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写作总论写作总论1.1.写作命题剖析写作命题剖析n大纲要求：写作部分要求考生用英语进行短文写作，思想表达准确、意义连贯、无重大语法错误。写作总论写作总论写作部分考核的技能是：A.A.思想表达思想表达1）.表达中心思想2）.表达重要或特定信息3）.表达观点、态度等B.B.篇章组织篇章组织4）.围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点5）.连贯地组句成段，组段成篇写作总论写作总论C.C.语言运用语言运用6）.运用恰当的词汇7）.运用正确的语法8）.运用合适的句子结构9）.使用正确的标点符号10）.运用衔接手段表达句间关系(如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等)D.D.写作格式写作格式11）.运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式写作总论写作总论n大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到教教学要求学要求中的一般要求，即中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性的的事件等，能写常见的应用文，能就一般性的话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120120词的短文，词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。基本的写作技能。”写作总论写作总论2.四级写作评分原则和标准四级写作评分原则和标准评分原则：评分原则：1.CET1.CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四六级教学要求，是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。2.CET2.CET作文题采用总体评分作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分象给出奖励分(Reward Scores),(Reward Scores),而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。3.3.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。4.4.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分;该给低分的给低分，该给低分的给低分，包括包括0 0分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。几种分数。写作总论写作总论评分标准：评分标准：本题满分为本题满分为1515分分.共分五等：共分五等：2-42-4分、分、5-75-7分、分、8-108-10分、分、11-1311-13分及分及14-1514-15分。分。2-42-4分分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子均有错误，且条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或在部分句子均有错误，且多数严重错误。多数严重错误。5-75-7分分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8-108-10分分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当，多其中有一些是严重错误。误相当，多其中有一些是严重错误。11-1311-13分分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14-1514-15分分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误仅有个别小错误写作总论写作总论注：注：1.1.白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给的词而无法表达思想，则给0 0分。分。2.2.如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数得计入所写字数3.3.只写一段者：只写一段者：0404分；只写两段者：分；只写两段者：0909分分（指规定三段的作文）（指规定三段的作文）Women in the Modern WorldWomen are playing an increasingly important part in society today.Intoday,manywomenhaveawork.Theyworkedaswellasmenplayinganimportantpartinfactories.Therearemanywomeningoveneralso.Theyleadotherpeoplecomtral,andmake out plans.There are many women scientist also.Theyeventnewthingstoimproveourlife.With the changes in their social role,womens position in the family has been improved as well.Inancient,womenspositioninfamilyispity.Theyhadtolooksaftertheirchildren,dideveryhowhusbandorderedhertodo.Butnowitischanged.Theyareequaltoherhusband.Theyhavetherightofspeakingofidea,discussionthingswithherhusband,dowhatshewantstodo.In spite of these changes,the liberation of woman has not been completely realized.We also should realize,womenslikerty are limited.For example,many factories want menbecomeitsworkersbutthechanceofwomenislessthanmen.Everyone should do their best to change this condition.Imsure,theliberationofwomenwouldbeincreased.评分样卷(1)5 5分分基本切题，表达不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重错误。基本切题，表达不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重错误。Women are playing an increasing important part in society today.Moreandmorewomengotoworktoearnmoneyinsteadofkeepingthehouseorlookingafterthechildren.Womenhaveenteredmanyfieldsofsocietyincludingscientificfield.Asweknow,many women sports teams have won the worldschampionsuchasChineseWomensVolleyballTeam.With the changes in their social role,womans position in the family has been improved as well.Husbands are not themastersofwivesinmanyplaces.Husbandsandwifeareequalnow.They join together to overcome difficulties and sharehappiness.In spite of these changes,the liberation of women has not been completely realized.Also in some places,women areconsidered being“things”belong to men.They have littlechancetofindjobs.Theydontgetequalpayforequaljob.Thisisaproblemmustbesolvednotonlybysocietybutalsobywomenthemselves.Women in the Modern World评分样卷(2)11 11分分切题，思想表达清楚，连贯。