1、超声心动图超声心动图排除威胁生命的其他疾病,如室间隔破裂、夹层排除威胁生命的其他疾病,如室间隔破裂、夹层主动脉、心包填塞等主动脉、心包填塞等对中央型肺动脉栓塞诊断有一定价值,经食道超对中央型肺动脉栓塞诊断有一定价值,经食道超声可探察到主肺动脉和左、右肺动脉,敏感性和声可探察到主肺动脉和左、右肺动脉,敏感性和特异性可达特异性可达8090%主肺动脉或肺动脉分叉处可见栓子属少见情况。主肺动脉或肺动脉分叉处可见栓子属少见情况。栓子来源于心脏的肺栓塞,可直接观察到右心系栓子来源于心脏的肺栓塞,可直接观察到右心系统的血栓统的血栓超声心动图超声心动图右心室壁局部运动幅度降低右心室壁局部运动幅度降低右心室和(
2、或)右心房扩大右心室和(或)右心房扩大室间隔左移和运动异常室间隔左移和运动异常近端肺动脉扩张近端肺动脉扩张三尖瓣反流速度增快三尖瓣反流速度增快下腔静脉扩张下腔静脉扩张经食管超声心动图对大块对大块PE病例有病例有92的敏的敏感性和接近感性和接近100特异性。特异性。有三分之一的肺栓塞患者表有三分之一的肺栓塞患者表现为正常现为正常异常表现为异常表现为右心室扩大,肺动脉高压、右心室扩大,肺动脉高压、下腔静脉扩张、室间隔向左下腔静脉扩张、室间隔向左心室移位心室移位 超声心动图:心腔大小形态、超声心动图:心腔大小形态、心肌结构、瓣膜运动。心肌结构、瓣膜运动。超声心动图观察心脏解剖结构超声心动图观察心脏解
3、剖结构短轴切面:右室扩大,短轴切面:右室扩大,左室呈左室呈“D”D”形形三尖瓣反流速度峰值三尖瓣反流速度峰值4.8m/s4.8m/s,计算跨瓣压,计算跨瓣压差为差为92mmHg,92mmHg,提示重度提示重度肺动脉高压肺动脉高压超声心动图测三尖瓣反流速度超声心动图测三尖瓣反流速度McConnells sign下肢静脉超声胸部胸部X线平片线平片异常率约占异常率约占84%。肺血管纹理变细、稀疏或消失肺血管纹理变细、稀疏或消失肺野局部浸润影肺野局部浸润影以胸膜为基底的实变影以胸膜为基底的实变影(Hamptons 隆起)患侧膈肌抬高患侧膈肌抬高胸腔积液胸腔积液右下肺动脉干增宽或伴截断征右下肺动脉干增宽
4、或伴截断征肺动脉段膨隆肺动脉段膨隆右心室增大右心室增大上腔静脉增宽上腔静脉增宽CT平扫肺缺血性改变(肺窗),即肺纹理稀疏和肺透亮度升高“马赛克”征(无特异性)但如与肺动脉高压改变(中心肺动脉扩张及右心室增大)同时存在,则属于PE表现。CTA表现直接征象:充盈缺损;管腔突然狭窄;充盈缺损管腔突然狭窄CTA直接征象腔内网格状改变和栓子钙化实时3D成像显示肺动脉虫咬状完全闭塞和虫咬状不规则充盈缺损腔内网格状改变本例为2D成像CTACTA间接征象间接征象1.肺少血征;2.“马赛克”征;3.胸腔积液;4.右室增大伴/不伴室间隔偏移;5.主肺动脉和/或右侧叶间肺动脉扩张;6.支气管动脉扩张;7.心包积液;
5、8.肺梗死。马赛克征肺少血征下肢血管CT明确有无下肢静明确有无下肢静脉血栓及血栓范脉血栓及血栓范围。围。CT胸痛三联征胸痛三联征一站式检查一站式检查embolism胸痛三联征之一心梗胸痛三联征之二肺栓塞 胸痛三联症之三主动脉夹层(A)In a 77-year-old woman with acute pulmonary embolism,a 4-chamber(4-CH)view reconstruction of a chest computed tomography scan shows septal flattening(arrows).(B)There is also grade 4
6、reflux of contrast medium into the inferior vena cava(long arrow)and proximal hepatic veins(short arrows).Measurements of(C)maximal right ventricular diameter(RVD)and(D)left ventricular diameter(LVD)on axial sections show RVD axial/LVD axial ratio of 0.98.Measurements of(E)maximal RVD and(F)LVD on 4
7、-CH views show RVD4-CH/LVD4-CH ratio of 1.12.Semiautomated right ventricle volumetry(RVV)(purple)and left ventricle volumetry(LVV)(orange)displayed(G)on axial section and(H)on sagittal reformation shows RVV/LVV ratio of 1.62.The patient required mechanical ventilation on the first day of her hospita
8、l stay and died on day 28.(A)In a 69-year-old man with acute pulmonary embolism,a 4-chamber(4-CH)view reconstruction of a chest computed tomographyscan shows septal bowing(arrows),convex toward the left ventricle.(B)There is no contrast reflux into the inferior vena cava.Measurements of(C)maximal ri
9、ght ventricular diameter(RVD)and(D)left ventricular diameter(LVD)on axial sections show RVDaxial/LVDaxial ratio of 0.97.Measurements of maximal(E)RVD and(F)LVD on 4-CH views show RVD4-CH/LVD4-CH ratio of 1.4.Semiautomated right ventricle volumetry(RVV)(purple)and left ventricle volumetry(LVV)(orange
10、)displayed(G)on transverse section and(H)on coronal reformation show an RVV/LVV ratio of 1.54.The patient died on hospital day 4.肺部放射性核素扫描 放射性核素扫描(通气放射性核素扫描(通气-灌注显像)灌注显像):单纯的肺灌注扫描对诊断肺栓塞:单纯的肺灌注扫描对诊断肺栓塞相当敏感,如果正常可排除明显的相当敏感,如果正常可排除明显的肺栓塞。内径大于肺栓塞。内径大于3.0mm3.0mm的肺动脉的肺动脉栓塞时,肺扫描结果全部异常栓塞时,肺扫描结果全部异常;内径内径2.1-3
11、.0mm2.1-3.0mm者者92%92%异常;异常;内径内径2.0mm2.0mm者是否异常不确定者是否异常不确定肺栓塞患者肺灌注显像影(异常)肺栓塞患者肺通气显像影(正常)肺栓塞灌注显像与通气显像图肺栓塞灌注显像与通气显像图肺通气显像与肺灌注显像不匹配(mismatch)灌注显像正常可排除肺栓塞肺动脉造影肺动脉造影敏感性敏感性98%,特异性,特异性95-98%主要征象主要征象血管内不规则充盈缺损血管内不规则充盈缺损血管树修剪征血管树修剪征造影剂排空延迟造影剂排空延迟间接征象间接征象造影剂流动缓慢,局部低灌注,静脉回流延迟造影剂流动缓慢,局部低灌注,静脉回流延迟肺栓塞介入治疗溶栓球囊扩张术后右侧肺动脉栓塞治疗前肺栓塞介入治疗右下肺动脉栓塞治疗前溶栓治疗后