Lecture翻译语境下的中西文化对比.pptx

Culture,language,and translationn文化是一种社会现象，是人们长期创造形成的产物。同时又是一种历史现象，是社会历史的积淀物。确切地说，文化是指一个国家或民族的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等。nCulture is that complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.Culture nH.H.Stern根据文化的结构和范畴把文化分为广义和狭义两种概念。n广义的文化即大写的文化（Culture with a big C），狭义的文化即小写的文化（culture with a small c）。n广义地说，文化指的是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和。它包括物质文化、制度文化和心理文化三个方面。物质文化是指人类创造的种种物质文明，包括交通工具、服饰、日常用品等，是一种可见的显性文化；制度文化和心理文化分别指生活制度、家庭制度、社会制度以及思维方式、宗教信仰、审美情趣，它们属于不可见的隐性文化。包括文学、哲学、政治等方面内容。n狭义的文化是指人们普遍的社会习惯，如衣食住行、风俗习惯、生活方式、行为规范等。CultureExternalbehaviorsLanguage,gestures,customs/habitsproductsLiterature,folklore,art,music,artefacts(工艺品)InternalideasBeliefs,values,institutions.Halls Culture Context ModelLow-Context CultureHigh-Context Culture1.Overtly displays meanings through direct communication forms 1.Implicitly embeds meanings at different levels of the sociocultural context 2.Values individualism2.Values group sense 3.Tends to develop transitory personal relationship3.Tends to take time to cultivate and establish a permanent personal relationship 4.Emphasizes linear logic4.Emphasizes spiral logic 5.Values direct verbal interaction and is less able to read nonverbal expressions 5.Values indirect verbal interaction and is more able to read nonverbal expressions.6.Tends to use“logic”to present ideas6.Tends to use more“feeling”in expression 7.Tends to emphasize highly structured messages,give details,and place great stress on words and technical signs7.Tends to give simple,ambiguous,noncontexting messages.Culture,language,translatornLanguage is essentially rooted in the reality of the cultureit cannot be explained without constant reference to these broader contexts of verbal utterance.nLanguage could only be understood with reference to cultureThe Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis nNo two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same reality.The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds,not merely the same world with different labels.In the strong view,language actually determines the way the language user thinks.In the weak view,language is one of the factors influencing our understanding of reality,but it is not the determining factor.(but beliefs and values)Lexis(choice of words)nLanguage was a case of labeling lexis,and behind that label was a different reality rather tan simply a different label.n英语：基督教文化n中国：佛教文化nHawkes 把红楼梦中的“阿弥陀佛”竟然译成“God bless my soul”，把上帝拿来代替佛教的无量寿佛，这很可能让西方人以为中国人也信奉上帝。这样的译文大大地削减了中国文化内涵。