职称英语考试新增文章阅读理解和完型填空题全卫生类A级.doc

职称英语考试新增文章阅读理解和完型填空题全卫生类A级

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阅读理解.
+第三十四篇：Who Want to Live Forever?

If your doctor could give you a drug that would let you live a healthy life for twice as long ，would you take it?
The good news is that we may be drawing near to that date，Scientists have already extended the lives of flies ，worms and mice in laboratories. Many now think that using genetic treatments we will soon be able to extend human life to at least 140 years. This seems a great idea. Think of how much more time we could spend chasing our dreams，spending time with our loved ones，watching our families grow and have families of their own.
"Longer life would give us a chance to recover from our mistakes and promote long term thinking," says Dr Gregory Stock of the University Of California School Of Public Health. "It would also raise productivity by adding to the year we can work."
Longer lives don't just affect the people who live them. They also affect society as a whole. "We have war，poverty，all sorts of issues around，and I don't think any of them would be at all helped by having people live longer," says US bioethicist Daniel Callahan."The question is 'What will we get as a society? 'I suspect it won't be a better society."
It would certainly be a very different society. People are already finding it more difficult to stay married. Divorce rates are rising. What would happen to marriage in a society where people lived for 140 years? And what would happen to family life if nine or 10 generations of the same family were all alive at the same time?
Research into ageing may enable women to remain fertile for longer. And that raises the prospect of having 100-year-old parents，or brothers and sisters born 50 years apart. We think of an elder sibling as someone who can protect us and offer help and advice. That would be hard to do if that sibling came from a completely different generation.
Working life would also be affected，especially if the retirement age was lifted. More people would stay in work for longer. That would give us the benefits of age-skill，wisdom and good judgment.
On the other hand，more people working for longer would create greater competition for jobs. It would make it more difficult for younger people to find a job. Top posts would be dominated by the same few individuals，making career progress more difficult. And how easily would a 25-year-old employee be able to communicate with a 125-year-old boss?
Young people would be a smaller part of a society in which people lived to 140. It may be that such a society would place less importance on guiding and educating young people，and more on making life comfortable for the old.
And society would feel very different if more of its members were older. There would be more wisdom，but less energy. Young people like to move about. Old people like to sit still. Young people tend to act without thinking. Old people tend to think without acting. Young people are curious and like to experience different things. Old people are less enthusiastic about change. In fact ，they are less enthusiastic about everything.
The effect of anti-ageing technology is deeper than we might think. But as the science advances，we need to think about these changes now. " If this could ever happen，then we'd better ask what kind of society we want to get，" says Daniel Callahan. "We had better not go anywhere near it until we have figure those problems out."

词汇:
mice / mais / n. 老鼠(复数)
sibling / 'sibli? / n. 兄弟姐妹
bioethicist // n. 生物伦理学家

注释:
1. brothers and sisters born 50 years apart 出生年份相隔50年的兄弟姐妹
2. We had better not go anywhere near it 我们最好离它远点，这里的it指代前面讲的 anti-ageing technology.

练习:
1.  Which of the following is NOT mentioned as one of the things that living longer might enable an individual to do?
A． Spending  more time with his family.
B． Having  more education.
C． Realizing more dreams.
D． Working longer.
2.  Which of the following is implied in the sixth paragraph?
A．Marriages in the US today are quite unstable.
B．More and more people in the US today want to get married.
C．Living longer would make it easier for people to maintain their marital ties.
D．If people live longer ，they would stay in marriage longer.
3.  All of the following are possible effects living longer might have on working life EXCEPT
A．Communication between employers and employees would be more difficult.
B．More money would be used by employees in payment of their employees.
C．The job market would be more competitive.
D．It would be more difficult for young people to be promoted to top positions.
4.  An important feature of a society in which people live a long life is that
A．it places more emphasis on educating the young.
B．it is both wise and energetic.
C．it lacks the curiosity to experiment what is new.
D．it welcomes changes.
5. Which of the following best describes Callahan 's attitude to anti-ageing technology ?
A．Optimistic.
B．Pessimistic.
C．Reserved.
D．Negative.

