英语作文讲解.pptx

作文讲解过过 渡渡 词词1.表示叙事顺序表示叙事顺序first,second,lastly,.firstly,secondly,lastly,tobeginwith,next,finally,2.表示补充意思表示补充意思besides,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,whatsmoremostimportantofall,lastbutnotleast3.表示结果表示结果therefore,consequently,asaresult4.表示对照表示对照however,while（而）（而）foronething,foranother,ontheonehand,ontheotherhand,5.表示例证表示例证forexample,forinstance6.表示部分somepeople,(and)otherpeoplesome,others,andstillothers7.表示总结 inaword,inshort,inmyopinion例如：（标准八股文，扩张的写法）Therearethreechiefreasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlife.First,withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,peopleslivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimproved.Second,mostpeoplearewellpaidandtheycanaffordtobuywhattheyneed.Lastly,moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife.C.C.语言运用语言运用6 6）.运用恰当的词汇运用恰当的词汇 7 7）.运用正确的语法运用正确的语法8 8）.运用合适的句子结构运用合适的句子结构 9 9）.使用正确的标点符号使用正确的标点符号1010）.运用衔接手段表达句间关系运用衔接手段表达句间关系(如对比、原因、如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等结果、程度、目的等)D.D.写作格式写作格式1111）.运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式作文使用率最高的作文使用率最高的1212个基本句式个基本句式1表示原因表示原因1）Therearethreereasonsforthis2）Thereasonsforthisareasfollows3）Thereasonforthisisobvious4）Thereasonforthisisnotfartoseek5）Thereasonforthisisthat6）Wehavegoodreasontobelievethat例如：例如：TherearethreereasonsforthechangesthathavetakenplaceinourlifeFirstly，peopleslivingstandardhasbeengreatlyimprovedSecondly，mostpeoplearewellpaid，andtheycanaffordwhattheyneedorlikeLastbutnotleast，moreandmorepeopleprefertoenjoymodernlife2表示好处表示好处1）Ithasthefollowingadvantages2）Itdoesusalotofgood3）Itbenefitsusquitealot4）Itisbeneficialtous5）Itisofgreatbenefittous例如：例如：BooksarelikefriendsTheycanhelpusknowtheworldbetter，andtheycanopenourmindsandwidenourhorizonsTherefore，readingextensivelyisofgreatbenefittous3表示坏处表示坏处1）Ithasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages2）Itdoesusmuchharm3）Itisharmfultous例如：例如：However，everythingdividesintotwo.TelevisioncanalsobeharmfultousItcandoharmtoourhealthandmakeuslazyifwespendtoomuchtimewatchingtelevision.4表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）Itisimportant（necessary，difficult，convenient，possible）forsbtodosth2）Wethinkitnecessarytodosth3）Itplaysanimportantroleinourlife例如：例如：Computersarenowbeingusedeverywhere，whetherinthegovernment，inschoolsorinbusinessSoon，computerswillbefoundineveryhome，tooWehavegoodreasontosaythatcomputersareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinourlifeandwehavesteppedintotheComputerAge5表示措施表示措施1）Weshouldtakesomeeffectivemeasures2）Weshouldtryourbesttoovercome（conquer）thedifficulties3）Weshoulddoourutmostindoingsth4）Weshouldsolvetheproblemsthatweareconfronted（faced）with例如：例如：ThehousingproblemthatweareconfrontedwithisbecomingmoreandmoreseriousTherefore，wemusttakesomeeffectivemeasurestosolveit6表示变化表示变化1）Somechangeshavetakenplaceinthepastfiveyears2）Agreatchangewillcertainlybeproducedintheworldscommunications3）Thecomputerhasbroughtaboutmanychangesineducation例如：例如：SomechangeshavetakenplaceinpeoplesdietinthepastfiveyearsThemajorreasonsforthesechangesarenotfartoseekNowadays，moreandmorepeopleareswitchingfromgraintomeatforprotein，andfromfruitandvegetabletomilkforvitamins7表示事实、现状表示事实、现状1）Wecannotignorethefactthat2）Noonecandenythefactthat3）Thereisnodenyingthefactthat4）Thisisaphenomenonthatmanypeopleareinterestedin5）However，thatsnotthecase例如：例如：WecannotignorethefactthatindustrializationbringswithittheproblemsofpollutionTosolvetheseproblems，wecanstartbyeducatingthepublicaboutthehazardsofpollutionThegovernmentonitspartshouldalsodesignstricterlawstopromoteacleanerenvironment8表示比较表示比较1）ComparedwithA，B2）IprefertoreadratherthanwatchTV3）Thereisastrikingcontrastbetweenthem例如：例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have severaladvantagesbesidesbeingaffordableFirstly，they do not consume natural resources ofpetroleumSecondly，they do not cause thepollution problemLast but not least，theycontributetopeopleshealthbygivingthemduephysicalexercise9表示数量表示数量1）Ithasincreased（decreased）fromto2）Thepopulationinthiscityhasnowincreased（decreased）to800，0003）TheoutputofJulyinthisfactoryincreasedby15comparedwiththatofJanuary例如：例如：Withtheimprovementofthelivingstandard，theproportionofpeoplesincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreasedFromthegraphlistedabove，itcanbeseenthatstudentuseofcomputershasincreasedfromanaverageoflessthantwohoursperweekin1990to20hoursin200010.