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完形填空是中考试题中考查学生阅读能力及掌握语言基础知识能力的综合性题目。它一般是一篇语意完整的短文。在选材上, 内容新颖、 有趣、 时代感强且都贴近现实社会生活或学生校园生活。
完形填空题的第一句一般不设空, 给读者提供一定的语言背景。中考完形填空题主要考查学生以下三个方面的知识和技能: 一、 对文章的整体理解, 上下文段落的衔接, 逻辑思维与判断能力。二、 对词汇和惯用法等语言基础知识的考查, 多以实词为主, 虚词为辅。根据对近几年中考完形填空题的分析, 各种词类的考查比例由多到少, 顺序如下: 动词、 名词、 形容词、 副词、 连词和代词等, 也注重考查习惯搭配和词语辨析。三、 对生活中常见的事实进行推理和判断的能力。
完形填空是中考试题中考查学生阅读能力及掌握语言基础知识能力的综合性题目。完形填空题的命题思路主要有两大特点:
1. 语境充分
完形填空的话题一般是学生比较熟悉的日常生活和学习的场景; 阅读语境充分, 便于学生根据语意完整、 语法正确、 合乎逻辑的原则, 经过逻辑思维, 联系上下文, 推断出正确的答案。从下面 到 北京中考完形填空分析的表格就能够看出本特点。
北京市 — 中考完形填空试题语境分析
分类
年份
话题
体裁
考查层次
句子语境
篇章语境
家人、 朋友与周围的人
记叙文
35, 37, 39, 40, 45
36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46
人际关系
记叙文
31, 32, 34
33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
日常生活
记叙文
31, 32, 33, 34
35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
2. 立德树人
近三年来中考完形填空都有育人功能。尽管看起来形式上有残缺( 若干个空) , 但它的内容, 语言习惯, 句与句之间的衔接点, 句子与段落之间的联系, 段落与段落之间的逻辑顺序仍或隐或现地存在于篇章之中。更重要的是, 完形填空能够使读者从精神层面得到升华, 或从道德层面得以提高, 或从内容层面得以拓展眼界。例如: 北京中考完形填空, 经过讲述作者在超市里碰到一个陌生人为流浪狗买牛奶和食物的故事, 传达了”向她人传递爱与幸福的圣诞老人的角色并不需要等到圣诞节那天才能有, 每天都能够有”的理念。
解答完形填空的总原则是”先完意, 后完形”, 即先理解文章的主旨大意和作者要传递的理念, 再进行选择填空。在做选择填空题时, 我们能够从以下五方面思考:
1. 充分利用首句信息答题
完形填空的首句不设空, 而是尽可能多地给考生提供一些必要的信息, 因而读懂首句能够帮助考生建立正确的思维导向, 避免走弯路。首句是了解全文的窗口, 经过首句往往能确定文章的体裁、 背景、 写作意图甚至中心思想。
2. 巧用上下文信息答题
通篇理解, 从整体角度考虑, 结合上下文信息才能判断出最佳答案。
3. 利用语法知识、 词语搭配、 固定句型答题
例:
In videos of the experiment, some waited patiently, others couldn’t wait a single minute.
A. if B. because C. so D. while
文章介绍了美国心理学家对一组四岁孩子所做的一个有关自制力的试验。试验过程中, ”有些能够耐心等待, 而有些则连一分钟也等不了”。只有while( 而, 然而) 放在此处合适。此题考查语境中连词的表意功能。
4. 根据文化背景常识答题
完形填空的文章内容往往与文化生活、 史地知识、 生活科技等相关, 有些内容是我们已经掌握的生活常识, 因而答题时要充分调动相关知识帮助我们分析、 推断, 最终确定答案。另外, 中外文化之间的差异也是必须考虑的。
5. 把握文章脉络综合推理判断
文章的逻辑关系包括并列、 原因、 结果、 让步、 转折、 补充、 时间顺序、 目的、 条件、 选择等, 要依靠不同的词来表示, 如and, but, so, however, then, finally, for example等, 它们在文章中起着篇章纽带的作用, 能够作为解答完形填空的路标。
解答完形填空能够分为以下三步:
1. 通读全文, 把握大意
完形填空着眼于整体理解, 必须在对短文大意进行了解的基础上才能较准确地推出答案。因此, 需要注意上下句之间的逻辑关系以及整篇文章的情节, 特别是在需要填连接性词语时, 更要注意上下文提供的线索, 把自己置身于文章情境当中进行填空, 这样才能比较顺利且有把握地捕捉到正确信息。一般情况下, 第一遍通读带有空缺单词的短文时可能一时把握不住短文内容, 理不清头绪, 这是很正常的。此时要注意克服畏难情绪和急躁心理, 应稳定情绪, 再将短文读一两遍, 直到明确大意为止。
2. 细读全文, 确定选项
完形填空的特点在于人为地设置了很多空格, 使文章支离破碎、 残缺不全, 这就造成了理解上的障碍。需要考生跳过空格, 快速领悟文章主旨。只有这样, 才能保证思路连贯, 在理解的过程中迅速抓住文章的中心意思。设空有一定的规律性, 一般说来大都是均衡分布, 各空之间的距离大致相当, 一般是隔一定数量的单词, 留出一个空格, 不连续设空, 而且完形填空选项中的词语大多是名词、 动词、 形容词、 副词等实词, 当然也不排除能影响文章内容的一些虚词, 如介词、 连词等。
3. 重读复核, 消除疏漏
复核完形填空时一定要着眼于整体理解, 需要注意上下句之间的逻辑关系以及整篇文章的情节, 特别是在需要填连接性词语时, 更要注意上下文提供的线索, 把自己置身于文章情境当中进行填空, 体会作者的写作意图和表示的理念, 这样才能比较顺利且有把握地捕捉到正确信息。对于实在无法确定的选项, 能够从文中相同或类似结构中寻找提示, 大胆地做出猜测。只要把握了文意和具体的语境, 经过对词义的辨析, 一些错误的干扰项就容易被排除。
Passage 1
体裁
题材
词数
建议用时
记叙文
周围的人
401
15分钟
Santa Can Come before Christmas
( ·北京) It was last June. I entered a supermarket to pick some vegetables, when a young man asked me, ”Can you tell me where the 1 counter( 柜台) is?”
”Well, the milk is in the lower right corner, ” I replied.