有个别句子结构错误及少切题，思想表达清楚，连贯。有个别句子结构错误及少量其他语言方面的错误量其他语言方面的错误 Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.Manywomentodayareplayinganimportantpartatworksthat wasthought only could bedonebythemenbefore.Forexample,somewomenarenotsecretaryintheoffice,instead,theybecomemanagerofacompany.With the changes in their social role,womans position in the family has been improved as well.In the world today,moreandmorewomenhavetheirownjobs.Theygettheirown salary,and become more independent from theirhusband.Withtheeconomicsituationimproved,theirfamilypositionisimproving.Inspiteofthesechanges,theliberationofwomanhasnotbeencompletelyrealized.Manyhusbandsonlywanthiswifetostayathome,anddosomeworksordosomeshopping.They only want their wife to be a housewife,but not amanagerofacompany.Women in the Modern World评分样卷(3)8 8分分基本切题，思想表达尚清楚，基本连贯，有个别严重的基本切题，思想表达尚清楚，基本连贯，有个别严重的语言错误及用词不当，但可以理解。语言错误及用词不当，但可以理解。Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.Inmanycountries,moreandmorewomenareactingasworkers,farmers,scientistsandevenleaders.Wecansaythatalmost all jobs which men can do are done perfectly bywomen.Womenarenolongerlookeddownuponbysociety.With the changes in their social role,womens position in the family has been improved as well.Husbandandwifearenowequal in the family.They cope with problems of daily lifetogether,andsharehappinesswitheachother.Also,youcanhardlyfindoutthatintodaysfamilies,womenarebeingbusywith dinners,whereas men are comfortably sitting inarmchairs,readingnewspapers.In spite of these changes,the liberation of woman has not been completely realized.Wealsoshouldrealizethatwomensliberty is limited.For example,many factories want men astheiremployeesandthechanceofwomenisslimerthanmen.Everyone should do their best to change this condition.Imsuretheliberationofwomenwouldbereached.Women in the Modern World评分样卷(4)14 14分分切题，文章通顺，语言规范。句法有一定变化，用词适切题，文章通顺，语言规范。句法有一定变化，用词适当。有个别小错，但不影响理解。当。有个别小错，但不影响理解。写作总论写作总论3.四级写作命题规律与预测四级写作命题规律与预测1 1）新：对传统的三段论式作文提出挑战，新的题型层出不穷。特别是）新：对传统的三段论式作文提出挑战，新的题型层出不穷。特别是20032003年以来，先后考过交通事故目击证词、导游词等首次出现的题目，年以来，先后考过交通事故目击证词、导游词等首次出现的题目，所以仅仅依靠背诵套句变得越来越行不通。需要同学们重视提高自己所以仅仅依靠背诵套句变得越来越行不通。需要同学们重视提高自己的真正写作水平，以不变应万变。的真正写作水平，以不变应万变。2 2）综合能力考核：纯粹的记叙、说明或议论文的考核被同时考核三种能）综合能力考核：纯粹的记叙、说明或议论文的考核被同时考核三种能力的综合性题目所代替，如力的综合性题目所代替，如20032003年年9 9月份的考题，就要求考生在第一月份的考题，就要求考生在第一段叙述你的段叙述你的classmateclassmate生病或受伤的过程，第二段要求说明一下各方面生病或受伤的过程，第二段要求说明一下各方面对他的关心，第三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求我们要全面对他的关心，第三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求我们要全面发展自己的写作能力，不可偏废。发展自己的写作能力，不可偏废。3 3）实用：实用文体的写作出现得越来越多，书信作文屡次出现，）实用：实用文体的写作出现得越来越多，书信作文屡次出现，20042004年年6 6月还考了一篇导游词。这体现了四级作文对学生实际运用英语能力的月还考了一篇导游词。这体现了四级作文对学生实际运用英语能力的关注，也是四级作文备考训关注，也是四级作文备考训练的重点之一。练的重点之一。写作总论写作总论3.1最近几年四级考试作文题目最近几年四级考试作文题目2006.6VolunteersNeeded(应用文应用文)2006.6.OnStudentsSelectingLecturers（论说文论说文）2006.12.SpringFestivalGalaonTV(论说文论说文)2007.6.Welcometoourclub（应用文应用文）2007.12.WhatElectivestoChoose（论说文论说文）2008.6.RecreationalActivities(论说文论说文)2008.12.LimitingtheUseofDisposalBags（论说文论说文）2009.6.FreeAdmissiontoMuseums（论说文论说文）2009.12.CreateaGreenCampus(论说文论说文)写作总论写作总论3.2.命题形式命题形式3.2.1.3.2.1.提纲作文提纲作文 提纲作文实质上是议论文，其下可分为四种类型：提纲作文实质上是议论文，其下可分为四种类型：n现象阐释型现象阐释型 :2003:2003年年1 1月四级作文考题月四级作文考题 nDirections:Directions:For For this this part,part,you you are are allowed allowed thirty thirty minutes minutes to to write write a a composition composition on on the the topic topic It It Pays Pays to to Be Be Honest.Honest.You You should should write write at at least least 120 120 words words according to the outline given below in Chinese.according to the outline given below in Chinese.1.1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象；当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象；2.2.诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。