表示看法表示看法1）Peoplehave（take，adopt，assume）differentattitudestowardssth2）Peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthisproblem3）Peopletakedifferentviewsof（on）thequestion4）SomepeoplebelievethatOthersarguethat例如：例如：Peoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsfailure.Somebelievethatfailureleadstosuccess.Everyfailuretheyexperiencetranslatesintoagreaterchance of success at their renewed endeavor.However,others are easily discouraged byfailuresandputthemselvesintothecategoryoflosers.11表示结论表示结论1）Inshort，itcanbesaidthat2）Itmaybebrieflysummedupasfollows3）Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecancometotheconclusionthat例如：例如：Fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove，wecan come to the conclusion thatexaminationisnecessary,however,its method should beimproved.注：例句注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则则多用文章结论段的第一句。多用文章结论段的第一句。12套语套语1）Itswellknowntousthat2）Asisknowntous，3）Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedabout4）Fromthegraph（table，chart）listedabove，itcanbeseenthat5）Asaproverbsays，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway例如：例如：Asiswellknowntous,itisimportantforthestudentstoknowtheworldoutsidecampusThereasonforthisisobvious.Nowadays,thesocietyischanginganddevelopingrapidly,andthecampusisnolongeran“ivorytower.再如：再如：Doesitpaytobehonest？Thisisatopicthatisbeingwidelytalkedaboutanddifferentpeoplehavedifferentopinionsonit英语考试作文常用句型英语考试作文常用句型A.开头开头1、_hasbecomeahottopicamongpeople,especiallyamongtheyoung,andheateddebatesarerightontheirway.2、Recently,_hasbeenbroughttosuchpopularattentionthat_(e.g.Recently,theproblemofglobalwarminghasbeenbroughttosuchpopularattentionthatgovernmentsatalllevelsplaceitonthetopoftheagenda.)B结尾结尾1.Onlyinthisway/Onlywhen/Onlythrough,will/canwe或：或：Itisonlyif/whenthatwewillItisonlyifallsidesofsocietytaketheirrolesfullythatwewillachievethesocietywewant.2.Aslongaswewillbeableto/theproblemisboundtoAslongaswepersistinspreadingscientificknowledgeamongthemasses,allthesuperstitionsareboundtogooutofourlife.3.With a constant/steady improvement in(或或With the gradual worsening of)sth.will With a steady improvement in our legal system,this problem will sure be solved earlier or later.4.In a word,there is every/little chance/probability/possibility that.in time to come.In one word,there is every chance that this Chinese Tradition will continue to entertain millions of Chinese citizens.C.中间中间1）.Agreatnumberofsolutionsarebeingoffered.Somepeoplesuggestthat_.Othersarguethat_.2）.ButIdontthinkitisaverygoodwaytosolve_.Forinstance,_.Worstofall,_.1建议和解决方法建议和解决方法1）.Agreatnumberofsolutionsarebeingoffered.Somepeoplesuggestthat_.Othersarguethat_.2）.ButIdontthinkitisaverygoodwaytosolve_.Forinstance,_.Worstofall,_.3）.Mysuggestiontodealwith/solve/relievetheproblemareasfollows.Inthefirstplace,.Secondly,.Finally4）.Ifweletthesituationgoasitis,.Bythattime,.如果让这种情况继续发展下去，那么到如果让这种情况继续发展下去，那么到那个时候，那个时候，。5）If,willtherebeanythingthatcanmakemeevenhappier?如果（我们怎么怎么做），那如果（我们怎么怎么做），那将没有比这令我更高兴的了。将没有比这令我更高兴的了。2.表示重要性或必要性表示重要性或必要性1）Itsimportanttosetasidetimeforrelaxation，hobbies，andentertainmentaswell.2）Aharmoniousatmosphereisessential（necessary/critical/indispensable）toachievesuccess.3）Globalwarmingcanendangerourlivessomuchthatweareobligedtomakeacarefulstudyoftheproblemandtrytofindoutalastingsolutiontoit.3.表示目的表示目的1）Thepurposeofatestistoshowwhatyouhaveleanedaboutasubject.2）Theintentisnottocatcheveryonebutrathertocatchenoughtospreadtheword.3）Competitivesportsarerecommendedtoyoungadultstopreparethemforthecompetitiveworldofcollegeandbusiness.4.