Picking up my things, I finally came to the milk counter where I met the same man 2 almost 10 bottles of milk.
I asked, ”Do you need a basket or a trolley? ”
”Sure, thank you,” he answered.
I was 3 he was still picking more bottles and after a few minutes his trolley had 24 bottles of milk.
I laughed and asked, ”Why so many bottles?”
He smiled and said, ”These are for my street dogs. Today, I want to be a Santa
4 them. ”
I said, ”Well , it’s too 5 for you to be a Santa. It is still June and Christmas comes in December. ”
He 6 at me and walked a few steps, as if he wanted to say something but he left the counter without saying anything.
7 , we met again at the bread counter.
”So these bread and cakes are also for the street dogs, Mr. Santa. ”
He smiled and said, ”Yes. These are also for the dogs and I love to be Mr. Santa in the month of June. Santa is a representation( 象征) of surprises and 8 . Santa comes in December as we 9 him around Christmas. But in real life there is a Santa in each one of us that shines through our personality at some point of time, no matter which month it is. Maybe when you offered help to me by getting me a trolley, there was a 10 Santa in you. When we offer food to a poor man or a( n) 11 to someone who is caught in the rain, we are being Santa there. So when you offer help to others or get help from others, just think that Santa has come all the way for you. ”
He left and I was happy that I had met him. It was right to understand that Santa can come before Christmas. We just need to realize that he is around us by 12 happiness and unconditional love.
1. A. vegetable B. milk C. bread D. fish
2. A. putting B. choosing C. holding D. bringing
3. A. sad B. excited C. angry D. surprised
4. A. for B. on C. of D. by
5. A. easy B. early C. helpful D. important
6. A. pointed B. laughed C. shouted D. turned
7. A. Luckily B. Suddenly C. Hopefully D. Naturally
8. A. love B. success C. friendship D. honor
9. A. call B. show C. expect D. invite
10. A. lost B. frozen C. forgotten D. hidden
11. A. camera B. umbrella C. apple D. box
12. A. storing B. facing C. spreading D. increasing
1—5 BCDAB 6—10 DBACD 11—12 BC
Passage 2
体裁
题材
词数
建议用时
记叙文
人际关系
445
15分钟
The Phone Call
( ·北京) It was getting dark. Paul looked out of the window and sighed ( 叹气) . Dad said he would come home by 5:30, but it was almost 7:00. Even if Dad came back, it wouldn’t be much fun playing 1 in the dark. Paul walked into his room and threw his baseball into the corner. He tried to do some homework, but couldn’t.
The phone rang at about 8:00. It was Dad:”Paul, I’m 2 , but I couldn’t play baseball with you tonight. I have to finish my work at the office. Maybe we can play this weekend. Oh no. How about next weekend?... ”
Paul couldn’t understand why Dad was so 3 . He threw himself into the sofa and soon fell asleep. His book was still opened to the first page.
