专四语法第15节-倒装和省略.docx

专四语法第15节-倒装和省略专四语言知识之倒装与省略倒装一、 知识要点英语陈述句的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后。但是在某些场合，为了强调、突出等目的会颠倒原有语序，这种句式叫做倒装(Inversion)句。 倒装句有两种形式：完全倒装(Full Inversion)和部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。1、完全倒装将整个谓语动词或整个谓语部分都放在主语前面时，称为完全倒装。使用完全倒装的情况有：(1) 以here, there, now, then, from, out, down, in, up, away, on等副词开头的句子，且谓语动词都是属于移动的含义，主语为名词时。如：There followed a long silence. 接着是一阵长时间的沉默。Now come the long-awaited guests. 盼望已久的客人们现在来了。From the distance came occasional shots. 从远处不时传来枪声。Out rushed a tiger. 一只老虎冲了出去。*注意：如果上述情况中主语为代词，则句子不必倒装。如：Out he rushed. 他冲了出去。Here she came. 她来了。(2) 地点状语置于句首，且主语为名词时。此类句中的谓语动词大多是表示走动或状态的不及物动词go, come, stand, sit, lie 等。如：Under the tree sat an old wrinkled man. 一位满脸皱纹的老人坐在树下。At the door stood a girl about the same height as mine. 在门边站着个跟我差不多一样高的女孩。(3) 表语放在句首以加强语气时，主语要放在be动词之后形成完全倒装。如:Below is the blue ocean. 下面是蓝色的海洋。(4) 有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词、过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装。如：Standing at the door is a charming girl. 坐在门口的是一个可人的女孩。To be carefully considered are the following questions. 下列问题要仔细考虑。2、部分倒装只将助动词置于主语前，谓语其余部分置于主语后，则是部分倒装。下列情况使用部分倒装：(1) 否定词及含有否定意义的副词或词组置于句首时，句子要部分倒装： never, no, not, not only, hardly, scarcely, rarely, little, seldom, nowhere, no soonerthan, hardly/ barely/ scarcely when, not until, at no time, by no means, on no account, in no way, in no case, on no condition, in/under no circumstances 等。如：In no way am I responsible for what has happened. 我决不会对已经发生的事负责。No sooner had the bell rung than the students rushed out of the classroom. 铃声一响，学生们就跑出了教室。(2) 以only修饰状语开头的句子，要部分倒装。如：Only last week did they get married. 他们上个星期刚结婚。Only if I get a job will I have enough money to get the camera. 我只有找到了工作才有足够的钱买那款相机。*注意：only属于主语的一部分时，不可用倒装结构。如：Only a few people understood what he said. 只有很少人懂得他在说什么。(3) 以下列副词或短语开头的句子，句子要部分倒装so, such, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point等。如：Such was the weather that I could not go out. 天气如此这般，我出不了门。To such a degree did the story touch me that I took notes of it. 这个故事深深地打动了我，于是我把它记了下来。(4) 句首为so, nor, neither等副词，表明前句说明的情况也适用于该句时，句子通常要部分倒装。如：He didnt say anything. Nor/ Neither did his assistant. 他什么都没说，他助手也没吭声。People in Britain rest two days a week. So do Chinese. 英国人一周休息两天，中国人也一样。*注意：当so放在句首只是对对方所陈述的内容表示肯定时，不用倒装。如：“Tom wants to complete the important task.” “So he does.” “汤姆想完成那项重要的任务。”“他的确想。”(5) 虚拟条件句可以省略连同if，把从句中的助动词(were, should/could/might或had)移至主语前，形成部分倒装。如：Had you been (= If you had been ) here last night, you would have met her. 如果你昨晚来这里的话，你就会见到她。Be any person (= If any person be) guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. 任何人犯罪，法院都有权上诉。Were I you (=If I were you)，I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。(6) as和though引导的让步状语从句通常用倒装结构，as必须用倒装结构，though可用也可不用倒装。这种倒装通常是把从句中的表语、状语或谓语动词放在句首。如：Small as it is, an atom can still be seen. 虽然小，原子还是能被看见。Sick as/ though she was, she came to work. 尽管她病了，她还是来上班了。省略 为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接，英语中常常会省略。以下为常考的几种省略 (Ellipsis) 形式。1.并列句中，如果后面句子和前面句子有相同的成分，往往都会省略，以避免重复。To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is) so hard. 对有些人而言笑一下很容易，而对另一些人而言则很困难。I guess Lisa will dance in the party but Jane wont (dance in the party). 我认为丽萨会在聚会上跳舞，而简不会。2.复合句中从句的句尾和主句相重复时从句的句尾部分可省掉。Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice wont (sweep the floor). 因为爱丽丝不打扫地板，玛丽只好去打扫了。He may leave if he wishes to (leave). 如果他想走的话，他可以走。3.在以if, when, though, although, as, as if 等连词引导的从句中，如从句中主要动词是be，可将主语和动词be省掉。He is very good at dancing, though (he is) very old. 虽然他年事已高，但他却跳得非常棒。when (he was) asked about the advertising campaign of the new product, the manager said it was a great success. 问及新产品的广告宣传时，经理称很成功。This is an illness that can result in total blindness left untreated.A. after B. if C. since D. unless译文：这种病如果得不到治疗，就会导致完全失明。分析：如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且主动词为be，通常可省略从句的主语和系动词。本题根据句意应选B。 