英语写作手册.pptx

Part IIPart IIPart II DictionPart II DictionPart II DictionPart II DictionAAALevels of WordsLevels of WordsLevels of WordsB BBThe Meaning of WordsThe Meaning of WordsThe Meaning of WordsC C CGeneral and Specific WordsGeneral and Specific WordsGeneral and Specific WordsDDDIdiomsIdiomsIdiomsE E EFigures of SpeechFigures of SpeechFigures of SpeechF F FDictionariesDictionariesDictionariesLevels of WordsstylisticformalcommonInformal(slang)P7P8P8Compare the following sentencesoAfter a double attempt to insert himself through the window,Michael conceded failure.oAfter two tries at climbing in through,Michael gave up.Words can be:roughly,formal,general,and slang in terms of style.Formal wordsoDefinition:Can be called learned words,or literary words,or“big”words.oUsage:Formal writing.oFeature:Three or more than three syllables.oExamples:recognition/characteristically/elevated/monolithic/investigation/incipient/inclination/noncasualCommon wordsoDefinition:those that people use every day,and appear in all kinks of writing.The following clips are chosen from a Chinese movie.Watch and choose one of them to dub in English.Clip 1:Clip 2:甲方乙方（甲方乙方（1）To learn Common Or Formal?l l五彩缤纷五彩缤纷的刘导：的刘导：Director Director Liu from Liu from MulticolorMulticolorl l嘉宾：嘉宾：distinguished guestdistinguished guestl l中央电视台的春节晚会：中央电视台的春节晚会：CCTV Spring Festival GalaCCTV Spring Festival Galal l普通人：普通人：a(n)ordinary/common person a(n)ordinary/common person l l签名：签名：signaturesignaturel l影迷：影迷：fansfansl l演艺圈：演艺圈：entertainment circleentertainment circlel l是是非非：是是非非：gossipgossipl l冷冷清清的过日子：冷冷清清的过日子：live in peacelive in peacel l委托我们全权代理：委托我们全权代理：authorize us to be your representativeauthorize us to be your representativeMore 甲方乙方（甲方乙方（2）To learn l l我们就是吃这碗饭的：我们就是吃这碗饭的：我们就是吃这碗饭的：我们就是吃这碗饭的：Thats just our work.Thats just our work.l l对售后服务进行摸底：对售后服务进行摸底：对售后服务进行摸底：对售后服务进行摸底：ask sb.for feedback on afterask sb.for feedback on after service servicel l神通广大：神通广大：神通广大：神通广大：powerful powerful l l起诉：起诉：起诉：起诉：sue sb.sue sb.l l名誉权：名誉权：名誉权：名誉权：reputation right reputation right l l三炒两炒把你炒红了：三炒两炒把你炒红了：三炒两炒把你炒红了：三炒两炒把你炒红了：Youll become famous again withYoull become famous again with those negative reports.those negative reports.l l沾你的光：沾你的光：沾你的光：沾你的光：count on youcount on youl l我也得吃饭：我也得吃饭：我也得吃饭：我也得吃饭：I have to survive.I have to survive.l l特别走红：特别走红：特别走红：特别走红：very hotvery hotIdea Sharing Common Or Formal?Informal/Slang wordsoThey seldom appear in formal writing,and in literary works their main use is to record peoples thoughts and dialogues.oSlang words are highly informal;they may be vivid and interesting,but they may,when used inappropriately,make the write or speaker sound offensive or funny.P16-17oThe violin virtuosos performance on the cello was a real bomb.oThe author has put a terrific lot into her book and she comes up with some pretty good ideas.She really goes to town over horror films.According to her these help you get rid of hang-ups as well as frighten the pants off you.was a big failureThe author has made a lifetimes study of film history,and the knowledge she has accumulated is tempered by a fine sense of judgment.She devotes a whole chapter to an analysis of horror films.These films,according to her,do much more than just frighten us;they enable us to our worries.The Meaning of WordsmeaningdenotativeconnotativecountrylandstatenationAn area of land and its populationand governmentPeople of a countryThe governmentor political organizationLess precise but more literary andemotive than countryStylistic levelDegree of emphasisEmotional coloringCollocationToneFormal(Big)/Informal(Small)WordsEG:The communication between them is extremely hard to understand for a little kid.Their talk is nonsense.Compare:Big/LargeStylistic level P17P18 Classroom Activities1.If there is an accident or incident that may be covered by this policy,notify us in writing as soon as possible.You can give this notice to any of our authorized agents.2.wait for a second/withdraw/stop3.1)friends/colleagues colloquial 2)colleagues formal 3)head of the department most formalEmotional coloring ToneSmall/LittleSmall is objective,while little may imply a feeling of fondness.Modest/HumbleBoth indicate a lack of pride,but modesty is a virtue and humbleness is not.Humble often connotes undue self-depreciation.CollocationHabitually used with certain wordsA large/big amount of money.A large/big number of people.He is a man with large/great courage.I have big/great confidence in myself.Suggestions1.Do not take the Chinese equivalent.2.English words that may be translated into the same Chinese expression are not necessarily synonymous.General and Specific Wordsn nGeneral Words are recapitulative.General Words are recapitulative.n nSpecific Words are detailed.Specific Words are detailed.n n -help to make writing clear,exact,vivid,and striking,for -help to