The next day at school, Paul didn’t hand in his homework and 4 a test. Mrs Green, his teacher, asked him to stay after school. ”Paul, you didn’t do your homework. You didn’t pass the test and only got a D. This isn’t like you. What’s wrong?”
Paul just sat there 5 . ”Paul, if you don’t want to talk, I will. I know that something’s worrying you, but you have to get it out. You need to tell someone. ”
As Paul walked home, he thought of what Mrs Green said. Maybe he didn’t do his homework because he wanted to get his dad’s 6 . He knew Mrs Green was right. He decided to take her advice.
When Paul got home, he 7 his dad. But there was no answer. Then it went to voicemail ( 语音信箱) . Paul began talking: ”Dad, I can’t play with you next weekend. I’ve got lots of problems with my homework. Also, I really don’t want to spend another day looking out of the window and waiting. Whenever you 8 our plans, Dad, it hurts me. It’s not too late to rebuild our relationship, but we have to start small. Maybe you can help me with my 9 sometime. Dad, I love you. ”
As Paul ended the call, he felt much relaxed. He didn’t know whether his dad would be different, but it didn’t matter. He himself 10 . He expressed his feelings to the right person. He had a clear head as he was doing his homework that evening.
1. A. baseball B. cards C. chess D. toys
2. A. lucky B. sorry C. surprised D. pleased
3. A. famous B. helpful C. lazy D. busy
4. A. made B. missed C. failed D. chose
5. A. cheerfully B. comfortably C. hopefully D. quietly
6. A. attention B. message C. praise D. trust
7. A. saw B. thanked C. called D. greeted
8. A. prepare B. break C. follow D. question
9. A. choice B. homework C. speech D. decision
10. A. regretted B. complained C. insisted D. changed
1—5 ABDCD 6—10 ACBBD
Passage 3
体裁
题材
词数
建议用时
记叙文
日常生活
480
18分钟
Mum’s Christmas Surprise
( ·北京) Molly ran back home from school and dropped her schoolbag on the sofa. Then on the table she saw ”Mum’s Wish Book”—a mail order catalog( 商品目录) from a gift shop. ”Mum, ” she said excitedly to herself, ”this year you’ll get the gloves you want!” Molly had walked a dog for a neighbor and saved her 1 all year to buy Mum the gloves.
She opened ”Mum’s Wish Book” and hoped that she could find these 2 in it. Tears ran down her face when she saw the gloves in the catalog. Mum wouldn’t buy them for herself, because the family had a 3 time on the farm. She once heard Mum say to Dad, ”Maybe some day, I’ll have the money to get them. ”
Molly ran out by the back door and went straight to the post office. There she carefully filled out the order form torn from the catalog.
”I need to buy a stamp to 4 the form,” she said to Mr. Smith, the only worker in the post office.
”Umm, a pair of gloves?” said Mr. Smith, as he passed a stamp to her.
”Yes. It’s a Christmas gift for Mum, but please don’t tell her. It’s our 5 , OK?” Molly didn’t realize how white Mr. Smith’s beard was until that moment. In fact, he reminded her of Santa Claus.
As Molly walked back home, she decided to tell Dad her secret. ”You’ve got to check the mailbox every day, ” said Molly 6 to Dad. He nodded, with a big smile.
Coming home from school every day, Molly peeked at( 偷看) Dad when Mum wasn’t 7 , but every time he shook his head.
On Christmas Eve, Dad came back from the mailbox, still empty handed. Molly felt
8 when she went to bed, because she didn’t have the gloves for Mum.
Before Christmas dinner, as Mum took the apple pies out of the oven, Molly began 9 the table. Suddenly, they heard someone pulling up the driveway. From the window they saw Mr. Smith making his way to the door, with a box in his hand.
Mr. Smith 10 Mum the box, ”I believe this is yours. ”
Mum looked from Dad to Molly and opened the box. Her eyes lit up when she saw the gloves. ”Oh, who bought these for me?” she asked.
”Santa did, ” said Molly smilingly.
”Ho!Ho!Ho!Merry Christmas!”said Mr. Smith, with a loud laugh.
It was a Christmas that no one would ever forget.
