自考英语(二)资料(-unit-3).doc

Unit 3 Friendship and Loyalty

I. New words and expressions
New words
1. reflection n. （关于某主题的）思考，回忆
2. loyalty n. 忠诚；忠实；忠心耿耿
3. recognize v. 承认；意识到
4. betray v. 辜负；对…不忠
5. indeed adv. 其实；实际上
6. virtue n. 高尚的道德；正直的品性；德行
7. trend n. 趋势；趋向；倾向；动态；动向
8. befriend v. 做（尤指需要帮助者的）朋友；友善相待
9. request v. （礼貌或正式地）请求，要求
10. trendy adj. 时髦的；赶时髦的
11. multitude n. 众多；大量
12. mutual adj. 共有的；共同的
　mutual respect / understanding
　辨析：mutual / manual / manure / mature / menu / mental
13. term n. 词语；术语：措辞
14. site n. 网站；站点
15. acronym n. 首字母缩略词
16. perish v. 丧失；湮灭；毁灭
17. thought n. 想法；看法；主意；记忆
18. gossip n. 流言蜚语
19. challenge v. 考查…的能力；考验…的技巧
20. akin adj. 相似的；类似的
21. deposit n. 存款
22. account n. 账户
　accountant
　current account
　deposit account
23. interest n. 利息
24. well-being n. 健康；安乐；康乐
25. welfare n. （个体或群体的）幸福，安全与健康
26. essence n. 本质；实质；精髓
27. seek v. 寻找
28. notoriety n. 恶名；坏名声
　notorious 相当于infamous
29. premise n. 前提；假定 ；
30. exploit v. 利用（…为自己谋利）
31. reconnect v. 再联系；再联络
32. virtual adj. （通过计算机软件，如在因特网上）模拟的，虚拟的
33. assure v. 使确信；向…保证
　assure sb. of sth.
　assure sb. that…
34. caution n. 警告；告诫
35. lyric n. 歌词
36. undisputed adj. 不容置疑的；毫无疑问的；不可争辩的
37. generation n. （统称）一代人，同代人，同辈人
　generation gap
　four generations living under the same roof
Phrases and Expressions
1. stick by 坚持忠于；不离不弃（某人）
2. through thick and thin 不畏艰难险阻
　go through thick and thin
3. lead to 导致，造成（后果）
4. a multitude of 众多的；大量的
5. perish the thought 甭想了；但愿不会如此
6. engage in （使）从事，参加
7. in essence 本质上
8. assure…of… 使放心；向…保证
9. pay attention to 注意
10. warn…of… 警告某人某事
II. Text Learning
Reflections: Friendship and loyalty
① How many of us recognize true loyalty in a friend? Loyalty consists of（参考Unit1，TextA） a friend, who will stick by you, through thick and thin. A friend who is always honest with you and never betrays the friendship with lies is a loyal friend. If you have a loyal friend, you have indeed found a true virtue in that friend.（承上句）
② The current trend on the internet is befriending anyone who requests to be your friend.However, this new trend may lead to disasters.（承上句） It may be popular and trendy to have a network filled with a multitude of mutual friends. However, one true loyal friend may be the only friend you need.
③ A term used on the popular Facebook site is B.F.F. This acronym means best friends forever. Are they really your best friends forever? You might ask yourself this question, "Will they share my private matters with others on the pages of Facebook, or perish the thought, engage in gossip about me with others?" (1)If the answer to that is , "I don't know", more than likely, they will not be your best friends forever. Maybe not, even for a day.
本部分重点及难点：
1. If the answer to that is , "I don't know", more than likely（很有可能）, they will not be your best friends forever.
more than likely: very likely
more than happy: very happy
more than pleased: very pleased
请认真答题，答题结果将记入知识点测评的成绩！
【单选题】6. He is _______ willing to shall his happiness with us.
A． more
B． more than
C． enough

答：燃烧的蜡烛变得越来越短，发光发热并伴有气体生成。D． too
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查more than+adj.。"more than"后接形容词相当于"very+形容词"，本句中more than willing意为"非常乐意"。句子的意思是"他非常乐意同我们分享他的幸福。"注意D选项：too…to…意为"太……以至于不能……"意思不符。
【知识点】more than+adj

