初中英语语法句子成分.doc

句子成份精讲 句子成份：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等。 主要成份：主语和谓语 1、主语 一个句子中需要加以说明或描述对象。主语位置： 通常位于句首，由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词词、短语等充当。 The school is far from here. 名词做主语 She goes to school by bike. 代词做主语 Eight is a lucky number. 数词做主语 The blind need more help.名词化形容词做主语 There is a pen on the desk. 名词做主语 Predicting the future is interesting. 动名词做主语 To be a doctor is my dream.不定式短语做主语 2、 谓语表示人或事物(主语)动作和存在状态. 英语中由动词be、动词have和行为动词来充当谓语动词句子时态和语态是经过谓语表现出来。 谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上助动词或情态动词加上主要动词组成。 分析句子主语和谓语 Mr. Li teaches English. He can play the piano. My parents and I are having dinner. 3、 表语用来说明主语身份、特征、性质、状态。 表语位置用在动词be和系动词后面。 名词、代词、数词、介词短语、副词等都能够和连系动词一起组成复合谓语。 Your pen is on the desk. He got very angry. My dream is to have a robot. 常见系动词 1. be动词 2. 与感觉关于动词 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等 3. 表示状态改变动词，意为“变得” “变成” 如 get, grow, turn等 上述两类词作连系动词时要用形容词作表语,千万不能用副词。 4、宾语 是动作对象或承受者。及物动词必须跟宾语. 及物动词:直接接宾语谓语动词. 不及物动词:不能直接带宾语谓语动词. 宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句组成 . I saw a plane in the sky just now. 名词做宾语 I want three.数词做宾语 I like going shopping.动名词做宾语 We think predicting the future is hard.宾语从句 5、宾语补足语（宾补）有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外, 还须加上一个补足语。假如没有补足语(宾补), 有时候句子意思就不完整。充当宾补有: 1. 形容词作宾语补足语 The sun keeps us warm. 2. 介词短语作宾语补足语: I found her in the room. 3. 副词作宾语补足语。 Please let him in. 4. 名词作宾语补足语。 We made him monitor of the class. 5. 动词不定式和分词也能用作宾语补足语。 I asked him to come. 6、定语定语修饰名词或代词(即在汉语里) 1. 形容词作定语(通常放在被修饰语之前,修饰不定代词时放在后面) They have a clever son. I have something important to tell you. 2. 名词作定语: Is it a color film? 名词作定语通惯用单数形式, 如: school bus, ticket office, paper flowers 但也有例外,如: sports meeting, clothes shop man 和 woman 修饰名词假如是复数,它们总以复数形式作定语,如: men drivers , women doctors 3. 代词作定语: This song is better than that one. 4. 数词作定语: There are only thirty students in our class. 带有数字复合形容词.当复合形容词用连字号连接时,其中名词要用单数形式. a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy 5. 副词作定语(放在被修饰词之后): Do you know the young man over there? 6. 介词短语作定语(放在被修饰词之后): The students in our class like swimming. 7、状语 修饰动词,形容词或副词,有修饰全句, 用以说明地点, 时间, 方式, 程度, 原因, 目标, 结果, 条件, 让步等. 1. 副词作状语: The old man is walking slowly.表方式 The boy is very clever.表程度 2. 介词短语作状语: I have lived in Shanghai for five years. 表时间 3. 不定式作状语 I come here to see you.表目标 4. 现在分词作状语 The teacher came in, holding a book in his hand. 表方式 5. 状语从句 Well go shopping if it doesnt rain tomorrow. 状语位置 1. 在通常情况下,用于句末。 We like our school very much. 2.为了强调状语,能够把它放在句首. I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight. 3. 表频度副词通惯用于句中, 如always, usually, often, hardly, never, 用于行为动词前,be动词、助动词和情态动词后 I usually get up early. He is often late. 一些副词, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等使用方法相同 sometimes, now能够位于句首,句中或句末 only 在句中位置比较灵活, 但位置不一样, 意义也不一样. The actor only sang a song. Only the actor sang a song. The actor sang only one song. 两个或多个状语同时修饰时次序 1. 地点状语在前, 时间状语在后. We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow. 2. 较小单位状语在前,由小到大 Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu. 3. 一个句子有几个不一样种类副词作状语, 其次序大都是: 程度副词,方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词 She sang very well at the meeting last night. 