1. A. time B. money C. energy D. food
2. A. flowers B. sunglasses C. gloves D. chocolates
3. A. hard B. lonely C. short D. busy
4. A. design B. check C. complete D. send
5. A. secret B. choice C. dream D. task
6. A. patiently B. doubtfully C. proudly D. quietly
7. A. working B. looking C. smiling D. talking
8. A. sad B. strange C. angry D. tired
9. A. pushing B. changing C. setting D. booking
10. A. bought B. handed C. lent D. returned
1—5 BCADA 6—10 CBACB
A组
Passage 1
体裁
题材
词数
建议用时
记叙文
圣诞之”爱”
421
10分钟
( ·中学生英语学习报) One Christmas Eve, I kissed my family goodbye and went to spend the night in the hospital where I worked in its emergency department( 急诊部) . It was a thankless job. At 9 pm, a man was brought in. He was having a heart attack and was 1 .
I did my best to help him. Before I left in the morning, I stopped by to see how he was doing. He came through the night and was sleeping.
Emergency doctors don’t have 2 relationships with patients like other doctors. We get the suddenly sick and the wounded. Often they’re frightened or angry at us, just 3 we’re there. They pass through our hands and out the door. We seldom see them again. I thought no more about my heart patient. The 4 year, I got Christmas Eve duty again and I pulled myself off to work. At 9 pm sharp, the nurse told me 5 in the hall wanted to speak with me.
The man introduced himself as Mr. Lee and said, ”You probably don’t 6 me, but last Christmas Eve you saved my life. Thank you for the year you gave me. ” He and his wife handed me a small gift and left.
The following year my family was 7 that I could stay home on Christmas Eve. But I wanted to see if the Lees would call. I came to work and kept an eye on the door. Once again, at 8 9 pm, they appeared, carrying their new grandchild.
Mr. Lee, his family and I spent 13 Christmas Eves together. He died in . The last time I saw him, he brought me a 9 imprinted( 印着) with a single word: Friendship. Now my family and I ring it every Christmas Eve at 9 pm sharp to remember the man who didn’t 10 .
1. A. blamed B. upset C. frightened D. annoyed
2. A. friendly B. direct C. special D. continuing
3. A. when B. because C. until D. before
4. A. last B. following C. whole D. recent
5. A. my friends B. a doctor C. a couple D. my boss
6. A. need B. know C. like D. remember
7. A. touched B. disappointed C. happy D. worried
8. A. exactly B. finally C. firstly D. about
9. A. bottle B. cup C. jar D. bell
10. A. come B. live C. forget D. continue
1—5 CDBBC 6—10 DCADB
Passage 2
体裁
题材
词数
建议用时
记叙文
圣诞之”爱”
427
15分钟
( ·朝阳一模) I remember my first Christmas party with Grandma. I was only eight years old. I rode on my bike to visit her on the day. My big sister said, ”There is no Santa Claus( 圣诞老人) . Don’t be silly!” I knew my grandma always told the truth. Grandma was at home. I told her 1 . She was ready for me. ”No Santa Claus?” She cried, ”Don’t believe it. That rumor( 谣传) makes me 2 . Now, put on your coat, and let’s go shopping. ” We went to Kerby’s Store. As we walked through its doors, Grandma 3 me ten dollars( 美元) . That was a bundle( 一大笔钱) in those days. ”Take this money and buy something for someone who 4 it. I’ll wait for you in the car. ” Then she turned and walked 5 Kerby’s.
I thought of everybody I kneW: my family, my friends, my neighbors and the children at school. I was thinking it hard, when I 6 thought of Bobbie Decker. He sat right behind me in Mrs. Pollack’s second grade class. Bobbie Decker didn’t have a coat. I knew 7 because he never went out to play during the winter. I touched the ten-dollar bill with growing excitement. I would buy Bobbie Decker a coat. Then I bought a blue coat. It looked really 8 and I was sure he would like it.
That evening, Grandma helped me 9 the coat in Christmas paper, and write, ”To Bobbie, From Santa Claus” on it. Grandma said that Santa always helped people in secret. Then she drove me over to Bobbie Decker’s house, explaining 10 we went that I was now one of Santa’s helpers. Grandma parked down the street from Bobbie’s house, and she and I hid in the bushes( 灌木) by his front walk. I took a deep breath, dashed( 猛冲) for his front door, 11 the present down on his step, knocked on the door and flew back to the safety of the bushes and Grandma. Together we went in the darkness waiting for the front door to open. Finally it did, and there stood Bobbie.
Forty years has passed. I never forget the 12 , beside my grandma, in Bobbie Decker’s bushes. That night, I realized that Santa was alive and well, and we were on his team.
1. A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing
2. A. happy B. angry C. excited D. nervous
3. A. sent B. showed C. brought D. handed
4. A. needs B. wants
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