BritanniaRuestheWaves大不列颠望洋兴叹高英.pptx

Britannia Rues the Waves大不列颠望洋兴叹Andrew NeilBritanniaRuestheWavesBritainissorrythatshehaslostherdominanceontheHighSeasBritainregretsthatshenolongerenjoysanavalsupremacyRue:regrethavigentertedintoThewaves:(poetic)theseaAndrew Neil(1949-）：a Scottish journalist and broadcaster,writing on industrial and labor affairs for The Economist,and the editor of The Sunday Times for 11 years.He currently presents live political programmes Sunday Politics and This Week on BBC One and Daily Politics on BBC Two.He is also the former editor-in-chief and current chairman of the Press Holdings group,which owns The Telegraph and The Spectator.1Tolearnthewordsandexpressionsofshippingindustry(海运业）2Toappreciatetheexpository/kspztr/writing3Tounderstandthehistorybackgrounds(well-knownwars.etc.)Key PointsAcronymsUNCTADUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment(联合国贸易与发展会议)itisconcernedwiththefundamentalproblemsaffectingthetradeofdevelopingcountries.IthasitsheadquartersinGeneva.贸发会议的主要目标：帮助发展中国家以及向市场经济过渡的前社会主义国家，增强国家能力，最大限度地获取贸易和投资机会，加速发展进程，并协助它们应付全球化带来的挑战和在公平的基础上融入世界经济。Building&LogoAcronymsEECEuropeanEconomicCommunity(欧洲经济共同体）欧共体是西欧一些主要资本主义国家由政府出面组成的一个经济和政治集团，本质上是一种国家垄断资本主义的国际联盟。总部设在布鲁塞尔。二次大战后，由于国际关系新格局的形成，被战争削弱的欧洲国家为了抗衡美苏两霸，开始走联合自保与自强的道路。目标是:在整个共同体内促进经济活动的和谐发展，不断的均衡扩展，日益增长的稳定.Cartel(Conference商船协会）AnassociationofindustrialistsbusinessformsforestablishinganationalorinternationalmonopolybypricefixingownershipofcontrollingstockEasternblockcountries（东欧集团各国）IncludingPoland,Hungary（匈牙利）,Czechoslovakia（捷克斯洛伐克）,Bulgaria（保加利亚）,EastGermanyVariousLinersOiltanker油轮Bulkcarrier散货船Passengerliner邮轮Cargoliner定期货轮Containerliner集装箱班轮Expressliner特快班车Conventionalliner常规班轮Feederliner支线运输Oceanliner远洋班轮Expositorywriting1whatisanexpositoryessay?It.GivefactsExplainsPresentsideasinlogicalordersorcorrectsequence2itsprimarypurposeistodeliverinformationaboutanissue,subject,method,oridea.Naval Supremacy of Britian(The sun-never-sets Empire)Henry VII(1485-1509)laid the foundation of the British merchant navy.Henry VIII(1491-154)founded the British royal navy.In 1588,Elizabeth I(1558-103)defeated the Spanish Armada,a fleet of 130 great ships,sent by King Philip II of Spanish against England.There was a running gun fight in the British Channel and the armada was routed.The ramant of the Scotland and Ireland.Out of the 130 ships,only 43 reached home.This victory established England as a major sea power.西班牙无敌舰队行军图Iron CurtainThe Iron Curtain refers to the Soviet Union and the eastern European countries in the capitalist press,first used by Churchill in his speech at Fulton,Missouri,5 March 194:”From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent,”铁幕是在资本主义报刊中对苏联和一些东欧社会主义国家的称呼。是194年由丘吉尔在美国富尔顿城威斯敏斯特学院的演说（铁幕演说）中提出，“从波罗的海边的什切青到亚得里亚海边的的里雅斯特，一副横贯欧洲大陆的铁幕已经拉下”。即指苏联和东欧国家在对西方国家的关系中所建立的障碍及彼此的隔绝。East Germany and West Germany二战结束后,德国战败,盟国为了均衡各方面的利益,将德国划分为联邦德国（西德）和民主德国（东德）,西德采用资本主义制度,东德采用社会主义制度,西德属于资本主义阵营（受英美影响）,东德属于社会主义阵营（受前苏联影响）.值得一提的是,随着前苏联的解体,1989年11月9日,长久以来作为东西方分界线的标志-柏林墙-被推倒,在西德的赫尔穆特科尔总理领导之下重新统一.Arab-Israeli war(阿以战争）第四次中东战争（亦称十月战争、斋月战争或赎罪日战争），第三次中东战争后，以色列占领了埃及和叙利亚的土地，将数百万巴勒斯坦人民赶出家园，并占领大片阿拉伯国家土地，阿拉伯国家为了收复失地，发动了这场战争。在这次战争中，埃、叙经过周密准备对以实施突袭和两线夹击，对以色列形成极大威胁。以军动员快速，先北后西，重点用兵，化被动为主动，尤其向运河西岸的大纵深突击，对于扭转被动局面发挥了作用。双方投入的坦克、火炮、飞机、导弹等数量很大，埃、以于14日一天内共展开1800辆坦克的大会战为战争史上所罕见。战争结果以阿拉伯国家的失败告终。中东战争（The ArabIsraeli Conflict）中东，是西方国家对地中海东部与南部的称呼。“中东战争”，这是第二次世界大战后持续时间最长的战争。第一次中东战争：由于巴勒斯坦土地极度不公平的分割，导致阿拉伯国家与以色列交战，阿拉伯国家在战争初期占优势，但是停火后以色列接受来自美国的大笔援助，以及阿拉伯军团的英国指挥官指挥部队撤离战场，导致阿拉伯国家战败。第二次中东战争：埃及国内革命后国有化苏伊士运河引发利益冲突，最终英法以撤军。第三次中东战争：戈兰高地的叙军向以色列定居点开火，由此爆发冲突。以色列全面获胜。第四次中东战争：埃及和叙利亚企图收复失地，对以色列发动进攻，阿拉伯国家先胜后败。第五次中东战争：以色列因为其驻英国大使被巴勒斯坦武装暗杀，对黎巴嫩境内巴勒斯坦武装发起进攻，这次战争是巴勒斯坦问题的延续，以色列最终单方面撤军，第五次中东战争告终。the Third WorldThe term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO（the North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织),or the Communist Bloc.The United States,Canada,Japan,South Korea,Western European nations and their allies represented the First World,while the Soviet Union,China,Cuba,and their allies represented the Second World.This terminology provided a way of broadly categorizing the nations of the Earth into three groups based on political and economic divisions.hard currencyHard currency,safe-haven currency or strong currency is any globally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of value.