时间和地点状语也能够位于句首, 表示强调或使上下文更为连贯 Usually I read the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening. 动词-ed形式作定语，表语，宾语补足语和状语 一、动词-ed形式作定语过去分词作定语往往与被修饰词靠得很紧,渐渐地成为一个复合词。这种分词叫分词形容词(the Participle Adjective),实际上相当于一个单纯形容词,除表示“完成”动作之外,还表示“被动”意义。如： spoken English (英语口语)；iced beer (冰冻啤酒)；cooked food (熟食); fried chips 炸土豆条(); 但要注意不及物动词过去分词常表示“完成”动作,而不表示“被动”意义。如: boiled water开水( ); fallen leaves落 ( 叶) ; the risen sun升起太阳()等。 (1)前置定语 单个动词-ed形式,通常放在被修饰名词前面,作前置定语。 The excited people rushed into building. 激动人们冲进大楼。(=the people who were excited ) Lost time can never be found again虚度时光,无法挽回。(=time which is lost )(2)后置定语 少数单个动词-ed形式,如left等,只能作后置定语。 1. Everything used should be marked全部用过东西应该做好标识。 2. Among the invited were some ladies被邀请人中,有些是女士。 3. The books left are for my students剩下书是给我学生。 动词-ed形式短语作定语时,通常要放在被修饰名词后面,在意思上相当于一个定语从句。及物动词过去分词作定语用来表示被动,可改为带被动语态定语从句;不及物动词过去分词(仅限于单个过去分词,且不能后置)则表示完成,可改为带有完成时态定语从句。 1. Is there anything planned for tonight? 今晚有什么活动吗? (=that has been planned for tonight) 2. The meeting, attended by a lot of people, was a success这次会议有很多人出席,开得很成功。 (=which was attended by a lot of people) 3.We drank some boiled water (=which had boiled )and went on with our work.我们喝了一些开水后就继续工作。 注意:这里过去分词逻辑主语应是被修饰词,改为定语从句时关系代词应与之一致。 二、 动词-ed形式作表语 过去分词作表语并无“完成”或“被动”之意，而是表示主语状态或思想感情等。如： He looked worried after reading the letter看完信后,他显得很忧虑。 When we heard of it, we were deeply moved当我们听到这件事时,被深深地感动了。 He seemed quite delighted at the idea听到这个想法,他似乎很高兴。 常见作表语过去分词有: amused(愉快)； broken(碎了)；closed(关闭)；astonished(吃惊)；crowded(拥挤)；experienced(有经验); delighted高兴( )；lost(丢失)；gone(遗失)；disappointed(失望)；worried(担忧)；interested(感兴趣) tired(疲劳) pleased(高兴)；satisfied(满意)； surprised(吃惊); married已婚( )； known(著名) 等等 三、 动词-ed形式作宾语补足语 能用作宾语补足语过去分词通常都是及物动词,表示被动意义或已完成意义,有时候二者兼而有之。作宾语补足语过去分词与宾语有逻辑上动宾关系,即宾语是过去分词动作对象。 She found the door broken in when she came back她回来时发觉有些人破门而人。 My grandfather had his old house rebuilt我爷爷找人重修了一下他旧房子。 少数不及物动词过去分词用作宾补时,强调动作完成后状态. They found all the guests gone when they woke up.当他们醒来时,发觉全部客人都走了。动词-ed形式作宾语补足语基本使用方法 动词-ed形式能够在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一结构中,动词-ed形式和它前面宾语组成逻辑上被动关系。假如这种句子改为被动语态,原来宾语补足语变成了主语补足语。 1. I must get my bike repaired我必须请人修理自行车。(宾语补足语) 2. The girl was found beaten black and blue人们发觉那女孩被打得青一块紫一块。(主语补足语) (1)动词-ed形式可作表示感觉和心理状态动词宾语补足语,这类动词包含see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think, suppose, consider等。 We thought the game lost我们认为球赛输了。 I have never heard him spoken ill of others.我从未听过有些人说他坏话。 They considered the matter settled他们认为这问题处理了。 (2)动词-ed形式可作使役动词宾语补足语,这类动词包含make, get, have, keep, leave, hold等。 I have my hair cut once a month我每个月理一次发。 He was trying to make himself understood他正努力使他人听懂自己。 “have+宾语+done”结构有三个含义： (请人)把某事做完。She had her house repaired她请人把屋子修好了。 Where did you have your hair cut?你在哪儿理发? 遭遇某种意外情况。He had his hat blown away on his way home在回家路上他帽子被吹掉了。 She had her wallet stolen yesterday.昨天她钱包被偷了。 完成某事(自己也可能参加)。I have had all my spelling mistakes corrected我把全部拼写错误都改过了。 He has had one thousand yuan saved this year他今年已存了1000元。 (3)动词-ed形式可作表示希望、要求、命令等动词宾语补足语，这类动词包含like，want, wish, expect, order等”这一类动词后面作宾语补足语。 He wont like such questions discussed at the meeting他不喜欢在会议上讨论这么问题。 