nChristmas Political CorrectnessnBias-free languagenThe aim is to make language less wounding(伤人感情的)or demeaning(贬低身份的)to those whose sex,race,physical condition or circumstances leave them vulnerable to the raw power of words.Areas covered with regard to Political CorrectnessAreaWords to AvoidWords to UseAgeDirty old manThe elderlyCultural diversityBlacksAfro-American(Black American)Red-IndianNative AmericanDisability Mental handicapPeople with learning difficultiesThe disabledDisabled peopleGenderWoman doctordoctormanPeople/humanityPolitical Correctnessn罗密欧与朱丽叶：He made you a highway to my bed,But I,a maid,die maiden-widowed.n受到我国几千年礼教文化干扰的前辈翻译家朱生豪把此句译为：他借你（软梯）做牵引相思的桥梁，可是我却要做一个独守空闺的怨女而死去。此句中的“死”被悄悄地译为得体得多的“相思”，因而产生了经不起推敲的语病。在传统的中国文化中，一个尚未出嫁的闺女怎能直截了当地说出要她的心上人“上我的床”呢？n情感、价值观发生了变化的90年代的翻译家方平，冲破了性忌讳和性压抑的民族心理束缚，把此句改译为：他本要借你做捷径，登上我的床，可怜我这处女，活守寡，到死是处女。方译显然更贴近原文的本意。Political Correctnessn不同民族的社会风尚，伦理道德的异同，有时也使原文难以予以忠实传译。比如在法国，男女间一旦可以亲吻嘴唇，那就几乎等于可以同床共枕了。n所以为了照顾民族习惯，怕有伤使用译文语言国度的风化，法国人在翻译英国小说时，将英国式父女亲嘴改为法国式父女拥抱。台湾当局要求美国更正“Chinese Taipei”说法 n环球网环球网3月月1日消息日消息智利发生的强烈地震令全球关注。台湾智利发生的强烈地震令全球关注。台湾“立委立委”管碧玲管碧玲1日表日表示，美国太平洋海啸预报中心将台湾称为了示，美国太平洋海啸预报中心将台湾称为了“中华台北中华台北”（ChineseTaipei），），当局应向美国交涉。台湾当局应向美国交涉。台湾“外交部外交部”表示，已请驻当地机构要求更正。表示，已请驻当地机构要求更正。nn管碧玲在新闻稿中表示，美国有线电视新闻网（管碧玲在新闻稿中表示，美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）在台北时间）在台北时间27日晚间播日晚间播出智利强震后海啸预警新闻，在网页上引用美国太平洋海啸预报中心海啸预警资出智利强震后海啸预警新闻，在网页上引用美国太平洋海啸预报中心海啸预警资料，将台湾以料，将台湾以“中华台北中华台北”的形式列在了智利震后海啸警戒区域的最后，并有基的形式列在了智利震后海啸警戒区域的最后，并有基隆、花莲、台东三处预警地点。管碧玲认为，这是严重警讯，美国官方文件未曾隆、花莲、台东三处预警地点。管碧玲认为，这是严重警讯，美国官方文件未曾如此命名台湾，当局应向美国交涉更正。如此命名台湾，当局应向美国交涉更正。n台湾台湾“外交部外交部”副发言人章计平表示，副发言人章计平表示，CNN网站资料上现已更正使用网站资料上现已更正使用“台湾台湾”（Taiwan）。另外，台当局也已请驻美机构接洽美国太平洋海啸预报中心，将）。另外，台当局也已请驻美机构接洽美国太平洋海啸预报中心，将“中华台北中华台北”名称更正为名称更正为“台湾台湾”（Taiwan）。）。n章计平说，章计平说，CNN虽已更正使用虽已更正使用“台湾台湾”（Taiwan），但），但“外交部外交部”也通过驻美也通过驻美机构接洽机构接洽CNN总部，确认先前是否曾用总部，确认先前是否曾用“中华台北中华台北”（ChineseTaipei）称呼台）称呼台湾，之后再改正的状况。若有，也请湾，之后再改正的状况。若有，也请CNN留意，希望以后不要再发生。留意，希望以后不要再发生。n章计平表示，若有其他以章计平表示，若有其他以“中华台北中华台北”（ChineseTaipei）称呼台湾，将立刻）称呼台湾，将立刻提出关切抗议，要求悉数更正。提出关切抗议，要求悉数更正。Compare Two Versions：1n他用耳朵的根底听这音响。那是愤怒的叫唤，是旷野的咆哮。他觉得那送来的热情和血的骚扰，在自己的胸中汹涌了。他在脸上，感到暴风雨的狂暴的乱打。前进着，破坏着，而且以伟大的赫尔鸠拉斯蒂意志蓦地停顿着。那巨大的精灵，沁进他的身体里去了。似乎吹嘘着他的四体和心灵，使这些忽然张大。他踏着全世界矗立着。他正如山岳一般。愤怒和悲哀的疾风暴雨，搅动了他的心。怎样的悲哀啊怎么一回事呵！他强有力地这样地自己觉得辛苦，愈加辛苦，成为强有力的人，多么好呢人为了要强有力而含辛茹苦，多么好呢！Compare Two Versions：2n他认得这音乐，认得这愤怒的呼号，这疯狂的叫吼，他听到自己的心在胸中忐忑乱跳，血在那里沸腾，脸上给一阵阵的狂风吹着，它鞭挞一切，扫荡一切，又突然停止，好似有个雷霆万钧的意志把风势镇压了。那巨大的灵魂深深的透入了他的内心，使他肢体和灵魂尽量的膨胀，变得硕大无朋。他顶天立地的在世界上走着。他是一座山，大雷大雨在胸中吹打。狂怒的大雷雨！痛苦的大雷雨！喔！多么痛苦！可是怕什么！他觉得自己那么坚强好！受苦吧!永远受苦吧！噢！要能坚强可多好！坚强而能受苦多好！Translator:a Cultural Mediator n原文+原文文化背景+译文文化背景+原文作者的气质和风格+译者的气质和风格Equivalence n1.彼此相同（似）n2.部分相同n3.完全不同n4.缺失Advertising文化信息双语转换表现法n1.图像法：n如中国功夫基本招式（basic stance）:n用文字描写，难尽其意：n俯身探海nBend forward to probe into the sea2.Mimesis(模仿)n用目的语模仿原语的文化信息表现式，大体相当于传统的直译。n有利于两种文化的沟通和互补，是文化翻译表现论中的主要方式。如太极拳的翻译：n写实性描写：n虚步：empty stepn双勾手：hook handsn提膝：bring up kneen比喻性描写：n金铰剪：gold scissors windingn盘腿跌：sideway falling on a twisted leg 名物式表现注意事项n1.精简达意：n如湘菜中的名菜：湘荷甘塘水鱼云裳裙边煨细皮五花 calipash and calipee；鲤鱼打挺：leapn2.力求先主后宾：首先考虑原语中已有的文化表达式：nAtrium：中庭；entrance hall：门廊3.替代：易词而译n1.He that lies down with dogs must get up with fleas.n与狗在一起睡的人身上必有跳蚤；n与狗同眠必带蚤；n替代：近朱者赤，近墨者黑。n2.Let them eat cake.n让他们吃蛋糕嘛！