此句完整形式为This is an illness that can result in total blindness if it is left untreated.4.用do, so, do so, not等替代旬中的一部分，构成省略。(1) do 代替主动词。如： Laura looks very happy. She always used to do (= look very happy), I remember. 劳拉看起来很开心，我记得她以前也总是（看起来开心）。(2) do so 替代谓语结构，有时可以和do that, do it 交替使用。如：He said he would tell me the news, but he didnt do so/ that/it (= tell me the news).他说要告诉我那条消息，但是他没有。（本句中的do so / that/ it 也可不要。）(3) so+助动词+主语，该结构中的主语与前一句的主语指代不同的对象，表示也是如此”。如：They want to see the famous basketball match and so do I. 他们想看这场有名的篮球赛，我也想去看。I was tired, and so were they. 我很累，他们也是。(4) so+主语+助动词，该结构中的主语指的就是前一句话中的主语，表示说话人认同对方的看法，意为可不是嘛，的确如此。如：They will win the championship.” “So they will. ” 他们会获得冠军。 “可不是吗。”(5) so 或not可替代that从句，常与Im afraid, believe, expect, fear, guess, hope, suppose, think等词语搭配。如：“ Is he coming? ” “I believe so. / I hope not.” “他就来吗？” “我想是的。/ 我希望他不来。”(6) so与not可用来代替if后面的从句。如：Have you got a free evening next week? If so, lets have dinner; if not, Im going without you. 下周哪个晚上有空吗? 要是有空，我们一块吃晚饭吧。如果没空，我就自己去了。真题：1. both sides accept the agreement a lasting peace be established in this region.A. Only if, will B. If only, would C. Should, will D. Unless, would2. Only take such clothes really necessary.A. as were B. as they are C. as they were D. as are3. So badly in the car accident that he had to stay in hospital for a few months.A. did he injure B. injured him C. was he injured D. he was injured4. he needed money for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from the bank.A. Much as B. Much although C. As much D. Though much5.The central provinces have floods in some years, and .A drought in others B. droughts are others C. while other droughts D. others in drought6. This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals in Africa.A hunted B. hunting C. that hunted D. are hunted7. The following are all correct responses to “who told the news to the teacher? EXCEPTA. Jim did this. B. Jim did so. C. Jim did that D. Jim did8. Acute he helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people .A. do B. hear C. do them D. hearing it 9. A: Mother, you promised to take me out. B: Well, A. so do I. B. so did I. C. so I do！ D. so I did！10. Little about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger. A. she cared B. she may care C. may she care D. did she care11. It is going to be fine tomorrow. A. so is it. B. So it is. C. So it does. D. so does it.12. my umbrella with me when I came out this morning, I should not be so wet now.A. Had I taken B. will I take C. Have I taken D. Would I taken13. China has promised to revise its existing regulations and new policies according to WTO requirements.A. formingB. to formC. to be formingD. have formed14. _ both sides accept the agreement _ a lasting peace be established in this region.A. Only if; will B. If only; would C. Should; will D. Unless; would 15. We have been told that under no circumstances _ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.A. may we use B. we may use C. we could use D. did we use16. _ at first, they came to an agreement in the end.A. Much as they differed B. As much they differedC. As they much differed D. As they differed much17. Especially important to many people _.A. there is legislation against pollutionB. is legislation against pollutionC. it is legislation against pollutionD. legislation against pollution is18. Not until the 1970s _ an important topic among nations of the world.A. environmental protection became B. did environmental protection becomeC. the protection of environment becameD. Protection became environmental19. Rarely _ unless they are cornered or provoked.A. snakes that attack a man B. do attack snakes to a manC. snakes attack a man D. do snakes attack a man20. Not for a single moment _ giving light.A. the sun has stopped B. stopped has the sunC. has the sun stopped D. has stopped the sun21. _will Michael accept it. A. Only if it is a high-paying job. B. If only it is a high-paying jobC. Only it is a high-paying job