The students wish the TV serial plays continued学生们希望电视连续剧继续播下去。 (4)过去分词用在“with+宾语+宾补”这一结构中,过去分词与宾语之间是动宾关系。 The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.小偷被带进来了,双手被反绑在后面。 四，过去分词作状语 1.过去分词作状语表示被动或完成，但有些过去分词（短语）因起源于系表结构，作状语时不表动作而表状态。这样过去分词（短语）常见有: lost 迷路( ); seated 坐)(; absorbed in 全神贯注于(); dressed in 穿着(); tired of 厌烦()等。如： Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因为沉醉在思索之中,所以他没听到那个声音。 2.过去分词作状语起源于状语从句，在句中通常能作五种状语，即时间、原因、条件、让步和方式状语。如： Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。 (Caught in a heavy rain相当于原因状语从句Because he was caught in a heavy rain) Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.假如种在肥沃土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。 (Grown in rich soil相当于条件状语从句If these seeds are grown in rich soil) 注意： 当从句主语与主句主语一致时，才能够把从句主语省略，且省略掉主语与其逻辑谓语是被动关系或如第一段中所讲表示状态。 把状语从句改为过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词，组成“连词+过去分词”结构作状语，即“while (when, once, until, if, though等连词)+过去分词”结构。如： When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.当你做体格检验时要保持镇静。 Though beaten by the opposite team, the players didnt lose heart. 尽管这些球员被对方球队打败了，但他们并没有气馁。 练一练 I.用所给词适当形式填空，并与A-D 汉语翻译相匹配。 impress; pour; speak 1. Once _, a word becomes a promise. 2. Once _, water cannot be taken back again. 3. _ by the beautiful scenery, I forgot to go back home in time.A.覆水难收 B.流连忘返 C.一言既出，驷马难追 II.用所给词适当形式填空。 1. _ (see) from the top of the hill, the city looks beautiful to us. 2. _ (give) time, hell make a first class tennis player. 3. _ (look) out of the window, I found many children playing on the playground. III.将以下句子翻译成英语。1.因为被妈妈所说话所感动，我忍不住哭了起来。 2.假如给我们一个机会，我们将给大家一个非常好演出。 3.当问到他出生在哪里时，约翰说他是纽约人。 Key: I. 1. spoken; C 2. poured; A 3. Impressed; B II. 1. Seen 2. Given 3. Looking III. 1. Moved by what my mother said, I couldnt help crying. 2. Given a chance, we could give a good performance. 3. When asked where he was born, John said he was a Ne 划分句子成份练习题（1） 1.They are working on the farm now. 2.Seeing is believing 3.All of us like Kobe Bryant very much 4.She became a doctor in 1998 5.The book lying on the floor are mine 6.Suddenly it begins to rain 7.To catch the train ,I got up early yesterday 8.I always find her happy 9.He wonders If I still study English 10.The letter which I received the day before yesterday was a friend of mine 11.We always work hard at English. 12.He said he didnt come. 13.They love each other. 14.What did you bye? 15.She watched her daughter playing the piano. 16.your job today is to help the old. 17.Speaking doesnt mean doing. 18.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left. 19.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of their mar20.It takes me an hour to get there. 答案： 1They(主语） are working（系表结构做谓语） on the farm（地点状语） now（时间状语）. 2.Seeing（动词ing做主语）is（谓语） believing （宾语） 3.All of us（主语） like （谓语）Kobe Bryant （宾语）very much （程度副词状语） 4.She（主语） became（谓语） a doctor （宾语）in 1998 （时间状语） 5.The book（主语） lying on the floor（补语） are（谓语） mine （宾语） 6.Suddenly （状语）it（形式主语） began to rain （谓语） 7.To catch the train ,（目标状语）I（主语） got up （谓语）early yesterday （时间状语） 8.I（主语） always find（谓语） her （宾语）happy （状语） 9.He （主语）wonders （谓语）if I （条件句中主语）still study（条件句中谓语） English （条件句中宾语）整个条件句做主干宾语 10.The letter（主语） which I received the day before yesterday（定语从句） was（谓语） a friend of mine （宾语） 1.We always work hard at English。 