（让他们吃烙饼不行吗？）n替代式：何不食肉糜n3.between cup and lipn在杯子与嘴唇之间n杯唇之间n功败垂成之际替代：易词而译nIt was a winter-spring romance.He was nearly fifty,she was barely twenty.n这是老少恋。他年近五十，她还不到二十。4.阐释：n用翻译的方法疏解或化解原语的文化信息1.阳（yang）：a force derived from the dynamics of the Great Ultimate brought into action(太极动而生阳)n注释法（annotation）：nRolfing:罗芬式按摩法(categorization)5.淡化（decoloration）n文化意义的淡化，在语际转换中将文化意义消除。n蚂蚁搬家的办法：do sth.in a small wayn一刀切的办法：do sth.Indiscriminately Exercisen1.Among the blind the one-eyed man is king.n山中无老虎，猴子称霸王n2.He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.n近朱者赤，近墨者黑。n3.cherish a snake in ones bosomn养虎遗患n4.Kill the goose that lays the golden eggs.n杀鸡取卵n5.a wolf in sheeps clothing n6.cry wolf English&Chinese:A Comparison and Contrastn1.综合语与分析语n2.聚散与流散n3.形合与意合n4.繁复与简短n5.物称与人称n6.被动与主动n7.静态与动态n8.抽象与具体n9.间接与直接n10.替换与重复1.Synthetic VS Analyticn综合语的特征是运用形态变化来表达语法关系n分析语的特点是不同形态变化而用词序及虚词来表达语法关系n现代英语：综合-分析语n1.英语有严格的形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形态变化n1)构词形态affixation:prefix,suffixn2）构形形态 表达语法意义的词形变化nI gave him a booknHe has given me two books.nHis father often gives him books.词序n英语词序比较灵活，汉语词序相对固定nFowler 9种倒装:nWhat is in the world do you mean?nCome on,everybody!nWhat a beautiful voice!n疑问倒装，命令倒装，惊叹倒装，假设倒装，平衡倒装，衔接倒装，点题倒装，否定倒装，韵律倒装再以定语为例n汉语的定语一般在名词之前，英语的定语则可以通过形态变化或借助连接词语置于名词的前后nA very important questionnA question of great importancen一个重要的问题Compact vs.Diffusiven1.英语句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，呈聚集型，五种基本句型：nSV，SVP，SVO，SVoO，SVOCnThe telephone rang.nWe are students.nLabor created mannShe sang us a songnHe painted the door green.n2.汉语重内在意念而不重外在形式，句型量大繁杂：n1）话题句：开车她没有经验。n2）施事句：他在学习开车。n3）关系句：他天天练习开车，很快就学会了。n4）呼叹句：是呀，他车开得真好！n5）祈使句：请勿酒后开车！n6）存现句：前面是一片稻田。n7）有无句：他有两部小车n8）描写句：房间干干净净n9）说明句：今天星期日形合与意合n形合指从属的语言单位用关联词语与主要的语言单位相结合。n例如“如果天好,我们就去”中的“天好”是一个条件从句,用“如果就”这种关联词语与“我们去”组合成偏正关系。n再例如，If winters here,can spring be far behind?冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗?意合n意合指从属的语言单位不用从属连接词语而用话语意义的配合与主要语言单位相结合。n例如：“But,my dear,you must indeed go and see Mr Bingley when he comes into the neigh bourhood.”n“不过,亲爱的,宾利先生一搬来这里,你可真得去见见他”。n英语重形合，汉语重意合。Five Devices to Realize CohesionnReference:nPresented reference(i.e.it introduces something new to the text);ne.g.I have a dog.(dog is a presented reference item,as the reader does not need to have any previous knowledge about what I have)nPresumed reference(i.e.mentioned in such a way that we need to retrieve their identity from somewhere else in the text)ne.g.She is very nice.(who is she?)Presumed reference creates cohesionnThe commonest presumed reference items are:n thenDemonstrative pronouns:this,that,these,those;nPronouns:he,she,they,it,etc.SubstitutionnThe replacement of one item with another.It is often used to avoid repetition,e.g:n Do you like playing the guitar?n I do.