写作总论写作总论n问问题题对对策策型型：分分析析问问题题，找找出出成成因因，提提出出解解决决办办法法，题目实例如下：题目实例如下：n19971997年年6 6月四级英语作文真题月四级英语作文真题 nDirections:Directions:For For this this part,part,you you are are allowed allowed thirty thirty minutes minutes to to write write a a composition composition on on the the topic topic Getting Getting to to Know Know the the World World Outside Outside the the Campus.Campus.You You should should write write at at least least 100 100 words words and and you you should should base base your your composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:composition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:1.1.大学生了解社会的必要性；大学生了解社会的必要性；2.2.了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务 等）；等）；3.3.我打算怎么做。我打算怎么做。写作总论写作总论n观点对比型观点对比型辨析两种对立观点，题目实例如下：辨析两种对立观点，题目实例如下：n19951995年年1 1月四级作文真题月四级作文真题 nDirections:Directions:For For this this part,part,you you are are allowed allowed 30 30 minutes minutes to to write write a a composition composition on on the the topic topic Can Can Money Money Buy Buy Happiness?Happiness?You You should should write write no no less less than than 100 100 words words and and you you should should base base your your composition composition on on the the outline outline(given in Chinese)below:(given in Chinese)below:1.1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happinesssource of happiness）2.2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evilroot of all evil）3.3.我的看法我的看法 写作总论写作总论n论说反驳型论说反驳型支持或驳斥一种观点，题目实例如下：支持或驳斥一种观点，题目实例如下：n19981998年年6 6月四级作文真题月四级作文真题 nDirections:Directions:For For this this part,part,you you are are allowed allowed thirty thirty minutes minutes to to write write a a composition composition on on the the topic topic Do Do“Lucky Lucky NumbersNumbers”Really Really Bring Bring Good Good Luck?Luck?You You should should write write at at least least 100 100 words words and and you you should should base base your your composition composition on on the the outline outline(given(given in in Chinese)Chinese)below:below:1.1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运；有些人认为某些数字会带来好运；2.2.我认为数字和运气无关，我认为数字和运气无关，写作总论写作总论3.2.2.3.2.2.图表作文图表作文近十年来图表作文只考过一次柱状图近十年来图表作文只考过一次柱状图 情景作文的实质是记叙文，主要考过如下类型：情景作文的实质是记叙文，主要考过如下类型：A.A.书信书信 （1 1）告知信）告知信/建议信建议信:2004:2004年年1 1月月 四级作文真题四级作文真题 nDirections:Directions:For For this this part,part,you you are are allowed allowed 30 30 minutes minutes to to write write a a letter letter in in reply reply to to a a friends friends inquiry inquiry about about applying applying for for admission admission to to your your college college or or university.university.You You should should write write at at least least 120 120 words words according according to to the the outline given below in Chinese:outline given below in Chinese:1.1.建议报考的专业及理由；建议报考的专业及理由；2.2.报考该专业的基本条件；报考该专业的基本条件；3.3.应当如何备考。应当如何备考。写作总论写作总论（2 2）综合信）综合信 n20022002年年1 1月四级作文真题月四级作文真题 nDirections:Directions:For For this this part,part,you you are are allowed allowed thirty thirty minutes minutes to to write write a a composition composition on on the the topic:topic:A A Letter Letter to to the the University University President President about about the the Canteen Canteen Service Service on on Campus Campus You You should should write write at at least least 120 120 words,words,and and base base your your composition composition on on the the outline outline given given in in Chinese below:Chinese below:n假假设设你你是是李李明明，请请你你就就本本校校食食堂堂的的状状况况给给校校长长写写一一封封信信，内内容容应应涉涉及及食食堂堂的的饭饭菜菜质质量量、价价格格、环环境境、服服务务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。写作总论写作总论nB.B.演讲致辞演讲致辞 n20052005年年1 1月四级作文真题月四级作文真题 nDirections:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union.election to the post of chairman of the student union.You should write at least 120 words following the You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese.outline given below in Chinese.A Campaign Speech A Campaign Speech 1.1.你认为自己具备是什么条件你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，爱好能力，性格，爱好)可以可以胜任学生会主席工作，胜任学生会主席工作，2.2.