初中英语语法-代词讲解.doc

初中英语语法 代词代词：为了避免重复而用来代替其他词的词。种类：1) 人称 2) 物主 3) 反身4) 指示 5）不定6) 疑问7) 相互代词：each other, one another互相， 其所有格加-s8) 关系代词：which， who，that，whom，whose等 引导定语从句9) 连接代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever10）替代词：one(单数), ones(复数） 用于替代前面出现的同类事物。但ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不用ones。如：Have you bought any rulers?Yes，I ve bought some.一、人称代词1.人称代词的形式单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一第二第三主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem2.人称代词的句法功能功能例句主格作主语Theyare fourteen years old. /Sheis a Chinese teacher.宾格作动词宾语The box is too heavy. Let me helpyou. / I likeitvery much.作介词宾语Mary didnt want to go withme.作表语- Who is standing over there?- Itsme.it的特殊用法指时间Itis early spring, but its already very hot.指天气Itrained _（大）last night.指距离Its about five _（minute）walk from here to the library.How far is it from your school to your home?作形式主语、形式宾语Itis very nice of you to help me.I finditeasy to learn English well.指前文提到的物-Wheres my book? -Its over there.指不知性别的婴儿或不确指性别的人The baby is crying. It may be hungry.3.人称代词的排列顺序（单数231，复数123）当两个以上的人称代词一起作主语时，单数按二、三、一人称排列（即you, he / she, I）；复数按一、二、三人称排列（即we, you, they）。但是如果做错了事需要承担责任时，要把说话人（I）放在第一位。如：It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。二、物主代词1.物主代词的形式单数复数物主代词形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs2.物主代词的基本用法功能例句特别提示形容词性物主代词作定语Hermother is a kind-hearted doctor.Theirroom is clean and tidy.形容词性物主代词作定语，相当于形容词。名词性物主代词(相当于省略了中心名词的-s属格结构)作主语That is his computer.Minedoesnt work.名词性物主代词在句中不能单独作定语。如：Hers math is better than mine.（错！句中的_应改为_）作宾语Her spoken English is better thanyours.作表语This ballpen ishers. Where is mine?与of连用作定语The red skirtof hersis very beautiful. 3.物主代词的特殊用法在双重所有格中只能用名词性物主代词。如：我的一个朋友a friend of mine ,她的一个同学 a classmate of hers , each brother of his.三、反身代词1.反身代词的形式反身代词又叫自身代词，表示动作返回到动作发出者本身。人称单数复数第一人称myselfourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves第三人称himself,herself, itselfthemselves2.反身代词的句法功能功能例句特别提示作宾语Little Jimmy can dresshimselfnow.She cookedherselfa good meal.两句中动作的执行者与承受着均是同一个人，故宾语只能用反身代词，不能用him和her。作表语The boy in the photo ismyself, not Tom.I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。作同位语（强调）The babyitselflaughed.Imyselfwent to visit my teacher.此句中，反身代词itself也可放在laughed的后面。和by等介词搭配，构成固定短语Never leave the child byhimselfat home.I dont think I can do it bymyself.初中常用的由反身代词构成的短语有：（见下）3.由反身代词构成的习惯用语help oneself to 随便吃come to oneself 苏醒过来，醒悟，恢复知觉dress oneself 自己穿衣服 say to oneself 自言自语enjoy oneself 玩得开心lose oneself in迷路于，全神贯注于之中，消失于teach oneself 自学 look after oneself by oneself 亲自 learnby oneself 自学 leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 hurt oneself 伤了自己make yourself/yourselves at home 不必拘束四、指示代词单数this这，这个that那，那个such这样的人或物same同样的人或物复数these这些those那些例句Thisis Bill speaking. Who isthat?Where willthesepupils go?Do you likethose? They are the latest fashion.I have never seensucha clever child before.Those two dresses arethe same.He saidthe samething again and again.1. that 用来代替前面提到的不可数名词，those代替复数名词。 The weather today is finer than that yesterday.The students in this school are different from those in that one.2. 打电话时，用that询问对方是谁，用this介绍自己。This is Jack speaking. Is that Mrs Black speaking?说明：That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：(对) He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）(错) He admired that who danced well.（that作宾语时不能指人）(对) He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人）(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）五、疑问代词疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）如：Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。格指人指物指人或物主格who谁what什么which哪个，哪些宾格whom谁所有格whose谁的whose谁的whose谁的说明1： 无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内，例如： Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘？ What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘？说明2：Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom, 例如： Who(m) did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁？（作动词宾语） Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首） To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词后，不能用who取代。）六、不定代词：不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody， something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。如：- Do you have a car? -你有一辆小汽车吗？ - Yes，I have one.-是的，我有一辆。- I dont know any of them. 他们，我一个也不认识。不定代词的形式例词普通不定代词some / anysomebody / anybody / nobody, someone / anyone / no onesomething / anything / nothingone / none个体不定代词every / each, other / another, either / neithereverybody / everyone / everything数量不定代词many / much, few / a few / little / a littlea lot of / lots of / a great deal of / a great many 辨析：不定代词用法1some1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2) 当做某一解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain） You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天，你会后悔这件事的。 A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 某些人不同意你的看法。3) 用于肯定句中 4）表请求、建议或期望得到肯定回答时的疑问句中。Would you like some coffee?*a.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：If you need some help，let me know.*b.当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：I havent heard from some of my old friends these years.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。any1)多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。He doesnt have any money.Are there any people in the room?If you have any questions, please ask me for help.2) 表“任何”时，any可用于肯定句。Here are three novels. You may read any.这有三本小说，你可任读一本。 You may come at any time; Ill be home the whole day.2both两者都Her parents are both doctors.*a.both, all 都可作同位语，其位置在行为动词前， be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去，则位于助动词或情态动词之前。