英语写作手册对外汉语本科课程英语写作.pptx

Lesson5ParagraphWhatisaparagraph?nAparagraphisacollectionofrelatedsentencesdealingwithasingletopic.nTobeaseffectiveaspossible,aparagraphshouldcontaineachofthefollowing:Unity,Coherence,A Topic Sentence,and Adequate Development.1.Unity:nTheentireparagraphshouldconcernitselfwithasinglefocus.Ifitbeginswithaonefocusormajorpointofdiscussion,itshouldnotendwithanotherorwanderwithindifferentideas.2.Coherence:nCoherenceisthetraitthatmakestheparagrapheasilyunderstandabletoareader.Youcanhelpcreatecoherenceinyourparagraphsbycreatinglogicalbridgesandverbalbridges.logical bridges:nThesameideaofatopiciscarriedoverfromsentencetosentencenSuccessivesentencescanbeconstructedinparallelformverbal bridges:nKeywordscanberepeatedinseveralsentencesnSynonymouswordscanberepeatedinseveralsentencesnPronounscanrefertonounsinprevioussentencesnTransitionwordscanbeusedtolinkideasfromdifferentsentencesn(1)There are three reasons why I want to learn English.(2)One reason is that English has become an international language.(3)It is now used by most international companies,including the company where I work,for business communication.(4)Another reason why I want to learn English is so that I can travel to English-speaking countries.(5)The United States,England,Australia and many other countries all use English as their primary language.(6)Finally,I want to learn English because I plan to move to the U.S.in the future.(7)I will become a manager for my company soon.(8)For all these reasons,I am very excited about learning English.Parts of a Paragraph nGo=TopicSentencenContinue=SupportingDetailsnStop=ClosingSentenceA topic sentencenAtopicsentenceisasentencethatindicatesinageneralwaywhatideaorthesistheparagraphisgoingtodealwith.nSummarizethemainideaofyourparagraph.Indicatetothereaderwhatyourparagraphwillbeabout.nTherearethreereasonswhyCanadaisoneofthebestcountriesintheworld.First,Canadahasanexcellenthealthcaresystem.AllCanadianshaveaccesstomedicalservicesatareasonableprice.Second,Canadahasahighstandardofeducation.Studentsaretaughtbywell-trainedteachersandareencouragedtocontinuestudyingatuniversity.Finally,Canadascitiesarecleanandefficientlymanaged.Canadiancitieshavemanyparksandlotsofspaceforpeopletolive.Asaresult,Canadaisadesirableplacetolive.Adequate developmentnThetopic(whichisintroducedbythetopicsentence)shouldbediscussedfullyandadequately.nYoushouldgivedetailstodevelopandsupportthemainideaoftheparagraph.Closing SentencenTheclosingsentenceisthelastsentenceinaparagraph.nItrestatesthemainideaofyourparagraph.nRestatethemainideaoftheparagraphusingdifferentwords.How to Write a Paragraph Prewriting Paragraphs1.Think carefully about what you are going to write.WhatquestionamIgoingtoanswerinthisparagraphoressay?Whatisthemostimportantpartofmyanswer?WhatfactsorideascanIusetosupportmyintroductorysentence?HowcanImakethisparagraphoressayinteresting?WherecanIfindmorefactsonthistopic?2.Open your notebook.Writeoutyouranswerstotheabovequestions.Youdonotneedtospendalotoftimedoingthis;justwriteenoughtohelpyourememberwhyandhowyouaregoingtowriteyourparagraphoressay.3.Collectfactsrelatedtoyourparagraphoressaytopic.Lookforandwritedownfactsthatwillhelpyoutoansweryourquestion.Timesavinghint:makesurethefactsyouarewritingarerelatedtotheexactquestionyouaregoingtoanswerinyourparagraphoressay.4.Write down your own ideas.nAskyourself:nWhatelsedoIwanttosayaboutthistopic?nWhyshouldpeoplebeinterestedinthistopic?nWhyisthistopicimportant?5.Find the main idea of your paragraph or essay.nChoosethemostimportantpointyouaregoingtopresent.nIfyoucannotdecidewhichpointisthemostimportant,justchooseonepointandsticktoitthroughoutyourparagraphoressay.6.Organize your facts and ideas in a way that develops your main