(do is a substitute for like playing the guitar)EllipsisnA special form of substitution(substitution by zero):n e.g.Take one of these tickets.I still have seven left.nAre you watching TV?nYes,I am.conjunctionnThe logical relations between parts of the text,often realized in the form of cojunctive items.nAdditive:and,or,also,furthermore,in additionnAdversative:but,yet,however,though,insteadnCausal:so,consequently,hence,nTemporals:then,next,previously Lexical cohesionnCohesion through the use of words:reiteration and collocationnReiteration:a repetition of an earlier item,a synonym or near-synonym,a super-ordinate,or a general word.e.g:examplesnThere is boy playing with fire.nThe boy is going to burn himself if he doesnt take care.(repetition)nThe lad is going to burn himself(synonym)nThe child is(super-ordinate)nThe idiot is going to(general word)例如例如In the beginning God created the Heaven and the Earth.And the Earth was without form,and void.And darkness was upon the face of the deep.And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.And God said,let there be light.And there was light.And God saw the light,that it was good.And God divided the light from the darkness.And God called the light day.And the darkness he called night.And the evening and the morning were the first day.译文n太初，上帝创造天地。地是空虚混沌。渊面黑暗。上帝的灵运行在水面上。上帝说，当有光。就有了光。上帝看光是好的。上帝就将光暗分开了。上帝称光为昼。称暗为夜。有晚有早，就是一日。形合意合：增译、减译n由于这两种语言的特性,就造成了英汉翻译中的一个重要技巧,即增译和减译。当然,各种语言间的翻译都有增减现象,但恐怕没有在英汉互译中那样突出。英译汉可能会增加某些东西,但绝对必须减掉某些东西;汉译英可能会减掉某些东西,但绝对必须增加一些东西。例n1.我的责任只是保卫主席安全,其他事情不去多想,我甚至轻松地吁了口气。nAs Maos safety was our sole concern,we weaved a sigh as relief.n英译文加上了表示原因的从属连词as.n2.1960 年底的一天,毛泽东起床后不吃不喝,一支接一支吸烟。(同上)nOne day,late in 1960,Mao didnt eat anything after getting up,but merely chain-smoked.n英译文加上了对比连词but.n3.我们约他做攻守同盟,本想彼此提携,有福同享,有祸同当,不料他倒先来沾我们的光了。nWhen we got him to go in with us it was on the understanding that we sink or swim together,but now it turns out that he was only out to sponge on us!借鉴n英语多使用以连接功能为基础的形合手段,而汉语主要依赖意义的内在衔接,形成一种隐约的意义脉络。在译文中有意识地体现目的语的特征,就会减少让译文读者感到格格不入的异化味道,从而大大提高译文的可读性。当然,正如前面所论,汉语也不完全排斥形合表现。形合和意合之语体差异（一）n明示的形合有时比隐含的意合具有更多的强调意味：nIf you tell me all about it,I shall be able to decide.n译文一：你把一切都告诉我,我就能做出决定。(意合)n译文二：如果你把一切都告诉我,那么我就能做出决定。(形合)形合和意合之语体差异（二）n形合的译文给读者以语体上的庄重舒缓,如:nHe had been left alone for scarcely two minutes,and when we came back we found him in his armchair,peacefully gone to sleepbut forever.n译文一:n他一个人留在房里不过两分钟,我们返回时,发现他已在安乐椅上平静地永远地睡着了。(意合)n译文二:n让他一个人留在房里总共不到两分钟,而当我们再进去的时候,却发现他已在安乐椅上安静地睡着了但永远睡着了。（形合）n有时候两种语言既用形合又用意合。例如：上面译文都保留了原文的形合和意合特点；但是，如果要让形合的因果关系和意合的因果关系形成更鲜明的对照，译文还可以改进：n如今我的脸色比当初贝茜见到我的时候好多了：人长胖了，脸色也红润了，全身洋溢着蓬勃的生命力；所有这些改变都是因为我充满了希望和欢乐的缘故。又例：nBut a spirit prevailed then which was quite essentially American:that problems are a challenge,not an alibi（托辞）;that men are measured not only by their success but also by their striving;that it is better to aim grandly than to wallow in mediocre comfort.n然而，那时的风气还是符合地地道道的美国精神的：有问题，只能上，不能躲；衡量一个人看他的成败，也看他的努力程度；宁愿好大喜功，不甘庸闲遣日。