D. did I realize22. Only by doing the work themselves _.A. the students able get experience B. will the students get experienceC. the students will to get experience D. will the students getting experience23. _ in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city. A. The fourth biggest city it was B. Once the fourth biggest cityC. Being the fourth biggest city D. It was once the fourth biggest city24. Only under special circumstances _ to take make-up tests.A. are freshmen permitted B. freshmen are permittedC. permitted are freshmen D. are permitted freshmen25. _ beautiful was Alaska that everybody looked at her in admiration. A. Very B. Too C. Such D. So26. _ for London at 9 than it began to rain.A. Jack had hardly B. As soon as Jack leftC. The moment Jack left D. No sooner had Jack left 27. _to obtain, but it also a solution to environmental pollution. A. Solar energy is not only easy B. Solar energy is easy not only C. Not only easy is solar energy D. Not only is solar energy easy28. _ him tomorrow?A. Why not to call on B. Why dont call on C. Why not calling on D. Why not call on29. Acute hearing helps most animals sense the approach of thunderstorms long before people _. A. do B. hear C. do them C. hearing it30. Once , this power station will supply all the neighboring towns and villages with electricity.A. it being completed B. it completed C. completed D. it completes 31. It is a sunny day today. A. So it does. B. So is it. C. So it is. D. So does it.32. The sentence “Had he known her address, he would have written to her” means thatA.he has known her address B. he knew her addressC. he didnt know her address D. he asked for her address33. On no account ever leave the baby at home alone.A. should you B. you should C. shall you D. you shall34. Only by practicing a few hours every day be able to master the language.A you can B. can you C. you will D. will you35. Not only the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.A. he refused B. refused he C. did he refuse D. he did refuse36. Little what was upsetting me.A. may he realize B. he realizes C. he may realize D. did he realize37. No sooner his speech than listeners put forward questions.A. he has finished B. has he finished C. he had finished D. had he finished38. When , the bridge connecting the island to the continent will be open to traffic next year.A. completed B. completing C. being completed D. to be completed39. All the following sentences contain ellipsis (省略) EXCEPTA. Nice to see you again. B. I hate him as much as you.C. What a sunny day! D. Your mother is at home, isnt she?40. for the fact that his father was in hospital, he might have gone abroad.A. Hadnt it been B. Had it not been C. Were it not D. Was it not41. Not until three years ago to work overseas.A. he began B. he begins C. began he D. did he begin42. Mr. Green did give us a lecture about anthropology, but not a word .A. could we understand B. we could understand C. we may understand D. may we understand43. If not equally, Jack will frankly express his dissatisfaction.A. treated B. having been treated C. being treated D. be treated44. Only when one loses freedom its value.A. does one know B. one knows C. one does know D. knows one45. _ she would not have been met with the accident.A. Linda had been more careful B. Had Linda been more carefulC. If Linda were more careful D. Linda was more careful46. It is going to be fine tomorrow. A. So is it. B. So it is. C. So it does. D. So does it.47. Little about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger.A. she cared B. she may care C. may she care D. did she care48. You didnt agree with the manager. A. Neither did I B. Nor didnt I C. I did so D. Nor I did49. An opportunity is something that, , by no means youll get back.A. if you lose B. when lose C. once lost D. after losing50. Henry spares no effort to get two tickets for the concert held at the Sports Center. .A. So he is B. So he does C. So is he D. So does he