make writing clear,exact,vivid,and striking,for they are more informative and expressive than general words.they are more informative and expressive than general words.n nE.G.E.G.n na a goodgood man-kind,honest,just,generous,sympathetic,man-kind,honest,just,generous,sympathetic,brave,warm-hearted,selfless,honorable brave,warm-hearted,selfless,honorablen ngoodgood food-tasty,delicious,nourishing,rich,wholesome,food-tasty,delicious,nourishing,rich,wholesome,fresh,appetizing,abundant fresh,appetizing,abundant Idiomsn nDefinitionDefinition-a fixed group of words with a special meaning -a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meaning of the words that from it.which is different from the meaning of the words that from it.(none of the words can be changed to form another(none of the words can be changed to form another understandable phrase.)understandable phrase.)n nFunctionFunction-natural and idiomatic-natural and idiomaticn n1.informal or colloquial in style,can be used in conversation;1.informal or colloquial in style,can be used in conversation;some should be used with caresome should be used with caren n2.clich2.clich s,no longer fresh or interesting.s,no longer fresh or interesting.n nE.gE.g P14 P14Figures of Speech SimileMetaphorPersonificationMetonymySynecdocheEuphemismIronyOverstatementUnderstatementTransferredEpithetOxymoronAlliterationSupplementSimileDefinition-comparison between 2 distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like.E.G.O my loves like a red,red rose.That man cant be trusted.Hes as slippery as an eel.The old mans hair is as white as snow.MetaphorDefinition-the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.(implied,not expressed with the word as or like)E.G.O my loves like a red,red rose.O my loves a red,red rose.He is the soul of the team.n.v.a.ad.can be used in a metaphorical wayPersonificationDefinition-treat a thing as if it were human or had human qualities.(in poetry)E.G.Youth is hot and bold,Age is weak and cold,Youth is wild,and Age is tame.-William ShakespeareMetonymyDefinition-substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.(brevity and vividness)crownkingthe White House US governmentthe bottle wine/alcohol the barthe legal professionSynecdocheDefinition-a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for the part.Metonymy and Synecdoche both involve substitution.E.G.We are short of hands during the harvest season.He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs.EuphemismDefinition-the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.to dieto pass awayold people senior citizensmad emotionally disturbed dustmansanitation workerIronyDefinition-the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant,in order to achieve a special effect.E.G.(it was raining heavily)“What fine weather for an outing!”You are a genius,nobody would make such mistakes as you do.Overstatement/HyperboleUnderstatementDefinition-exaggerate the subject&play down the magnitude.(impressive or interesting)E.G.She is dying to know what job has been assigned her.It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.Transferred EpithetDefinition-shifted from the n.it logically modifies to a word associated with that n.E.G.The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder.He said“Yes”to the question in an unthinking moment.The assistant kept a respectful distance from his boss when they were walking in the corridor.OxymoronDefinition-A phrase that combines 2 words that seem to be the opposite of each other.Apparently contradictory term are combined to produce a special effect.E.G.She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile.The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.AlliterationDefinition-the appearance of the same initial constant sound in 2 or more words.(poetry to emphasis to words that are related in meaning.)proud as a peacockblind as a batacademic achievementBuffalo Bill SupplementParadox-a statement containing 2 opposite ideas that make it seem impossible or unlikely although it is probably true.Allusion-sth.That is said or written that refers to or mentions another person or subject in an indirect way.Parallelism-similarity by virtue of corresponding.Antithesis-the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance.Give me liberty,or give me death.Such a rich country should have so many poor People living in it.DictionariesTo know what a dictionary contains and how it can best be used,one should spend some time reading its front matter or introductory material,and look at its table of contents.Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English(ALD)Homework1.Finish Task 3 P132.Review the“Figures of Speech”3.Analysis the passage of Martin Luther King,Jr.s“I have a dream”on P21To Chapter 3To Chapter 3The End of Chapter 2 You can watch the Video after class