ideanDecidewhichfactsandideaswillbestsupportthemainideaofyourparagraph.nThenaskyourselfwhichordertoputthemintheparagraph.nWritedownyourownnotesetthatyoucanusetoguideyourselfasyouwriteyourparagraphoressay.Writing ParagraphsnSomemethodstomakesureyourparagraphiswell-developed:nUseexamplesandillustrationsnCitedata(facts,statistics,evidence,details,andothers)nExaminetestimony(whatotherpeoplesaysuchasquotesandparaphrases)nUseananecdoteorstorynDefinetermsintheparagraphnCompareandcontrastnEvaluatecausesandreasonsnExamineeffectsandconsequencesnAnalyzethetopicnDescribethetopicnOfferachronologyofanevent(timesegments)ClassroomactivitynWriteaparagraphaboutyourfuturejobplanandtellmethereasonwhy.Editing ParagraphsnTheeditingstageiswhenyoucheckyourparagraphformistakesandcorrectthem.Grammar and Spelling1.Checkyourspelling.2.Checkyourgrammar.3.Readyouressayagain.4.Makesureeachsentencehasasubject.5.Seeifyoursubjectsandverbsagreewitheachother.6.Checktheverbtensesofeachsentence.7.Makesurethateachsentencemakessense.Style and Organization1.Makesureyourparagraphhasatopicsentence.2.Makesureyoursupportingsentencesfocusonthemainidea.3.Makesureyouhaveaclosingsentence.4.Checkthatallyoursentencesfocusonthemainidea.5.Seeifyourparagraphisinteresting.Kinds of Paragraphs nParagraphsneedtobeplanned.Sowecandevelopparagraphsindifferentkinds.Sequence ParagraphnInasequencingparagraph,youarewritingtodescribeaseriesofeventsoraprocessinsomesortoforder.Usually,thisorderisbasedontime.nKateBarlowpreservedpeacheswhichlastedforyears,andyoucantooifyoufollowthesefewsimplesteps.Firstcheckthejarsforcracksorchips.Secondplacethelidsinboilingwatertosterilize.Whilethelidsboil,washthejarsandringsinhot,soapywater.Nextplacetheboilinghotpeachesandsyrupintothehot,sterilizedjars.Assoonasthejarisfullwithinahalfinchofheadspacewipetherimofthejarclean.Immediatelycapthejarwiththehotlid.Nextplacethejarinasteamer.Aftersteamingfortwentyminutesremovethejarfromthesteambath.Oncethejarhascooledyoucanstoreituntilneeded.Thepeacheswillstayfreshforseveralyears.Ordernfirst,second,third,etc.First,you need to become a leader of a political party.Second,you need to win a seat in the House of Commons.Third,your party must have a majority of seats.nin the beginningIn the beginning,you need to become a leader of a political party.nbeforeBefore becoming the prime minister,you need to become the leader of a political party.nthenThen,you must win a seat in the House of Commons.nafterAfter winning a seat in the House of Commons,you must make sure you have a majority of seats.nfinallyFinally,after all these steps,you can call yourself the prime minister.nnat lastAt last,you can call yourself the prime minister.nnsubsequentlySubsequently,you must make sure you have a majority of seats in the House of Commons.TimenrecentlyShe was recently elected prime minister.nnpreviouslyShe is the new prime minister.Previously,she worked as a lawyer in Toronto.nwhenWhen she won the party leadership,she was still working as a lawyer.nnafterAfter winning a seat in the House of Commons,you must make sure you have a majority of seats.nafterwardsShe won the party leadership last year.Afterwards,she won the election.nIWASbornintheyear1632,inthecityofYork,ofagoodfamily,thoughnotofthatcountry,myfatherbeingaforeignerofBremen,whosettledfirstatHull.Hegotagoodestatebymerchandise,andleavingoffhistrade,livedafterwardsatYork,fromwhencehehadmarriedmymother,whoserelationswerenamedRobinson,averygoodfamilyinthatcountry,andfromwhomIwascalledRobinsonKreutznaer;but,bytheusualcorruptionofwordsinEngland,wearenowcalled-naywecallourselvesandwriteourname-Crusoe;andsomycompanionsalwayscalledme.n(-DanielDefoe:Robinson Crusoe)Description ParagraphnInadescriptionparagraph,youarewritingaboutwhataperson,place,orthingislike.Sometimes,youmaydescribewhereaplaceislocated.PropertiesnsizePolar