表示结果表示结果1）Toomuchworkandtoolittlerestmayleadtolossofhealth.2）Ifyoutrytolearntoomanythingsatatime，youmaygetconfused.3）Byconsistenthardworkwewillbeabletoachievedourobjectives（目标）（目标）.5.表示对比和比较表示对比和比较1）Jobsandworkdomuchmorethanmostofusrealizetoprovidehappinessandcontentment.2）Workismorethananecessityformosthumanbeings；itisthefocusoftheirlives，thesourceoftheiridentityandcreativity.3）Ratherthanapunishmentoraburden，workistheopportunitytorealizeonespotential.4）Themorescientistsfindout，themorequestionstheyareunabletoanswer.6.表示条件或假设的结构表示条件或假设的结构1）WithoutthedistractionofTV，theymightsitaroundtogetherafterdinner.2）Aslongasthebrainisgivenplentyofexerciseitkeepsitspower.3）Wereitlefttometodecidewhetherweshould_,Ishouldnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter.4）Withoutadegreeandwithnovocationalexperiencetheirchancesofgettinggoodjobsareslim.7.7.表示举例表示举例 1）Take_forexample，2）Anillustration（例证）（例证）maymakethepointclear.8.8.表示采取措施表示采取措施1）Thegovernmentshouldbetakingeffective（有效的）（有效的）measurestoovercomecurrentdifficulties.2）Ascollegestudents,weareobligedtomakeeveryefforttohelpsupporttheOlympicGames.3）Theschoolauthoritiesshouldinvestmoreenergyandmoneyinimprovingworkingandlivingconditionsfortheteachers.9.表示让步关系表示让步关系1）While it may be more convenient topossess a car，it is also expensive andtroublesomeattimes.2）AlthoughIdonotearnagreatdealofmoney for this job，the pleasure I receivefromtheworkmakesitworthwhile.10.表示因果或前提关系表示因果或前提关系1）Becauseof(owningto)thepressure（压（压力）力）ofexaminations，manystudentsareleftwithlittleornofreetime.2）Perhapsitsbecausefewofusknowhowtoacceptcompliments（赞扬）（赞扬）gracefully.3）Thatiswhyhouseworkisconsideredassuchadrearygrind（乏味的苦差事）。（乏味的苦差事）。4）Thereasonforthisisthat11.表示存在的问题表示存在的问题1）Oneofthegreatestproblemsfacingthe21stcenturywillbewhattodowithalltherubbishproducedintheworld.2）Totravelabroadisadesiresharedbymanypeople，butfewcanaffordtodoit.3）Cheatingisnowconsideredtobeamajorproblemincollegesanduniversities.4）Manypeoplefinditharderandhardertokeepupwiththeradicalchangesthatcharacterizeourtime.5）At first thought，the problem seems far tooinvolved（复复杂杂），butitcancertainlybesolvedwhenseriouslydealtwith.3.2.命题形式命题形式3.2.1.提纲作文提纲作文提纲作文实质上是议论文，其下可分为四种类型：提纲作文实质上是议论文，其下可分为四种类型：现象阐释型现象阐释型:Directions:For this part,you are allowed thirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicItPaystoBe Honest.You should write at least 120 wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象；当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象；2.诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。问问题题对对策策型型：分分析析问问题题，找找出出成成因因，提提出出解解决决办办法，题目实例如下：法，题目实例如下：19971997年年6 6月四级英语作文真题月四级英语作文真题 Directions:Directions:For For this this part,part,you you are are allowed allowed thirty thirty minutes minutes to to write write a a composition composition on on the the topic topic Getting Getting to to Know Know the the World World Outside Outside the the Campus.Campus.You You should should write write at at least least 100 100 words words and and you you should should base base your your composition composition on on the the outline outline(given in Chinese)below:(given in Chinese)below:1.1.大学生了解社会的必要性；大学生了解社会的必要性；2.2.了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务 等）；等）；3.3.我打算怎么做。我打算怎么做。论说反驳型论说反驳型支持或驳斥一种观点，题目实例如下：支持或驳斥一种观点，题目实例如下：19981998年年6 6月四级作文真题月四级作文真题 Directions:Directions:For For this this part,part,you you are are allowed allowed thirty thirty minutes minutes to to write write a a composition composition on on the the topic topic Do Do“Lucky Lucky NumbersNumbers”Really Really Bring Bring Good Good Luck?Luck?You You should should write write at at least least 100 100 words words and and you you should should base base your your composition composition on on the the outline outline(given(given in in Chinese)below:Chinese)below:1.1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运；有些人认为某些数字会带来好运；2.2.