Who can speak Japanese?We both (all) can.all三者及以上都可作主、宾、表、定、同。 We all want to go to the zoo.*all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。 如： All goes well. 一切进展得很好。All that you have done is very helpful.*all在定语从句中作先行词时，关系词只能用that。*all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。 但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night，all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China，all the city，all my life， all the wayeither两者之一Either of the answers is correct.neither两者都不Neither of us goes abroad.1）neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Neither of the two answers is right.2）作定语与单数名词连用，但neither nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。3）可用于下列句型，避免重复。如： She cant sing，neither (can) he. *neither 与nor a.如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。If you dont do it，neither should I.如果你不干，我也不干。 b. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。 He cant sing，nor dance，nor skate.any三者之一Any movie is boring.none三者及以上都不None of his friends has/have been to Nanjing.1) none作主语，多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中，none可单独使用。 I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。 Are there any pictures on the wall?None.2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。 It is none of your business.3every三个及以上的 “每个都”强调整体概念。只能做定语。 Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功。1)every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。 Every student has to take one.2) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 3) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等；each pron. a. ad.两个及以上的“每个”强调个体概念，可构成of短语Each student may have one book.每个学生都可有一本书。1）each可作代词或形容词。 Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one.但we each have a book.2) each 和not连用表示全部否定。Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实。4many+ C许多,How many people are there at the meeting?Many of the workers were at the meeting.many a (=many)但Many books were sold. Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。many/much多用于疑、否，whether引导的宾从中。日常谈话中，纯粹的肯定句一般可数的用a large number of, a good/great many, 不可数多用a good/great deal of, 可数不可数均可用的有a lot of, lots of, plenty of.much + U许多How much time has we left?Much of the time was spent on learning.5few + C “没有几个，几乎没有” He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。 a few+ C“有几个”He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)little+ U “没有多少，几乎没有”Hurry！We have little time left. a little+ U“有一点儿”We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。6other+可数复数 泛指“其他的”What other animals do you like?the other day 前几天 every other day 隔天 on the other side 另一边on the one hand on the other hand 一方面另一方面the other两者中的另一个one the other一个另一个（只有两个）We have two sisters. One is 16, the other is 12. I found one shoe, but I cant see the other one. oneonethe other一个，另一个，第三个others = other people/things 泛指“其他的人或物”some others，othersWe shouldnt laugh at others. the others = the rest剩余的全部（特定范围内的人或物）some the others一些其他的（有三个以上）There are 50 students in our class. Some are reading, the others are doing homework.another泛指三者及以上中的另一个1.one another，the third2.The shirt is too small. Can I try another one?Dont lose heart. Have another try. 3.another two/few weeks 再两(几)周= two more weekseg. We love here. We want to stay another three days.4. one after another 一个接一个地复合不定代词作主语、宾语、表语、定语。something, anything, everything, nothing ,somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody,someone, anyone, everyone，( no one)作主语Both of them are Chinese.宾语 I know nothing about him.表语 Thats nothing. 没什么。定语 You may take either road. 1. 有形容词修饰，要后置。Theres sth wrong with the TV.2. 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Everything goes well.3 辨析： 1. one，that 和it one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而it 与所指名词为同一个。I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个) 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。 I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。2. .anyone/any one anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。3.no one/nobody， none和noa) none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。- Did any one call me up just now?-刚才有人打电话给我吗? - No one. -没有。b) none用法相当于名词，一般作主语、宾语。 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。None of the problems is/ are easy to solve. None of the milk was left.c) no one 一般回答who，含anyone，anybody的疑问句。Is there anyone in the room? No one.none回答how many/much及含any+名词的疑问句。How many students are there in the classroom? None.How much money do you have? None.Is there any water in the bottle? -None.d）no只有形容词性质，修饰不可数或可数名词。no=not any eg. There are no books for her. no=not a 用于连系动词后，语气很强。 The girl was no beauty. 这姑娘才不漂亮呢。no+doing 用于讲稿警告、命令等标识。 No smoking!no 可修饰其他句子成分。No boy at the school have ever seen the sea.4. both，either bothneither both部分否定，neither全部否定。 both与复数连用，either与单数连用。 Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。 Either of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。 There are flowers on both sides of the street. There are flowers on either side of the street. 路边长满了野花。 5. all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。noneall 。all 部分否定，none全部否定。 All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了。 I dont like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。 I like none of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢。注意：all与none用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。All of the students are there. 所有的学生都在那。All (of) the milk is there. 所有的牛奶都在那。6. “the”的作用 他是帮我的学生之一。He is one of the students who help me. 第一句定语从句与the students 一致。 He is the one of the students who helps me. 第二句定语从句与the one 一致。8