答案与题解：
1. B  长寿使个人能做的事主要在第三、四段里讲到，作者没有提到长寿能够让人更多地接受教育。
2. A  本题答案以下面的这两句话为依据:People  are already finding  it more difficult  to stay married.  Divorce rates are rising.  暗示美国人当前的婚姻关系已经十分脆弱。
3. B  文章的第九段讲了寿命延长、退休推迟可能带来的种种问题，但作者没有提到雇佣者需要更多的钱来支付员工的工资。
4. C  答案能够在第十、十一这两段里找到。
5. C  本题的答案依据能够在最后一段里找到。Callahan 认为在搞清楚长寿社会会给我们带来哪些问题之前，最好不要急着搞抗衰老的技术。可见她对抗衰老技术的发展是有保留的。

+第四十篇：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others

Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others，according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors inf1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.
Those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out John Hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study.
Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.
The research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions ，spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ，reportedly healthy ，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.
"Most of us like the taste of salt. However，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltiness more ，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. "said Hayes. "Supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ，and at least for these foods， more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. "
However ，supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese ，Hayes noted. "For example ，cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ，but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt ," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced."
Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee ，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result ，Hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.
"Some people ，called supertasters，describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. "he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness. "

词汇:
publicize / 'p?blisaiz / v. 引起公众对…的注 意;(用广告)宣传
dietary / 'dai?teri / adj. 饮食的;规定食物的
ferment / 'f?:ment / v. (使)发酵
geneticist / d?i'netisist / n. 遗传学家
acuity / ?'kju:iti / n. 敏锐;尖锐

注释:
1. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences: 即 Penn State University-College of Agricultural Sciences 宾州州立大学农学院。Penn 是 Pennsylvania 的缩写，是美国宾夕法尼亚州州名。宾州州立大学建于1855年，在全国共有 24 个分校。在句中，Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences 用作定语，修饰 food scientist。
2. well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food:有关减少食物含盐量的大力宣传的做法.
3. left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others:使得许多人努力去接受适合其它人而不适合她们口味的食物。fare 相当于 food。
4. lead investigator:研发项目负责人
5. … carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods as soup and chips，on multiple occasion ，spread out over weeks:……经过仔细筛选的实验参与者，她们在几周内的不同时间 里品尝加了盐的食物，如汤和薯条。
6. too pronounced:此处 pronounced 为形容词，意为 very noticeable ，conspicuous(明显的，显著的)。
7. supertasting： 超重味感

练习:
1. In paragraph 2 ，John Hayes points out that
A    it is good to health to eat food without salt.
B    many people reject low-salt food completely.
C    many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly
D    food with reduced salt tastes better.
2.  The fourth paragraph describes briefly
A.  how to select subjects and what to do in the research.
B.   how to identify supertasters and nontasters.
C.   why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons.
D.   why to select more male subjects than female ones.
3.  The article argues that supertasters
A   like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food.
B   like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.
C   consume less salt because they don't like intensive tastes.
D   like to share salty cheese with nontasters.
4.  Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?
A  They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness.
B  They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste.
C  They prefer high-salt cheese，which tastes less bitter.
D  They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health.
5.  What message do the last two paragraphs carry?
A.  Taste acuity is genetically determined.
B.  Taste acuity is developed over time after birth.
C   Taste acuity is related to one's eye and hair color.
D   Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science.

答案与题解:
1. C   根据短文的第二段内容，很多人因为食物中的含盐量降低，因此必须做出很大努力 ( struggling) 去适应，而低盐食物对于她们来说，口味很不好(fare that simply does not taste… good to them) 。选项C有 accept reluctantly (勉强接受)表示了这层意思，因此是正确的选择。A 、B 、D 三个选项均是错误的。
2.  A    第四段介绍了科学家是如何设计这项研究的，它包含了研究对象的人数、性别、人选条件、咸度味感分级表等。选项 A 概括了这方面的内容，因此是答案。而选项 B 、C、D 所述内 容均不符合该段的意思。
3.  B         短文的第五段提供了答案。supertaster 在这里的意思是:口味重的人，在本文中，nontaster是其反义词，即，口味清谈的人。该段告诉我们，口味重的人消耗更多的盐;因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，口味越好，因此口味重的人对快餐较为偏爱。选项B表示了上述内容，因此是答案。
4.  C 短文第六段提供了答案。该段告诉我们，奶醋发酵会产生苦味，supertasters 不喜欢苦味，而高含盐量能够盖住奶酷里的苦睐，这是她们偏爱高盐奶酷的原因。因此，只有C是正确选择。
5.  A文章第七段中，Hayes引用了75年前一位遗传学专家的实验。从这项实验中，Hayes 得出的结论是，Taste acuity( 味觉敏度)上的差异与她们头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异是同一类现象，也就是说，都是与生俱来的。第八段又说，这是一种 biological difference (生物差异)，因此 A 是答案。B 说味觉敏'度是后天形成的，显然与作者的结论相左。C 说味觉敏度的差异与头发和眼睛的颜色上的差异有关，显然是错误的。D 的内容在最后两段都没有提到，因此不会是答案。