bears are big in size.ncolourPolar bears are usually white in colour.nshapePolar bears have a special shape.npurposeThe purpose of the polar bears fur is to keep it warm.MeasurementnlengthThe length of a polar bears claws is 20 cm.nWidthThe width of a polar bears head is about 50 cm.nmass/weightPolar bears weigh up to 650 kg.nspeedPolar bears can swim at a speed of 40 km per hour.Analogynis likeA polar bear is like other bears in shape.nresemblesTheir diets resemble that of the brown bear.LocationnInMost of Canadas manufacturing is located in Ontario and Quebec.nAboveThe ceiling is above us.nBelowMost of Ontario is below Hudson Bay.nBeside Quebec is located beside Ontario.nNearMany companies are located near Toronto.nnorth/east/south/westOntario is west of Quebec.nMabelsLunchstoodalongonewallofawideroom,onceapoolhall,withtheemptycue球杆racksalongthebackside.Beneaththerackswerewire-backchairs,oneofthempiledwithmagazines,andbetweeneverythirdorfourthchairabrassspittoon痰盂.Nearthecenteroftheroom,revolvingslowlyasiftheidleairwaswater,alargepropellerfansuspendedfromthepressedtinceiling.Itmadeahummingsound,likeatelephonepole,oranidle,nthrobbinglocomotive,andalthoughtheswitchcordvibrateditwascluttered杂乱withflies.Atthebackoftheroom,onthelunchside,anoblong椭圆squarewascutinthewallandalargewomanwithasoft,roundfacepeeredthroughatus.Afterwipingherhands,sheplacedherheavyarms,asiftheytiredher,ontheshelf.n-The World in the Attic,byWrightMorris(Scribners,1949).Compare and Contrast ParagraphnInacompareandcontrastparagraph,youwriteaboutthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentwoormorepeople,places,things,orideas.Similaritiesnis similar toSpring weather in Vancouver is similar to spring weather in Halifax.nbothBoth Vancouver and Halifax have rain in the spring.nalsoHalifax also has a rainy spring season ntooHalifax 哈利法克斯has a rainy spring season,too.nnas wellAs well,Spring is always rainy in Halifax.nSpring is rainy in Halifax as well.nSpring is a rainy season in Halifax as well as in Vancouver.Differencesnon the other handOn the other hand,winter is much colder in Halifax.nhoweverHowever,winter is much colder in Halifax.nbutVancouver has a mild winter,but Halifax has a cold one.nin contrast toIn contrast to Vancouver,Halifax has a cold winter.ndiffers fromHalifax differs from Vancouver by having a cold winter.nwhileWhile Vancouver has a mild winter,Halifax has a cold winter.nOnceinalongwhile,fourtimessofarforme,mymotherbringsoutthemetaltubethatholdshermedicaldiploma.Onthetubearegoldcirclescrossedwithsevenredlineseach-“joy”ideographs象形文字inabstract.Therearealsolittleflowersthatlooklikegearsforagoldmachine.AccordingtothescrapsoflabelswithChineseandAmericanaddresses,stamps,andpostmarks,thefamilyairmailedthecanfromHongKongin1950.Itgotcrushedinthemiddle,andwhoevertriedtopeelthelabelsoffstoppedbecausentheredandgoldpaintcomeofftoo,leavingsilverscratchesthatrust.Somebodytriedtoprytheendoffbeforediscoveringthatthetubefallsapart.WhenIopenit,thesmellofChinafliesout,athousand-year-oldbatflyingheavy-headedoutoftheChinesecavernswherebatsareaswhiteasdust,asmellthatcomesfromlongago,farbackinthebrain.n-MaxineHongKingston:The Woman Warrior:Memoirs of a Girlhood Among GhostsExplanation ParagraphnInanexplanationparagraph,youneedtoexplainhoworwhysomethinghappens.Veryofteninsocialstudiesclass,youwillbeaskedtoexplorecausesandeffectsofcertainevents.CausenbecausePeople moved to Canada from Europe during the nineteenth century because they had poor living conditions in Europe.nnsinceSince living conditions in Europe were terrible,many people moved to Canada.nas a result ofPeople moved to Canada from Europe as a result of poor living conditions in Europe.nnis due to/was due toThe large influx of people to Canada was due to economic pressures in Europe.EffectnthereforeLiving conditions in Europe were terrible.Therefore,many people moved to Canada for a better life.nnThusnLiving conditions in Europe were terrible.Thus,many people moved to Canada for a better life.nconsequentlyLiving conditions were terrible in Europe.Consequently,many people moved to Canada.nnhenceLiving conditions were terrible in Europe.Hence,many people moved to Canada.nnit follows that于是出现了。