硬通货通常是由高度工业化的国家发行，被全球广泛接受用于贸易支付的货币，其币值在中短期内保持稳定，并且在外汇市场有极高的流动性。硬通货是指国际信用较好、币值稳定、汇价呈坚挺状态的货币。硬通货并不是固定不变的，一国货币是否会成为硬通货除上述特性外，还主要受该国经济增长、通货膨胀、国际收支状况等因素影响。卢布（rubble)俄罗斯货币单位（1人民币元=8.19俄罗斯卢布）马克（mark):原德国货币单位，2002年月1日起停止流通。日元(yen)：日本货币单位（1人民币元=1.1199日元）美元（dollar):美国的货币单位（1美元=.8890人民币元）英镑（pound):英国的货币单位（1英镑=8.550人民币元）欧元（euro）欧盟货币（1欧元=.39人民币元）High SeasHigh SeasAccording to“the Geneva Convention on the High Seas,1958”,high seas refers to all parts of the sea not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a state.Being the common property of all nations,no portion of the high seas can be appropriated by any state(but see continental shelf)and no state may subject any part of them to its sovereignty.公海是在国际法上指不包括国家领海或内水的全部海域。1982年联合国海洋法公约规定公海是不包括在国家的专属经济区、领海或内水或群岛国的群岛水域以内的全部海域。公海供所有国家平等地共同使用。它不是任何国家领土的组成部分，因而不处于任何国家的主权之下；任何国家不得将公海的任何部分据为己有，不得对公海本身行使管辖权。The History of Britains Merchant NavyThe merchant navy has been existence for a significant period in Britains history,owning much of its growth to British imperial expansion.As an entity in itself,it can be dated back to the 1th century,where an attempt was made to register all seafarers as a source of labour for the Royal Navy in times of conflict.British ships were also deeply involved in acts of piracy and armed robbery on the high seas,off the waters of Europe and Caribbean,as ships with British sailors robbed from ships of foreign navies.It grew over successive years to become the worlds foremost merchant fleet,benefiting considerably from trade with British possessions in India and the Far East.During the First and Second World Wars,the Merchant Service suffered heavy losses from German attacks.In the Second World War,the United Kingdom alone suffered the loss of 11. million tons,which was 54%of the total Merchant Navy fleet at the outbreak of the Second World War.In honour of the sacrifices made in the two World Wars,the Merchant Navy lays wreaths of remembrance alongside the armed forces in the annual Remembrance Day service on 11 November.Following many years of lobbying to bring about official recognition of the sacrifices made by merchant seafarers in two world wars and since,Merchant Navy Day became an official day of remembrance on 3 September 2000.Despite maintaining its dominant position for many decades,the decline of the British Empire in the mid-20th century inevitably led to the decline of the merchant fleet.Today,this vital British industry is more in peril than ever before.On almost all the major sea rotes of the world,the British fleet risks being elbowed out by stiff foreign competition.The Two Main Directions of the ThreatsFirst:From the Russians and the countries in Eastern Europe under Soviet influences.These countries are now expanding there merchant fleet and making their way into the international shipping trade by charging much less freight rate than the Western shipping companies.Second:From the merchant fleet of the developing countries,who are determined to take the largest share of the trade between Europe and Africa、Asia and the far east.Britain has important interests in these sea routes.Some Facts&Figures about the Recent Naval Expansion of the Soviet UnionThe total tonnage of the Soviet maritime fleet in 1950 was 2.1 million tons,ranking 21 in world tonnage.Between 191 and 195,the Soviet Union Spent$2.8 billion on buying 990 ships from Japan,Britain and other European countries.By 199,the Soviet Union had a fleet of ,99 ships,with a total tonnage of over 32 million tons,accounting for 5. percent of world tonnage.The average ship age of two-thirds of the fleet was under ten.The total volume of Russian seaborne trade in 19 was 214.5 million tons,an increase of 30 percent over that in 1953.in 19 alone,the Soviet Union netted 00 million dollars of foreign exchange.