6、二氧化碳气体有什么特点？④ I choose to have a B.L.F., a best loyal friend, for those of you who may be challenged by the use of acronyms during this age of technology and fast-talking.
⑤ (2)Loyalty found in a friend is akin to making a deposit in a bank account. More often than not, your deposits gain internet, an internet in your well-being andwelfare. A loyal friend attracts another loyal friend. (3)In essence, water does seek its own level.（承上、总结的句子）
⑥ (4)If you were a B.L.F. way before Facebook gained notoriety, then I'm sure you understand the priise of loyalty in a friend. You should never exploit your B.L.F. to gain more friends or make yourself sei more important to others. These are not the traits of a best loyal friend.（承上句）
⑦ A best loyal friend does not care who is invited to your party. They will attend your party and celebrate you, just in the way a best loyal friend should do.
⑧ Reconnecting with a best loyal friend is easier to do on the pages of Facebook. However,a virtual friend does not assure you of his loyalty. My caution to you is that you'd better pay attention to the smiling faces on the Facebook pages. In the eighties we were warned of smiling faces in a song, which contained these lyrics, "A smile is just a frown turned upside down, my friend." Now, that is the undisputed truth for my generation.
本部分重点及难点：

15、为了便于辨认，人们把看起来不动的星星分成群，划分成不同的区域，根据其形态想象成人、动物或其他物体的形状，并且给它们命名。天空中这些被人们分成的许多区域就称为星座。2. Loyalty found in a friend is akin to making a deposit in a bank account.
(1) akin to: similar to
(2) make a deposit in a bank account 往银行账户存款
　make withdrawals from a bank account
3. In essence, water does seek its own level. 本质上，水自然会向下流--朋友间总是惺惺相惜。
4. If you were a B.L.F. way before Facebook gained notoriety, then I'm sure you understand the priise of loyalty in a friend.
　way （与介词或副词连用，加强程度）very far 很远
　如：She finished the race way ahead of the other runners. 她第一个跑到终点，远远领先于其他选手。
　The shot was way off target. 这次射的远离目标。
　The price is way above what we can afford. 价格高得我们绝对付不起。
　way back: a long time ago 很久以前
　I first met him way back. 我和他初次见面时很久以前的事了。

1、人们把放大镜叫作凸透镜（边沿薄、中间厚、透明），它能把物体的图像放大，早在一千多年前，人们就发明了放大镜。放大镜在我们的生活、工作、学习中被广泛使用。III. 部分练习讲解
P149 Bridging the Gap
Directions: Fill in the blanks with a word or a phrase that best completes the passage. You may choose a suitable one from the list given.
解题方法：把词分类

13、以太阳为中心，包括围绕它转动的八大行星（包括围绕行星转动的卫星）、矮行星、小天体（包括小行星、流星、彗星等）组成的天体系统叫做太阳系。while(连词) 　　　　　　share(动词/名词) on（介词） unique（形容词） whatever（连接词）
that（关系代词/指示代词/连接词）opposites（名词） a couple of （数词） personalities（名词）wisely（副词）

一、填空：In the daily drama and comedy of our life, it's nice to have friends. ___1 While___ family is extremely important, friends are a different support system of your choosing. As the saying goes, you can't choose your family, but you can choose your friends." Choosing them___2 wisely___ can make your life more exciting and inspiring.
Deciding whom you choose as your friends says as much about you as it does them.You may choose your friends based ___3 on___ similar interests. You may choose them because you're both polar ___4 opposites___ of each other and find this interesting and intriguing. Often, friends become "friends" because they naturally gravitate（被吸引） towards each other because of similar ___5 personalities___ and temperaments. Sometimes it's just circumstances ___6 that___ bring two individuals together who then become friends.
___7 Whatever___ prompts a friendship, developing one is a very rewarding experience. This is especially true when, before you know it, a certain friendship turns into a ___8unique___ lifelong close friendship. Again, it's been said that a person normally has only___9 a couple of___ very close friends in their life. Think of whom you deem as truly close friends. These are those select individuals you can confide in（信赖，吐露秘密） and___10 share___ deep thoughts and concerns with, without any reservations.
I. New words and expressions

