withconcernedpeoplecampaigningtoreducetheamountoflightpollution.“地球一小时”行动：地球一小时（EarthHour）是世界自然基金会（WWF）为应对全球气候变化所提出的一项倡议，希望个人、社区、企业和政府在每年3月最后一个星期六晚8点半至9点半熄灯1小时，来表明他们对应对气候变化行动的支持。关注气候变化和能源问题的同时，“地球一小时”行动也是在对光污染说“不”theInstitutionofLightingEngineersintheUnitedKingdomprovidesitsmembersinformationaboutlightpollution,theproblemsitcauses,andhowtoreduceitsimpactTheInternationalDark-SkyAssociation(IDA)isonenon-profitadvocacygroupinvolvedinthismovementWaterPollutionIndustrial pollutionAgricultural pollutionDomestic pollutionIndustrialwastewater,whichcontainsmuchpollutantandcomplexcomposition,notonlydifficulttobepurifiedinthewater,butalsomoredifficulttodealwithit.Industrialwastewateristhemostimportantcauseofwaterpollutionwhichcausedbyindustrialpollution.Itaccountsforthemajorityofindustrialemissionsofpollutants.Inadditiontodischargeindustrialwastewaterdirectlyintothewater,solidwasteandemissionswillpollutethewatertoo.Agricultural pollution sources including livestock manure(牲畜粪便),pesticide(农药),fertilizer(化肥)and so on.In the agricultural pollution water,the organic matter,nutrients of plant and pathogenic(致病的)microorganism(微生物)content is high.Besides,there also is a high content of pesticide,chemical fertilizer.Whats more,agricultural pollution is due to land reclamation projects which made farming land surface loose,and a natural water flows into the river with a mass of silt.The main sources of domestic pollution are all kinds detergents(洗涤剂)that used in city life,sewage(污水),garbage and feces(粪便).Our country has more than 1200 rivers been monitored,at present more than 850 was polluted,more than 90%of the city water have been contaminated.Water pollution does harm to peoples health by drinking water or food chain.Pollutants enter into peoples body and will make people have acute or chronic poisoning.If the industries want to use the water that was polluted,they must put more costs to deal with it.It will cause the resources waste and energy waste.Water for food industry requirements are more stringent.If the water is not qualified,it will made a halt in production.This is the reason why the enterprise benefit is not high and the quality of food is not good.Agricultural sewage will reduce the crop of farmland,and even make people and animals be affected.Whats more,large tracts of farmland were polluted,and that will reduce the quality of soil.Eutrophication of water(水的富营养化)：the water is black,and smelly water formed“Dead Lake”“Dead River”and“Dead Sea”,and then become a swamp.This phenomenon is call eutrophication of water.This kind of water cannot be used directly,and fish cannot survive from this kind of water.WhitePollutionWhitePollution1.What is 1.What is White White Pollution?Pollution?White pollution means the pollution of wasted plastics.Because most packing materials are white,so it is called white pollution.White pollution is worldwide,and the pollution resources come from the nature but they cannot degrade naturally.2.Plastic bags2.Plastic bags main components main componentspolyethylene（聚乙烯）polypropylene(聚丙烯)polyvinyl chloride（PVC聚氯乙烯）polystyrene（聚苯乙烯）3.Harms of white pollution3.Harms of white pollutionA.To human Plastics contain vinyl chloride monomer(VCM氯氯乙烯单体乙烯单体),with touch which would make our wrist or fingers swell,and even hurt liver and spleen.B.To cityWith large of plastics spreading in cities and sightseeing spots,the beauty of these places lose.Also,plastics offer injurious creatures habitat to reproduce and to live in.C.To nature If we dispose plastic waste by landfill,it will take up a large scale of farmlands.Beyond that,the time plastics need to degrade is at least 200 years.What is worse,plastics would reject crops to get water and nutrient,then they cannot grow up well making low yield.Also,during degradation plastics toxins will infiltrate into soil,as a result it pollutes soil and underground water.Abandoned plastics on land or in the water would be eaten by animals,leading their deaths.If we burn plastics,it will produce much toxic mist that pollutes air,and the residual is much more harmful.Since almost all plastics are inflammable,fires would arise.Tips:1.Use baskets and reusable bags to carry goods2.Bring lunch boxes to get meals3.Stop using disposable tableware.4.Do not drop waste freely,and classify them into different trash cans5.Recycle plastic productsWe seven thanks for your attention!