我认为数字和运气无关，我认为数字和运气无关，观点对比型观点对比型辨析两种对立观点，题目实例如下：辨析两种对立观点，题目实例如下：19951995年年1 1月四级作文真题月四级作文真题 Directions:Directions:For For this this part,part,you you are are allowed allowed 30 30 minutes minutes to to write write a a composition composition on on the the topic topic Can Can Money Money Buy Buy Happiness?Happiness?You You should should write write no no less less than than 100 100 words words and and you you should should base base your your composition composition on on the the outline outline(given(given in in Chinese)Chinese)below:below:1.1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happinesssource of happiness）2.2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evilroot of all evil）3.3.我的看法我的看法 最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。最近，你校同学正在参加某英文报组织的一场讨论。讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票？请你根据下表提供的讨论的主题是：公园要不要收门票？请你根据下表提供的信息，给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况。信息，给报社写一封信，客观地介绍讨论情况。注意：注意：1、信的开头已为你写好。、信的开头已为你写好。2、词数：、词数：100左右。左右。3、参考词汇：门票：、参考词汇：门票：entrancefeeDearEditor,Imwritingtotellyouaboutthediscussionwevehadaboutwhetheranentrancefeeshouldbechargedforparks.60%的同学认为的同学认为40%的同学认为的同学认为1、不应收门票、不应收门票2、公园是公众休闲的地方、公园是公众休闲的地方3、如收票，需建大门、围墙，、如收票，需建大门、围墙，会影响城市形象会影响城市形象1、应收门票，但票价不宜高、应收门票，但票价不宜高2、支付园林工人工资、支付园林工人工资3、购新花木、购新花木Dear Editor,Im writing to tell you about the discussion weve had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks(提出问题提出问题).Opinionsaredividedonthequestion.60ofthestudentsareagainsttheideaofentrancefee.Theybelieveapublicparkshouldbefreeofcharge.Peopleneedaplacewheretheycanrestandenjoythemselves.Changingentrancefeeswillnodoubtkeepsomepeopleaway.Whatismore,itwillbecomenecessarytobuildgatesandwalls,whichwilldoharmtotheappearanceofacity.过渡句过渡句观点一观点一论据一论据一论据二论据二Ontheotherhand,40thinkthatfeesshouldbechargedbecauseyouneedmoneytopaygardenersandotherworkers,andtobuyplantsandyoungtrees.Theysuggest,however,feesshouldbechargedlow.YourstrulyLiHua可以看出，这类文章的写作，首先要提出问题，可以看出，这类文章的写作，首先要提出问题，即双方讨论的问题。接下来提出观点一，并用一系即双方讨论的问题。接下来提出观点一，并用一系列论据进行阐明。说明完观点一之后，再提出观点列论据进行阐明。说明完观点一之后，再提出观点二，继续用论据进行说明。如果需要说明自己的观二，继续用论据进行说明。如果需要说明自己的观点，可接下来说明自己的观点。点，可接下来说明自己的观点。观点二观点二论据一论据一论据二论据二1）观点对立型）观点对立型 Peoplesopinionsabout_(主题主题)varyfrompersontoperson.Somepeopleholdtheideathat_(观点观点A).Acaseinpointisthat_(支持观点支持观点A的例子的例子).Othersmayhaveaquitedifferentview.Accordingtothem,_(观点观点B).Theypointoutthat_(支持观点支持观点B的理由的理由1).Inaddition,_(支持观点支持观点B的理由的理由2).AsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreewith_(你的观点你的观点).Itistruethat_,butIthin_(重申你的观点重申你的观点).ArePetsGoodforPeople?1.有人认为养宠物好2.有人认为养宠物不好3.我的观点。Peoplesopinionabout whether pets are good for people varyfrompersontoperson.Some people hold the idea that the great virtue of pets is that they can keep us company,and we all need companions to keep us feeling happy.Acaseinpointisthat a cat or a dog can comfort us at times when human words dont help.Othersmayhaveaquitedifferentview.Accordingtothem,keeping pets is just a waste of time and resources.Theypointoutthat some pets can cause serious illness.Inaddition,some people nowadays are crazy about pets that they even neglect caring for others health and the environment of the public places.AsfarasIamconcerned,Iagreewith the latter argument.Itistruethat pets can keep us feeling happy,butIthink,we should think of others happiness and health.Pets are not good for the benefit of all people.2)说明利弊型说明利弊型例题：Video Games1.玩电子游戏机有许多好处2.但也有些坏处3.我的看法Introduction 第1段:Some people hold the opinion that(A)is superior to(B)in many ways.Others,however,argue that(B)is much better.Personally,I would prefer(A)because I think(A)has more advantages.Main body 第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer(A).The main reason is that Another reason is that(赞同A的原因)第3段:Of course,choosing(B)also has advantages to some extent,(列出12个B的优势)Conclusion 第4段:But if all these factors are considered,(A)is much bet