如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？写作总论写作总论3.3.四级作文可能会出现的题目四级作文可能会出现的题目 1 1）考试的命题作文大都是议论文结构，一般来说题目）考试的命题作文大都是议论文结构，一般来说题目内容应该是考生所熟悉的，能够有话可说的，如那些内容应该是考生所熟悉的，能够有话可说的，如那些社会热点问题就是经常出的题目。社会热点问题就是经常出的题目。2 2）但不是所有的热点问题都会成为考试题目。考试题）但不是所有的热点问题都会成为考试题目。考试题目还要和考试对象的文化背景，年龄特点相一致，所目还要和考试对象的文化背景，年龄特点相一致，所以有关大学生生活，学习，理想等的题目经常出现。以有关大学生生活，学习，理想等的题目经常出现。3 3）作文题目会考虑到考生的语言水平，也就是说学生）作文题目会考虑到考生的语言水平，也就是说学生要求掌握的词汇和结构能否足够表达所考的题目。要求掌握的词汇和结构能否足够表达所考的题目。写作总论写作总论热点话题：热点话题：Economy Economy Society Society Science and technology Science and technology Media Media Entertainment Entertainment Education Education Environment Environment写作总论写作总论4.4.考试流程与时间分配考试流程与时间分配1 1）流程）流程8 8：45 45 验证入场（准考证、身份证、学生证）验证入场（准考证、身份证、学生证）8 8：55-955-9：00 00 试音考前准备过程试音考前准备过程9 9：00 00 考试正式开始考试正式开始9 9：00009 9：1010播考场指令并发答题卡一、二播考场指令并发答题卡一、二 答题卡一写作与快速阅读部分答题卡一写作与快速阅读部分 答题卡二听力、阅读、完型和翻译答题卡二听力、阅读、完型和翻译9 9：10109 9：40 40 开始答题开始答题 写作部分（写作部分（9 9：3535发试题册）发试题册）写作总论写作总论2 2）写作时间分配写作时间分配i)i)审题（审题（5 5分钟）分钟）要解决的问题：分清题型确定体裁、揣摩题意紧扣主题、要解决的问题：分清题型确定体裁、揣摩题意紧扣主题、构思写作环环相扣构思写作环环相扣例如：例如：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayinhonorofteachersontheoccasionofTeachersDay.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.1.1.向老师表达祝贺向老师表达祝贺2.2.从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私奉献从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私奉献3.3.我如何回报老师的关爱我如何回报老师的关爱写作总论写作总论n再再比比如如：For this part,your are allowed 30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicTryingto Be A Good University Student.You shouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcomposition on the outline(given in Chinese)below:（1 1）做合格大学生的必要性做合格大学生的必要性（2 2）做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体等方面谈）做合格大学生的必备条件（可以德智体等方面谈）（3 3）我打算这样做我打算这样做写作总论写作总论nii)ii)写作过程（写作过程（2020分钟）分钟）n要注意的事项：要注意的事项：nA)A)选择恰当的词汇选择恰当的词汇n注意选词的准确性：注意选词的准确性：n例如：学习知识例如：学习知识nlearnknowledge（）nacquire/getknowledge（）nAstheonlychildinmyfamily,Imnotusedtosleepingwithsomanypeopleinthesamedormitory.（）nAstheonlychildinmyfamily,Imnotusedtosharingaroomwithsomanypeople.（）写作总论写作总论nProfessor Li is very popular with the studentsbecauseheismodestandchildish.（）nChildishchildlikenMarywonJaneinthespeechcontest（）nwonbeatnWiththedevelopmentofbigcities,aproblemhasarisenbeforeus:trafficincitieshasbecomemoreandmoreseriousthanbefore.（）nmoreandmoreseriousheavierandheavier写作总论写作总论nTheycancleantheair,beautifythecity,developagoodclimateandweakennoise.nTheycancleantheair,beautifythecity,developahealthyclimateandreducenoise.nInaddition,abicyclewillnevergiveoffpoisonousgasasacaranditneedsonlyalittleplacetopark.nInaddition,abicycledoesnotgiveoffpoisonousgasasacaranditneedsonlyasmallplacetopark.写作总论写作总论n注意词义注意词义nWith the industrious development,there is agreatneedfordifferentkindsofenergy.nindustriousindustrialnTV commercials have a profound influence onoureverydaylife.neverydayeverydaynFirstweshoulduseournaturalresourcesinaneconomicway.neconomic economical写作总论写作总论n注意词汇的搭配注意词汇的搭配nHowever,thespeedofacarismuchfasterthanthatofabicycle.nHowever,thespeedofacarismuchhigherthanthatofabicycle.nInthepastthepriceofmilkwassoexpensivethatmostfamiliescouldnotaffordit.nInthepastthepriceofmilkwassohighthatmostfamiliescouldnotaffordit.nTheopportunitytobepromotedinajointventurewillbesmallerifonecannotspeakEnglish.nTheopportunitytobepromotedinajointventurewillbepoorerifonecannotspeakEnglish写作总论写作总论nInrecentoneandtwoyears,peoplewhotakeTOEFLhavedecreased.nInrecentoneandtwoyears,thenumberof people who take TOEFL test hasdecreased.nInthepastfewyears,grainhasdecreasedbynearly20%.nInthepastfewyears,theconsumptionofgrainhasdecreasedbynearly20%.写作总论写作总论n注意修饰语注意修饰语nHeneitherspeaksEnglishnorChinese.nHespeaksneitherEnglishnorChinese.nAttheageofsix,myfatherbegantogivemeEnglishlessons.nWhenIwassixyearsold,myfatherbegantogivemeEnglishlessons.nHavingcarriedouteconomicreformsinourcountry,peopleslivingstandardha
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