主语 状语 谓语 状语 状语 2. He said he didnt come. 主句主语 主句谓语 从句主语 从句谓语 3.They love each other. 主 谓语 宾语 4.What did you bye? 宾 助动词 主 谓 5.She watched her daughter playing the piano. 主 谓 宾 宾语补足语 6.your job today is to help the old. - 主 定语 系动词 表语 7.Speaking doesnt mean doing. 主 谓 宾 8.Bye the time I got to the station,the train had left. 时间状语从句 主句主语 主句谓语 9.The children bought their parents a car for the 25th anniversary of 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语 their marriage. 10.It takes me an hour to get there. 形式主语 谓语 宾语 真正主语 （一). 指出以下句中主语中心词 划分句子成份练习题(2) The teacher with two of his students teachers help is very difficult. is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the (二). 选出句中谓语中心词 A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast I dont like the picture on the wall. Tom didnt do his homework A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall yesterday. The days get longer and longer when A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework summer comes. What I want to tell you is this. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer A. want B. to tell C. you D. is Do you usually go to school by bus? We had better send for a doctor. A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus A. We B. had C. send D. doctor There will be a meeting at the library He is interested in music. this afternoon. A. is B. interested C. in D. music A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. Whom did you give my book to? afternoon A. give B. did C. whom D. book Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? (三) 挑出以下句中宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. A B C D People all over the world speak English. A B C D You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. A B C D How many new words did you learn last class? A B C D Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? A B C D The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. A B C D They made him monitor of the class. A B C D Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. A B C D You will find it useful after you leave school. A B C D They didnt know who Father Christmas really is. A B C D (四) 挑出以下句中表语 The old man was feeling very tired. A B C D Why is he worried about Jim? A B C D The leaves have turned yellow. A B C D Soon They all became interested in the subject. A B C D She was the first to learn about it. A B C D (五) 挑出以下句中定语 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. A B C D What is your given name? A B C D On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. A B C D I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. A B C D The man downstairs was trying to sleep. A B C D I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe! A B C D （六) 挑出以下句中宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. A B C D He asked her to take the boy out of school. A B C D She found it difficult to do the work. A B C D They call me Lily sometimes. A B C D I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. A B C D Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? A B C D (七) 挑出以下句中状语 There was a big smile on her face. A B C D Every night he heard the noise upstairs. A B C D H