1、名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读/z/map-mapsbag-bags car-cars以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buses watch-watchesce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加es读/z/baby-babies其它名词复数的规则变化1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:如:two Marys ;the Henrys;monkey-monkeys; holiday-holi
2、days;比较:storey -storeys;story-stories;2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photo-photos;piano-pianos;radio-radios;zoo-zoos;b.加es,如:potato-potatoes ; tomatotomatoesc.均可,如:zero-zeros / zeroes3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时:a.加s,如:belief-beliefs;roof-roofs;safe-safes;gulf-gulfs;b.去f,fe加ves,如:half-halves;knife-knives;leaf-leaves;wol
3、f-wolves;wife-wives;life-lives;thief-thieves;c.均可,如:handkerchief-handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 名词复数的不规则变化1)不规则复数如:child-children; foot-feet; tooth-teeth;mouse-mice; man-men; woman-women;注意:与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the
4、 Bowmans。2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japaneseli,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。如:people、 police、 cattle等本身就是复数,不能说a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the Br
5、itish,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。如:The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b. news是不可数名词。c. the United States,the United Nations应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出
6、现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting story-book.是一本非常有趣的故事书。5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses ;trousers;clothes;若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼物质名词与抽象名词复数1)物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。比较:Cake is
7、 a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。This factory produces steel.这个工厂主要生产钢铁。(不可数)We need various steels.我们需要各种钢铁。(可数)c.当物质名词表示份数时,可数。Our country is famous for tea.我国因茶叶而闻名。Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。2)抽象名词有时也可数。four freedoms四大自由the four modernizations四个现代化
8、物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如:a glass of water一杯水 a piece of advice一条建议定语名词的复数名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。如:sports meeting运动会;talks table谈判桌;students reading-room学生阅览室;the foreign languages department外语系;2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如:men;workers;women;teachers;gentlemen; officials;3)有
9、些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。如:goods train (货车);arms produce武器生产;customs papers海关文件;clothes brush衣刷;4)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如:two-dozen eggs两打/(二十四个鸡蛋);a ten-mile walk十里路;two-hundred trees两百棵树;a five-year plan一个五年计划;个别的有用复数作定语的,如:a seven-years child不同国家的人的单复数名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人两个人中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chines
10、e瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss澳大利亚人the Australiansan Australiantwo Australians俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the
11、 Indiansan Indiantwo Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians德国人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes小学英语之动词、词组、句型总结复习由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。复习时应分类处理:一.动词+介词1.look at看,look like 看上去像,look after 照料2.listen to听 3.welcome to欢迎到4.say hell
12、o to 向问好 5.speak to对说话此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必须带宾语,但宾语无论是名词还是代词,都要放在介词之后。如:This is my new bike. Please look it after.()This is my new bike. Please look after it.()二.动词+副词“动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类:A.动词(vt.)+副词1.put on 穿上 2.take off脱下 3.write down记下此类短语可以带宾语,宾语若是名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词,只能放在副词的前面。试比较:First listen to the
13、tape, then write down the answer/write the answer down. ()First listen to the answer, then write down it.()First listen to the answer, then write it down.()B.动词(vi)+副词e on赶快 2.get up起床 3.go home回家 e in进来 5.sit down坐下 6.stand up起立 此类短语属于不及物动词,不可以带宾语。三.其它类动词词组1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to w
14、ork/class 4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper 7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games 10. play games.介词短语聚焦“介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。1.in+语言/颜色/衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着。如:in English,in the hat2.in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在排/队/班级/年级”等。3.in the morning/ afternoon/ evening
15、/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。4.in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。5.in the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。如:There are some in the tree. There are many apples on the trees.6.in the wall表示“在墙上(凹陷进去)”;on the wall表示“在墙上(指墙的表面)”。如:Therere four windows in the wall, and there is a ma
16、p on the back wall.7.at work(在工作)/at school(上学)/at home(在家)应注意此类短语中无the。8.at + 时刻表示钟点。如:at six, at half , past ten.9.like this/that表示方式,意为“像这/那样”。10.of短语表示所属关系。如:a picture of a classroom, a map of China.11.behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等,表示方位、处所。如:beside/ near the door, under/ behind the tree.12.fr
17、om与to多表示方向,前者意为“从”,后者意为“到”。如:from one to ten, (go) to school/ bed/ work.另外,以下这些短语也必须掌握。如:on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on ones bike等。重点句型大回放1.I think意为“我认为”,是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I dont think,如:I think hes Mr Zhinag. (L17)I dont think you are right.2.
18、give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意为“把给”,动词give之后可接双宾语,可用这两种句型;若指物的宾语是人称代词时,则只能用give it/ them to sb. 如:His parents give him a nice purse./His parents give a nice purse to him. Give it to Mr Hu.(L57)3.take sb./ sth. to意为“把(送)带到”,后常接地点,也可接人。如:Please take the new books to the classroom.4.One, the other/O
19、ne isand one is意为“一个是;另一个是”,必须是两者中。如:One is red and one is grey.(L50)或 One is red, the other is grey.5.Let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”,人后应用不带to的动词不定式,其否定式为Dont let sb,do sth.,或Let sb. not do sth. 另外,Lets 与Let us的含义不完全相同,前者包括听者在内,后者不包括听者在内,如:Lets go for a walk./Let us try once more, please.6.help sb. (to)
20、 do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”,前者用不定式作宾补,后者用介词短语作宾补,二者可以互换。如:Let me help you find it.(L42)/Let me help you with it.7.What about?/How about?意为“怎么样?”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词,其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。如:What/How playing chess?8.Its time to do/ Its time for sth. 意为“该做的时间了”,其中to后须接原形动词,for后可接名词或V-i
21、ng形式。如:Its time to have supper. =Its time for supper.9.like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”,如:Li Lei and his friends like to play in the tree house. (L 43)前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作;后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作,试比较:Tom likes swimming, but doesnt like to swim this afternoon.10.ask sb.(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”,其中ask sb.后应接动词不定式,如:Ask your friends to guess what is in it. (L44)11.show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”,该句型的用法同前面第2点。如:Show your friend your family photo.(L36)/Show your family photo to your friend.12.introduce sb. to sb. 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”;introduce to sb.则是“向某人作介绍”。如:Introduce your family to her.