2、1969年7月，美国的“阿波罗11号”载人飞船成功地在月球上着陆。New words
1. tribute n. （尤指对死者的）致敬；悼念；吊唁礼物
2. rear v. 抚养；养育；培养
　比较：rear / rare
3. ungrateful adj. 不领情的；忘恩负义的
　比较：ungrateful / disgraceful
4. traitor n. 背叛者；叛徒；卖国贼
5. faith n. 信任；相信；信心
6. reputation n. 名誉；名声
7. prone adj. 易于发生某事的；很可能…的
8. malice n. 恶意；怨恨
　malicious
9. settle v. 把…放好；安放
10. absolute adj. 肯定的；无疑的；明确的
11. unselfish adj. 无私的；忘我的；不谋私利的
　selfless
12. selfish adj. 自私的
13. desert v. 抛弃，离弃，遗弃（某人）
　dessert
14. treacherous adj. 不可信任的；背叛的；奸诈的
15. prosperity n. 兴旺；繁荣；成功；昌盛
　prosper v.
　prosperous adj.
16. poverty n. 贫穷；贫困
　poor
　poverty-stricken
　conscience-stricken
　grief-stricken
　panic-stricken
17. sickness n. 疾病；不健康
18. wintry adj. 冬天的；寒冷的
19. fiercely adv. 猛烈地
20. lick v. 舔
21. sore n. 痛处；伤处；疮
22. wound n. （心灵上的）伤，创伤
23. roughness n. 艰辛；艰难
24. guard n./v. 警卫；守卫；保卫
　security guard
　lifeguard
　bodyguard
　blackguard
25. pauper n. 穷人；贫民；乞丐
26. constant adj. 不变的；固定的；恒定的
27. journey n. （尤指长途）旅行，行程
28. heaven n. (the heavens [pl.]天空
29. outcast n. 被抛弃者；被排斥者
30. friendless adj. 没有朋友的
31. homeless adj. 无家的
32. faithful adj. 忠实的；忠诚的
33. privilege n. 特殊利益；优惠待遇
34. accompany v. 陪同；陪伴
　accompany sb. to the airport
　accompany sb. on the piano
35. scene n. 事件；场面；情景
36. embrace n. 拥抱
37. pursue v. 追求；致力于
　pursuit
　in hot pursuit of sb. / sth.
　in pursuit of the sun
38. paw n. （动物的）爪
39. alert adj. 警觉的；警惕的；戒备的
40. watchfulness n. 警惕
Phrases and Expressions
1. turn against 背叛
2. be prone to 易于
3. stand by 支持；帮助；忠于
4. take wings 飞走
5. fall to pieces 崩溃；倒塌；解体

18、大多数生物都是由多细胞组成的，但也有一些生物，它们只有一个细胞，称为单细胞生物。如草履虫、变形虫、细菌等。II. Text Learning

二、问答：A Tribute to the Dog
1 The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his eniy.（主题句） His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. (1)Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name,may become traitors to their faith.
2 The money that a man has he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it most.（承上句） (2)A man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-consideredaction. (3)The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our heads. The one absolute, unselfish friend a man may have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is his dog.
本部分重点及难点：

25、意大利的科学家伽利略发明了望远镜，天文学家的“第三只眼”是天文望远镜，可以分为光学望远镜和射电望远镜两种。1. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and ourgood name, may become traitors to their faith
(1) … those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name，定语从句中whom是trust的宾语，即trust whom with our happiness and our good name 我们把自己的幸福和名誉都寄托在他们身上
(2) trust sb. with sth. 信得过，托付，寄托
I'd trust him with my life. 我把命交给他都放心。
1. A man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered（欠考虑的，考虑不周的） action.
ill-considered 欠考虑的 （结合Unit 1 讲过的ill-informed）
ill-humored / good-humored
ill-bred / well-bred
ill-intentioned / well-intentioned
ill-informed / well-informed
3. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our heads.
(1) be prone to do sth. 容易，倾向于
(2) fall on one's knees 下跪
(3) do sb. honor 向某人表示敬意
(4) 译文：当我们功成名就，一些人卑躬屈膝极力讨好；当失败的阴云笼罩在我们的头顶，那些人又可能最先对我们落井下石。
3 A man's dog stands by him in prosperity and in poverty, in health and in sickness. （主题句）He will sleep on the cold ground when the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he can be near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer. He will lick the sores and wounds that come in the encounter with the roughnessof the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as if he were a prince.（承上、总结的句子）
4 When all other friends desert, he riains. (4)When riches take wings and reputation falls to pieces, he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journey through the heavens.(5)If fortune drives the master forth, an outcast in the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him to guard him against danger, to fight against his eniies. And when the last scene of all comes and death takes its master in its ibrace and the body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there by his graveside will the noble dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad but open in alert watchfulness（独立主格） faithful and true even to death.
本部分重点及难点：
4. When riches take wings and reputation falls to pieces, he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journey through the heavens. 当主人家财四散、名誉扫地，它对主人的忠诚热爱仍宛如日升日落，亘古不变。
5. If fortune drives the master forth, an outcast in the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him to guard him against danger, to fight against his eniies.
(1) the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him to guard him against danger， that代替前面的privilege，具体参考Unit 1
(2)"否定词+比较级"，表示最高级。（到Unit 6再详细讲）例如：
He loves nothing better than sweet food. 相当于He loves sweet food best.