的结果nLiving conditions were terrible in Europe.It follows that many people moved to Canada.nnif.thenIf living conditions were better in Europe,then fewer people would have moved to Canada.nClassification ParagraphnWhenwritingaclassificationparagraph,yougroupthingsorideasintospecificcategories.nis a kind ofCoal is a kind of non-renewable resource.ncan be divided intoEnergy resources can be divided into two typesnis a type ofCoal is a type of non-renewable resource.nfalls underCoal falls under the category of non-renewable resources.nbelongs toWater belongs to the category of non-renewable resources.nis a part ofSolar energy is a part of renewable resourcesnfits intoCoal fits into the category of non-renewable resources.nis grouped withWind Power is grouped with renewable resources.nis related toCoal is related to other non-renewable resources.nis associated withCoal is associated with other non-renewable resourcesChoice ParagraphnInaparagraphwhereyouhavetomakeachoice,youneedtochoosewhichobject,idea,oractionthatyouprefer.Often,youwillneedtogiveyouropiniononachoiceofactionsorevents.Point of Viewnin my opinionIn my opinion,hockey is more fun than lacrosse长曲棍球.nnbeliefMy belief is that literature is working,even amidst this chaos,with a power that can change the world.nnideaMy idea is that a writer has to have enough life experience.nunderstandingMy understanding is that part-time job means a lot to a student:it can not only bring extra allowance,but also fresh experience.nnI think thatI think that writing can help people think more logically and profoundly.nnI considerI consider yoga to be more exciting than aerobics.nI believeI believe swimming is a good way of keeping figure.nnit seems to meIt seems to me that words show us a more imaginative than images.nnI preferI prefer Sichuan Cuisine over Cantonese one.Personal Opinionsnlike/dislikeI like this film because the director really catch the essence of the original work.nhopeIhope that people pay more attention to those poor children living in destitution.nfeelI feel that many people follow there daily routine without knowing what they really want.nEvaluation ParagraphnInanevaluationparagraph,youmakejudgmentsaboutpeople,ideas,andpossibleactions.Youneedtomakeyourevaluationbasedoncertaincriteriathatyoudevelop.Intheparagraph,youwillstateyourevaluationorrecommendationandthensupportitbyreferringtoyourcriteria.Criteriangood/badExample:The use of pesticides such as DDT is bad for the environment.nncorrect/incorrectExample:The belief that pesticides must be used is incorrect.nnmoral/immoralThe behavior of plagiarism is immoral because it is a way of cheating.nnright/wrongIt is wrong to judge a person merely from appearance.nnimportant/trivialThe issue of culture identity is an important one because it affects peoples way of seeing the world.RecommendationnsuggestExample:I suggest that the government should change policy in such special circumstance.nrecommendExample:I recommend that freshmen should take some additional coursed on how to read and analyze texts.nadviseExample:I would advise farmers not to use pesticides if possible.nnargueExample:I would argue that smoking should be forbidden in all public area since smoking does nothing good to peoples health Definition ParagraphnWhenwritingadefiniti