完型填空
+第十二篇：Dreams

Everyone can dream．Indeed, everyone does dream．Those who 1 that they never dream at all actually dream 2 as frequently as the rest of us, 3 they may not remember anything about it．Even those of us who are perfectly 4 of dreaming night 5 night very seldom remember those dreams in 6 detail but merely retain an untidy mixture of seemingly unrelated impressions. Dreams are not simply visual-we dream with all our 7 , so that we appear to experience sound, touch, smell, and taste．
One of the world's oldest 8 written documents is the Egyptian Book of Dreams．This volume is about five thousand years old, so you can 9 that dreams were believed to have a special significance even then．Many ancient civilizations believed that you 10 never ask a sleeping person as, during sleep, the soul had left the body and might not be able to return 11 time if the sleeper were suddenly 12 .
From ancient times to the present 13 ,people have been 14 attempts to interpret dreams and to explain their significance．There are many books available on the subject of dream interpretation．although unfortunately there are almost as many meanings for a particular dream 15 there are books．

词汇：
Frequently / 'fri:kwəntli/ adv. 时常，屡次；频繁地，经常地
Significance/ significance / n. 重要性，意义
civilization / ,sivilai'zeiʃən, / n. 文明，文化
interpret / in'tə:prit / vt. 解释，说明 口译
interpretation / in,tə:pri'teiʃən / n. 解释，口译
seldom/ 'seldəm / adv. 很少，不常
retain/ ri'tein / vt. 保持；雇；记住

注释:
1. . . . very seldom remember those dreams in detail but merely retain an untidy mixture...
. . but.. 不……而是……
2. From ancient times to the present...从古至今……

练习：

1.A demand B promise C agree D claim
2.A also B just C only D quite
3.A though B besides C however D despite
4.A familiar B accustomed C aware D used
5.A after B on C through D over
6.A great B high C strong D deep
7.A feelings B emotions C impressions D senses
8.A considered B known C regarded D stimated
9.A see B feel C ensure D think
10.A would B ought C should D need
11.A by B in C with D for
12.A awoke B awoken C awake D awaken
13.A minute B hour C moment D day
14.A doing B putting C making D taking
15.A as B like C so D such

答案与题解:
1. D 这里是一个复合从句，缺的部分是带后边宾语从句的一个谓语成分。根据后边宾语从句的内容"never dream at all " ，能够判断此处应该是 claim ，声称。demand ，promise ，agree 都有后边的语义不符。-
2. B as frequently as 已经表示了"同样"的意思，因此 also 不符合这一空。quite 不能用来修饰 as. . . as 这样的词组，而根据上下午的语境，这里应该是"刚好，恰恰”因此最佳答案是Just 。
3. A 根据上下文的语-境，能够判断出这一空所衔接的前后两个句子有转折的关系，而且后一 句为条件，despite 与 though 都能够表示."虽然，尽管"的意思，可是 despite 是做介词是才有"虽然，尽管"的意思，此处缺的是一个连接词，因此只能用 though. .
4. C 这四个选项中，只有 aware 能够与 of 搭配，策示"意识到'，accustomed 一般与 to 搭配，表示习惯于，同样 used to 也表示习惯于。而 familiar 一般与 with 搭配，表示"对…熟悉"。 从语义与搭配两个层面来看，最合适的都是 aware.
5. A night after night" 一夜又一夜"，固定搭配。同样的结构还有 year after year ，day after day，week after week。相似的结构有